The sexual politics of moral citizenship and containing "dangerous" foreign men in Cold War Canada, 1950s-1960s

Histoire Sociale

Volumn 33, Issue 66, 2000, Pages 361-389

  Iacovetta, Franca ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANADA; EASTERN EUROPE; ETHNOLOGY; HISTORY; MENTAL DISEASE; MIGRATION;

CANADA; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; EUROPE, EASTERN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; MENTAL DISORDERS;

EID: 0040197963     PISSN: 00182257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Sidney Katz, "How Mental Health is Attacking our Immigrants", Maclean's, January 4, 1958.
2. Examples include B. Cahill, "Do Immigrants Bring a Mental Health Problem to Canada?", Saturday Night, June 22, 1957, and the German-Canadian newspaper, Torontoer Zeit'g (Toronto News), which discussed "several suicide cases" and the small number of "mental cases" among the immigrants who need professional help. National Archives of Canada (hereafter NA), RG 26, vol. 75, file 1-5-11, Part 1, Department of Citizenship and Immigration, Citizenship Branch, Foreign Language Press Review Service, translation of Dr. Curt Borchardt's column, "With Pick and Shovel", November 29, 1957. See also the newspaper references in notes below.
3. Examples include B. Cahill, "Do Immigrants Bring a Mental Health Problem to Canada?", Saturday Night, June 22, 1957, and the German-Canadian newspaper, Torontoer Zeit'g (Toronto News), which discussed "several suicide cases" and the small number of "mental cases" among the immigrants who need professional help. National Archives of Canada (hereafter NA), RG 26, vol. 75, file 1-5-11, Part 1, Department of Citizenship and Immigration, Citizenship Branch, Foreign Language Press Review Service, translation of Dr. Curt Borchardt's column, "With Pick and Shovel", November 29, 1957. See also the newspaper references in notes below.
4. Examples include B. Cahill, "Do Immigrants Bring a Mental Health Problem to Canada?", Saturday Night, June 22, 1957, and the German-Canadian newspaper, Torontoer Zeit'g (Toronto News), which discussed "several suicide cases" and the small number of "mental cases" among the immigrants who need professional help. National Archives of Canada (hereafter NA), RG 26, vol. 75, file 1-5-11, Part 1, Department of Citizenship and Immigration, Citizenship Branch, Foreign Language Press Review Service, translation of Dr. Curt Borchardt's column, "With Pick and Shovel", November 29, 1957. See also the newspaper references in notes below.
5. For examples, see Gerald Tulchinsky, Branching Out: The Transformation of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Stoddart, 1998); Paula Draper, "Lost Children: Child Survivors and the Toronto Jewish Family and Child Service, the Early Years" (manuscript); her videotaped interviews with survivors as part of her Oral History of Holocaust Survivors; Marlene Epp, Women Without Men: Mennonite Refugees of the Second World War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999).
6. For examples, see Gerald Tulchinsky, Branching Out: The Transformation of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Stoddart, 1998); Paula Draper, "Lost Children: Child Survivors and the Toronto Jewish Family and Child Service, the Early Years" (manuscript); her videotaped interviews with survivors as part of her Oral History of Holocaust Survivors; Marlene Epp, Women Without Men: Mennonite Refugees of the Second World War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999).
7. For examples, see Gerald Tulchinsky, Branching Out: The Transformation of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Stoddart, 1998); Paula Draper, "Lost Children: Child Survivors and the Toronto Jewish Family and Child Service, the Early Years" (manuscript); her videotaped interviews with survivors as part of her Oral History of Holocaust Survivors; Marlene Epp, Women Without Men: Mennonite Refugees of the Second World War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999).
8. Gary Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire: Homo and Hetero, Sexualities, 2nd ed. (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).
9. My working definition of a moral panic is borrowed from moral regulation theorists and historians of sexuality, who suggest that professional and popular discourses, including public pronouncements by leading professionals and media over-reporting, can help to create the impression that certain "folk devils" (Jeffrey Weeks's term) or dangerous tendencies, usually involving a sexual component, are threatening society's moral order to a degree out of all proportion to the challenges or changes being discussed. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (London and New York: Longman, 1981); see also Stuart Hall, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: Macmillan, 1978); Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), vol. 2; Mariana Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
