Divining the social order: Class, gender, and magazine astrology columns

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 389-400

  Evans, William ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040203673     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300210     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Bernard Capp, English Almanacs, 1500-1800: Astrology and the Popular Press (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979). See also Patrick Curry, Prophecy and Power: Astrology in Early Modern England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989); Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971).
2. Bernard Capp, English Almanacs, 1500-1800: Astrology and the Popular Press (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979). See also Patrick Curry, Prophecy and Power: Astrology in Early Modern England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989); Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971).
3. Bernard Capp, English Almanacs, 1500-1800: Astrology and the Popular Press (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979). See also Patrick Curry, Prophecy and Power: Astrology in Early Modern England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989); Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971).
4. Lillie Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius: "New Age" Thinking is Widespread Among Affluent Baby Boomers," American Demographics, September 1988, 34-37, 60-61.
5. Theodor W. Adorno, "The Stars Down to Earth: The Los Angeles Times Astrology Column," Telos 19 (spring 1974): 13-90.
6. See also Cary J. Nederman and James Wray Goulding, "Popular Occultism and Critical Social Theory: Exploring Some Themes in Adorno's Critique of Astrology and the Occult," Sociological Analysis 42 (winter 1982): 325-32.
7. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Social Sources of Denominationalism (NY: Meridian, 1957); Liston Pope, Millhands and Preachers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1942); Keith A. Roberts, chap. 11 in Religion in Sociological Perspective, 2d ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990); Gary Schwartz, Sect Ideologies and Social Status (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Sari Thomas, "The Route to Redemption: Religion and Social Class," Journal of Communication 35 (winter 1985): 111-22; Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963).
8. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Social Sources of Denominationalism (NY: Meridian, 1957); Liston Pope, Millhands and Preachers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1942); Keith A. Roberts, chap. 11 in Religion in Sociological Perspective, 2d ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990); Gary Schwartz, Sect Ideologies and Social Status (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Sari Thomas, "The Route to Redemption: Religion and Social Class," Journal of Communication 35 (winter 1985): 111-22; Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963).
9. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Social Sources of Denominationalism (NY: Meridian, 1957); Liston Pope, Millhands and Preachers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1942); Keith A. Roberts, chap. 11 in Religion in Sociological Perspective, 2d ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990); Gary Schwartz, Sect Ideologies and Social Status (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Sari Thomas, "The Route to Redemption: Religion and Social Class," Journal of Communication 35 (winter 1985): 111-22; Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963).
10. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Social Sources of Denominationalism (NY: Meridian, 1957); Liston Pope, Millhands and Preachers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1942); Keith A. Roberts, chap. 11 in Religion in Sociological Perspective, 2d ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990); Gary Schwartz, Sect Ideologies and Social Status (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Sari Thomas, "The Route to Redemption: Religion and Social Class," Journal of Communication 35 (winter 1985): 111-22; Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963).
11. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Social Sources of Denominationalism (NY: Meridian, 1957); Liston Pope, Millhands and Preachers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1942); Keith A. Roberts, chap. 11 in Religion in Sociological Perspective, 2d ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990); Gary Schwartz, Sect Ideologies and Social Status (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Sari Thomas, "The Route to Redemption: Religion and Social Class," Journal of Communication 35 (winter 1985): 111-22; Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963).
12. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Social Sources of Denominationalism (NY: Meridian, 1957); Liston Pope, Millhands and Preachers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1942); Keith A. Roberts, chap. 11 in Religion in Sociological Perspective, 2d ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990); Gary Schwartz, Sect Ideologies and Social Status (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Sari Thomas, "The Route to Redemption: Religion and Social Class," Journal of Communication 35 (winter 1985): 111-22; Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963).
13. Leo Bogart, Press and Public: Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in American Newspapers, 2d ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989); M. M. De Robertis and P. A. Delanay, "A Survey of the Attitudes of University Students to Astrology and Astronomy," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 87 (February 1993): 34-50; National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators - 1989 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989); Rodney Stark and William S. Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secu-larization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius"; Robert Wuthnow, "Astrology and Marginality," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15 (June 1976): 157-68. See also Shoshanah Feher, "Who Holds the Cards? Women and New Age Astrology," in Perspectives on the New Age, ed. James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992): 179-88; Shoshanah Feher, "Who Looks to the Stars? Astrology and its Constituency," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31 (March 1992): 88-93.
14. Leo Bogart, Press and Public: Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in American Newspapers, 2d ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989); M. M. De Robertis and P. A. Delanay, "A Survey of the Attitudes of University Students to Astrology and Astronomy," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 87 (February 1993): 34-50; National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators - 1989 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989); Rodney Stark and William S. Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secu-larization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius"; Robert Wuthnow, "Astrology and Marginality," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15 (June 1976): 157-68. See also Shoshanah Feher, "Who Holds the Cards? Women and New Age Astrology," in Perspectives on the New Age, ed. James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992): 179-88; Shoshanah Feher, "Who Looks to the Stars? Astrology and its Constituency," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31 (March 1992): 88-93.
15. Leo Bogart, Press and Public: Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in American Newspapers, 2d ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989); M. M. De Robertis and P. A. Delanay, "A Survey of the Attitudes of University Students to Astrology and Astronomy," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 87 (February 1993): 34-50; National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators - 1989 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989); Rodney Stark and William S. Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secu-larization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius"; Robert Wuthnow, "Astrology and Marginality," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15 (June 1976): 157-68. See also Shoshanah Feher, "Who Holds the Cards? Women and New Age Astrology," in Perspectives on the New Age, ed. James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992): 179-88; Shoshanah Feher, "Who Looks to the Stars? Astrology and its Constituency," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31 (March 1992): 88-93.
16. Leo Bogart, Press and Public: Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in American Newspapers, 2d ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989); M. M. De Robertis and P. A. Delanay, "A Survey of the Attitudes of University Students to Astrology and Astronomy," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 87 (February 1993): 34-50; National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators - 1989 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989); Rodney Stark and William S. Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secu-larization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius"; Robert Wuthnow, "Astrology and Marginality," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15 (June 1976): 157-68. See also Shoshanah Feher, "Who Holds the Cards? Women and New Age Astrology," in Perspectives on the New Age, ed. James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992): 179-88; Shoshanah Feher, "Who Looks to the Stars? Astrology and its Constituency," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31 (March 1992): 88-93.
17. Leo Bogart, Press and Public: Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in American Newspapers, 2d ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989); M. M. De Robertis and P. A. Delanay, "A Survey of the Attitudes of University Students to Astrology and Astronomy," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 87 (February 1993): 34-50; National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators - 1989 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989); Rodney Stark and William S. Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secu-larization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius"; Robert Wuthnow, "Astrology and Marginality," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15 (June 1976): 157-68. See also Shoshanah Feher, "Who Holds the Cards? Women and New Age Astrology," in Perspectives on the New Age, ed. James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992): 179-88; Shoshanah Feher, "Who Looks to the Stars? Astrology and its Constituency," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31 (March 1992): 88-93.
18. Leo Bogart, Press and Public: Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in American Newspapers, 2d ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989); M. M. De Robertis and P. A. Delanay, "A Survey of the Attitudes of University Students to Astrology and Astronomy," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 87 (February 1993): 34-50; National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators - 1989 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989); Rodney Stark and William S. Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secu-larization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius"; Robert Wuthnow, "Astrology and Marginality," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15 (June 1976): 157-68. See also Shoshanah Feher, "Who Holds the Cards? Women and New Age Astrology," in Perspectives on the New Age, ed. James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992): 179-88; Shoshanah Feher, "Who Looks to the Stars? Astrology and its Constituency," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31 (March 1992): 88-93.
19. Leo Bogart, Press and Public: Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in American Newspapers, 2d ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989); M. M. De Robertis and P. A. Delanay, "A Survey of the Attitudes of University Students to Astrology and Astronomy," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 87 (February 1993): 34-50; National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators - 1989 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989); Rodney Stark and William S. Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secu-larization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius"; Robert Wuthnow, "Astrology and Marginality," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15 (June 1976): 157-68. See also Shoshanah Feher, "Who Holds the Cards? Women and New Age Astrology," in Perspectives on the New Age, ed. James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992): 179-88; Shoshanah Feher, "Who Looks to the Stars? Astrology and its Constituency," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31 (March 1992): 88-93.