10. My working definition of a moral panic is borrowed from moral regulation theorists and historians of sexuality, who suggest that professional and popular discourses, including public pronouncements by leading professionals and media over-reporting, can help to create the impression that certain "folk devils" (Jeffrey Weeks's term) or dangerous tendencies, usually involving a sexual component, are threatening society's moral order to a degree out of all proportion to the challenges or changes being discussed. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (London and New York: Longman, 1981); see also Stuart Hall, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: Macmillan, 1978); Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), vol. 2; Mariana Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
11. My working definition of a moral panic is borrowed from moral regulation theorists and historians of sexuality, who suggest that professional and popular discourses, including public pronouncements by leading professionals and media over-reporting, can help to create the impression that certain "folk devils" (Jeffrey Weeks's term) or dangerous tendencies, usually involving a sexual component, are threatening society's moral order to a degree out of all proportion to the challenges or changes being discussed. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (London and New York: Longman, 1981); see also Stuart Hall, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: Macmillan, 1978); Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), vol. 2; Mariana Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
12. My working definition of a moral panic is borrowed from moral regulation theorists and historians of sexuality, who suggest that professional and popular discourses, including public pronouncements by leading professionals and media over-reporting, can help to create the impression that certain "folk devils" (Jeffrey Weeks's term) or dangerous tendencies, usually involving a sexual component, are threatening society's moral order to a degree out of all proportion to the challenges or changes being discussed. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (London and New York: Longman, 1981); see also Stuart Hall, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: Macmillan, 1978); Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), vol. 2; Mariana Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
13. For a contemporary debate, see Fred Bosworth's "What's Behind the Immigration Wrangle?", Maclean's, May 14, 1955; and my book manuscript covers the parliamentary, court, and public debate about "petty officialdom" and the arbitrariness of exclusion and deportation decisions. Bromley L. Armstrong recalls in Bromley: Tireless Champion for Just Causes (written with Sheldon Taylor, Pickering, Ont., 2000), that immigration agents at Malton Airport in Toronto gave medical tests to Caribbean women arrivals and grilled them about their sex lives (pp. 163-164). For more recent attacks against Caribbean women as promiscuous single mothers and Somalian refugee women as welfare cheats, see Cynthia Wright, "Immigrant Women, Nowhere at Home?" in Franca Iacovette and Tania Das Gupta, guest eds., "Whose Canada Is It?", Atlantis, vol. 24, no. 2 (Spring 2000), and other essays in this issue.
14. For a contemporary debate, see Fred Bosworth's "What's Behind the Immigration Wrangle?", Maclean's, May 14, 1955; and my book manuscript covers the parliamentary, court, and public debate about "petty officialdom" and the arbitrariness of exclusion and deportation decisions. Bromley L. Armstrong recalls in Bromley: Tireless Champion for Just Causes (written with Sheldon Taylor, Pickering, Ont., 2000), that immigration agents at Malton Airport in Toronto gave medical tests to Caribbean women arrivals and grilled them about their sex lives (pp. 163-164). For more recent attacks against Caribbean women as promiscuous single mothers and Somalian refugee women as welfare cheats, see Cynthia Wright, "Immigrant Women, Nowhere at Home?" in Franca Iacovette and Tania Das Gupta, guest eds., "Whose Canada Is It?", Atlantis, vol. 24, no. 2 (Spring 2000), and other essays in this issue.