20. National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators.
21. Diane Barthel, Putting on Appearances: Gender and Advertising (Phildelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines (NY: St. Martin's, 1993); George A. Zinkhan and Linda A. Hayes, "Changing Patterns of Other-Directedness: A Content Analysis of Women's Magazines," Journal of Social Psychology 129 (December 1989): 825-31.
22. Diane Barthel, Putting on Appearances: Gender and Advertising (Phildelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines (NY: St. Martin's, 1993); George A. Zinkhan and Linda A. Hayes, "Changing Patterns of Other-Directedness: A Content Analysis of Women's Magazines," Journal of Social Psychology 129 (December 1989): 825-31.
23. Diane Barthel, Putting on Appearances: Gender and Advertising (Phildelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines (NY: St. Martin's, 1993); George A. Zinkhan and Linda A. Hayes, "Changing Patterns of Other-Directedness: A Content Analysis of Women's Magazines," Journal of Social Psychology 129 (December 1989): 825-31.
24. Dana Kennedy, "Daytime Serial Magazines Thriving while Traditional Publications Fold," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 15 December 1991, sec. F, pp. 1,8; Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc., Study of Media and Markets - Publications: Total audience (NY: Simmons Market Research Bureau, 1992); Urlich's International Periodicals Directory (New Providence, NJ: R. R. Bowker, 1992).
25. Dana Kennedy, "Daytime Serial Magazines Thriving while Traditional Publications Fold," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 15 December 1991, sec. F, pp. 1,8; Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc., Study of Media and Markets - Publications: Total audience (NY: Simmons Market Research Bureau, 1992); Urlich's International Periodicals Directory (New Providence, NJ: R. R. Bowker, 1992).
26. Dana Kennedy, "Daytime Serial Magazines Thriving while Traditional Publications Fold," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 15 December 1991, sec. F, pp. 1,8; Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc., Study of Media and Markets - Publications: Total audience (NY: Simmons Market Research Bureau, 1992); Urlich's International Periodicals Directory (New Providence, NJ: R. R. Bowker, 1992).
27. Readers' median household incomes ranged from a low of $25,000 for True Story to a high of $42,000 for Elle.
28. With a median age of 38 years, True Story readers were somewhat older than readers of the other five magazines, which had median readership ages of between 29 and 34 years. True Story was nonetheless similar to the five other magazines in terms of readers' gender (93% female) and race (80% white). Moreover, True Story was quite similar to Soap Opera Magazine and Soap Opera Weekly in terms of readers' annual media household income ($25,000). For these reasons, and because the presence of three magazines in each group allowed one to determine if any one magazine offered advice that differed significantly from the advice offered in other magazines, True Story was included in the study despite its somewhat older readership. As it turns out, True Story did not differ significantly from Soap Opera Magazine or Soap Opera Weekly on any of the variables reported in this study.
29. Geofrey Dean, "Does Astrology Need to Be True? Part 1: A Look at the Real Thing," Skeptical Inquirer 11 (winter 1986-1987): 166-84; Christopher C. French, Mandy Fowler, Kathy McCarthy, and Debbie Peers, "Belief in Astrology: A Test of the Barnum Effect," Skeptical Inquirer 15 (winter 1991): 166-72; Adrian Furnham, "Hooked on Horoscopes," New Scientist, 26 January 1991, 33-36; C. R. Snyder, "Why Horoscopes are True: The Effects of Specificity on Acceptance of Astrological Interpretations," Journal of Clinical Psychology 30 (July 1974): 577-80; G. A. Tyson, "Why People Perceive Horoscopes as Being True: A Review," Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 35 (May 1982):186-88.
30. Geofrey Dean, "Does Astrology Need to Be True? Part 1: A Look at the Real Thing," Skeptical Inquirer 11 (winter 1986-1987): 166-84; Christopher C. French, Mandy Fowler, Kathy McCarthy, and Debbie Peers, "Belief in Astrology: A Test of the Barnum Effect," Skeptical Inquirer 15 (winter 1991): 166-72; Adrian Furnham, "Hooked on Horoscopes," New Scientist, 26 January 1991, 33-36; C. R. Snyder, "Why Horoscopes are True: The Effects of Specificity on Acceptance of Astrological Interpretations," Journal of Clinical Psychology 30 (July 1974): 577-80; G. A. Tyson, "Why People Perceive Horoscopes as Being True: A Review," Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 35 (May 1982):186-88.
31. Geofrey Dean, "Does Astrology Need to Be True? Part 1: A Look at the Real Thing," Skeptical Inquirer 11 (winter 1986-1987): 166-84; Christopher C. French, Mandy Fowler, Kathy McCarthy, and Debbie Peers, "Belief in Astrology: A Test of the Barnum Effect," Skeptical Inquirer 15 (winter 1991): 166-72; Adrian Furnham, "Hooked on Horoscopes," New Scientist, 26 January 1991, 33-36; C. R. Snyder, "Why Horoscopes are True: The Effects of Specificity on Acceptance of Astrological Interpretations," Journal of Clinical Psychology 30 (July 1974): 577-80; G. A. Tyson, "Why People Perceive Horoscopes as Being True: A Review," Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 35 (May 1982):186-88.
32. Geofrey Dean, "Does Astrology Need to Be True? Part 1: A Look at the Real Thing," Skeptical Inquirer 11 (winter 1986-1987): 166-84; Christopher C. French, Mandy Fowler, Kathy McCarthy, and Debbie Peers, "Belief in Astrology: A Test of the Barnum Effect," Skeptical Inquirer 15 (winter 1991): 166-72; Adrian Furnham, "Hooked on Horoscopes," New Scientist, 26 January 1991, 33-36; C. R. Snyder, "Why Horoscopes are True: The Effects of Specificity on Acceptance of Astrological Interpretations," Journal of Clinical Psychology 30 (July 1974): 577-80; G. A. Tyson, "Why People Perceive Horoscopes as Being True: A Review," Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 35 (May 1982):186-88.
33. Geofrey Dean, "Does Astrology Need to Be True? Part 1: A Look at the Real Thing," Skeptical Inquirer 11 (winter 1986-1987): 166-84; Christopher C. French, Mandy Fowler, Kathy McCarthy, and Debbie Peers, "Belief in Astrology: A Test of the Barnum Effect," Skeptical Inquirer 15 (winter 1991): 166-72; Adrian Furnham, "Hooked on Horoscopes," New Scientist, 26 January 1991, 33-36; C. R. Snyder, "Why Horoscopes are True: The Effects of Specificity on Acceptance of Astrological Interpretations," Journal of Clinical Psychology 30 (July 1974): 577-80; G. A. Tyson, "Why People Perceive Horoscopes as Being True: A Review," Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 35 (May 1982):186-88.
34. Klaus Krippendorff, Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980).
35. This study was not designed primarily to test the consistency of astrological advice across astrologers, but the findings reported here suggest that such a study would be potentially valuable, especially for those concerned with challenging astrologers' claims of expert knowledge.
36. Adorno, "The Stars Down to Earth."
37. Adorno, "The Stars Down to Earth."
38. Zinkhan and Hayes, "Changing Patterns."
39. Peter Glick, Deborah Gottesman, and Jeffrey Jolton, "The Fault is Not in the Stars: Susceptibility of Skeptics and Believers in Astrology to the Barnum Effect," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 (December 1989): 572-83; C. Plug, "An Investigation of Superstitious Belief and Behavior," Journal of Behavioral Science 2 (June 1975): 169-78; Ruth H. Sosis, Bonnie R. Strickland, and William E. Haley, "Perceived Locus of Control and Beliefs about Astrology," Journal of Social Psychology 110 (February 1980): 65-71; Gabriel Wiemann, "The Prophecy that Never Fails: On the Uses and Gratifications of Horoscope Reading," Sociological Inquiry 52 (summer 1982): 274-90; see also Jerome J. Tobacyk, Ed Nagot, and Mark Miller, "Paranormal Beliefs and Locus of Control: A Multidimensional Examination," Journal of Personality Assessment 52 (October 1988): 241-46.
40. Peter Glick, Deborah Gottesman, and Jeffrey Jolton, "The Fault is Not in the Stars: Susceptibility of Skeptics and Believers in Astrology to the Barnum Effect," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 (December 1989): 572-83; C. Plug, "An Investigation of Superstitious Belief and Behavior," Journal of Behavioral Science 2 (June 1975): 169-78; Ruth H. Sosis, Bonnie R. Strickland, and William E. Haley, "Perceived Locus of Control and Beliefs about Astrology," Journal of Social Psychology 110 (February 1980): 65-71; Gabriel Wiemann, "The Prophecy that Never Fails: On the Uses and Gratifications of Horoscope Reading," Sociological Inquiry 52 (summer 1982): 274-90; see also Jerome J. Tobacyk, Ed Nagot, and Mark Miller, "Paranormal Beliefs and Locus of Control: A Multidimensional Examination," Journal of Personality Assessment 52 (October 1988): 241-46.
41. Peter Glick, Deborah Gottesman, and Jeffrey Jolton, "The Fault is Not in the Stars: Susceptibility of Skeptics and Believers in Astrology to the Barnum Effect," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 (December 1989): 572-83; C. Plug, "An Investigation of Superstitious Belief and Behavior," Journal of Behavioral Science 2 (June 1975): 169-78; Ruth H. Sosis, Bonnie R. Strickland, and William E. Haley, "Perceived Locus of Control and Beliefs about Astrology," Journal of Social Psychology 110 (February 1980): 65-71; Gabriel Wiemann, "The Prophecy that Never Fails: On the Uses and Gratifications of Horoscope Reading," Sociological Inquiry 52 (summer 1982): 274-90; see also Jerome J. Tobacyk, Ed Nagot, and Mark Miller, "Paranormal Beliefs and Locus of Control: A Multidimensional Examination," Journal of Personality Assessment 52 (October 1988): 241-46.
42. Peter Glick, Deborah Gottesman, and Jeffrey Jolton, "The Fault is Not in the Stars: Susceptibility of Skeptics and Believers in Astrology to the Barnum Effect," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 (December 1989): 572-83; C. Plug, "An Investigation of Superstitious Belief and Behavior," Journal of Behavioral Science 2 (June 1975): 169-78; Ruth H. Sosis, Bonnie R. Strickland, and William E. Haley, "Perceived Locus of Control and Beliefs about Astrology," Journal of Social Psychology 110 (February 1980): 65-71; Gabriel Wiemann, "The Prophecy that Never Fails: On the Uses and Gratifications of Horoscope Reading," Sociological Inquiry 52 (summer 1982): 274-90; see also Jerome J. Tobacyk, Ed Nagot, and Mark Miller, "Paranormal Beliefs and Locus of Control: A Multidimensional Examination," Journal of Personality Assessment 52 (October 1988): 241-46.
43. Peter Glick, Deborah Gottesman, and Jeffrey Jolton, "The Fault is Not in the Stars: Susceptibility of Skeptics and Believers in Astrology to the Barnum Effect," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 (December 1989): 572-83; C. Plug, "An Investigation of Superstitious Belief and Behavior," Journal of Behavioral Science 2 (June 1975): 169-78; Ruth H. Sosis, Bonnie R. Strickland, and William E. Haley, "Perceived Locus of Control and Beliefs about Astrology," Journal of Social Psychology 110 (February 1980): 65-71; Gabriel Wiemann, "The Prophecy that Never Fails: On the Uses and Gratifications of Horoscope Reading," Sociological Inquiry 52 (summer 1982): 274-90; see also Jerome J. Tobacyk, Ed Nagot, and Mark Miller, "Paranormal Beliefs and Locus of Control: A Multidimensional Examination," Journal of Personality Assessment 52 (October 1988): 241-46.
44. Harold Bloom, The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1992); Donald Meyer, The Positive Thinkers (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan, 1988).
45. Harold Bloom, The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1992); Donald Meyer, The Positive Thinkers (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan, 1988).
46. Carol V. R. George, God's Salesman: Norman Vincent Peale and the Power of Positive Thinking (NY: Oxford University Press, 1993).
47. Andrew Ross, Strange Weather Culture: Science and Technology in the Age of Limits (NY: Verso, 1991); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius."
48. Andrew Ross, Strange Weather Culture: Science and Technology in the Age of Limits (NY: Verso, 1991); Wilson, "The Aging of Aquarius."
49. Maxine Lucille Fiel, "Starcast," Mademoiselle, December 1992, 178-79.
50. Adorno, "The Stars Down to Earth."
51. Bogart, Press and Public.