15. For a contemporary debate, see Fred Bosworth's "What's Behind the Immigration Wrangle?", Maclean's, May 14, 1955; and my book manuscript covers the parliamentary, court, and public debate about "petty officialdom" and the arbitrariness of exclusion and deportation decisions. Bromley L. Armstrong recalls in Bromley: Tireless Champion for Just Causes (written with Sheldon Taylor, Pickering, Ont., 2000), that immigration agents at Malton Airport in Toronto gave medical tests to Caribbean women arrivals and grilled them about their sex lives (pp. 163-164). For more recent attacks against Caribbean women as promiscuous single mothers and Somalian refugee women as welfare cheats, see Cynthia Wright, "Immigrant Women, Nowhere at Home?" in Franca Iacovette and Tania Das Gupta, guest eds., "Whose Canada Is It?", Atlantis, vol. 24, no. 2 (Spring 2000), and other essays in this issue.
16. To avoid confusion and clutter, I place quotation marks only around verbatim text, but readers should assume quotation marks around such ideologically loaded terms as bad, backward, and normal. The theoretical and historical literature on the normalizing of bourgeois ideals is now extensive; the much-cited work of moral regulation theorists (broadly defined) such as Michel Foucault, Antonio Gramsci, and Philip Corrigan inform many recent empirically based Canadian studies, including Mariana Valverde, ed., Canadian Journal of Sociology: Studies in Moral Regulation, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire; Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Michinson, eds., On the Case: Explorations in Social History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
17. To avoid confusion and clutter, I place quotation marks only around verbatim text, but readers should assume quotation marks around such ideologically loaded terms as bad, backward, and normal. The theoretical and historical literature on the normalizing of bourgeois ideals is now extensive; the much-cited work of moral regulation theorists (broadly defined) such as Michel Foucault, Antonio Gramsci, and Philip Corrigan inform many recent empirically based Canadian studies, including Mariana Valverde, ed., Canadian Journal of Sociology: Studies in Moral Regulation, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire; Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Michinson, eds., On the Case: Explorations in Social History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
18. To avoid confusion and clutter, I place quotation marks only around verbatim text, but readers should assume quotation marks around such ideologically loaded terms as bad, backward, and normal. The theoretical and historical literature on the normalizing of bourgeois ideals is now extensive; the much-cited work of moral regulation theorists (broadly defined) such as Michel Foucault, Antonio Gramsci, and Philip Corrigan inform many recent empirically based Canadian studies, including Mariana Valverde, ed., Canadian Journal of Sociology: Studies in Moral Regulation, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire; Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Michinson, eds., On the Case: Explorations in Social History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
19. For example, Geoffrey Smith, "National Security and Personal Isolation: Sex, Gender and Disease in the Cold-War United States", International History Review, vol. 14, no. 2 (May 1992); his "Containment, 'Disease' and Cold War Popular Culture", in Brian J. C. Mckercher and Michael Hennessy, eds., War and Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, forthcoming); Louis Hyman, "Dirty Communists" (manuscript presented to the Toronto Labour Studies Group, Spring 2000); essays in Gary Kinsman, Dieter Buse, and Mercedes Steedman, eds., Whose National Security? (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2000).
20. For example, Geoffrey Smith, "National Security and Personal Isolation: Sex, Gender and Disease in the Cold-War United States", International History Review, vol. 14, no. 2 (May 1992); his "Containment, 'Disease' and Cold War Popular Culture", in Brian J. C. Mckercher and Michael Hennessy, eds., War and Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, forthcoming); Louis Hyman, "Dirty Communists" (manuscript presented to the Toronto Labour Studies Group, Spring 2000); essays in Gary Kinsman, Dieter Buse, and Mercedes Steedman, eds., Whose National Security? (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2000).
21. For example, Geoffrey Smith, "National Security and Personal Isolation: Sex, Gender and Disease in the Cold-War United States", International History Review, vol. 14, no. 2 (May 1992); his "Containment, 'Disease' and Cold War Popular Culture", in Brian J. C. Mckercher and Michael Hennessy, eds., War and Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, forthcoming); Louis Hyman, "Dirty Communists" (manuscript presented to the Toronto Labour Studies Group, Spring 2000); essays in Gary Kinsman, Dieter Buse, and Mercedes Steedman, eds., Whose National Security? (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2000).
22. For example, Geoffrey Smith, "National Security and Personal Isolation: Sex, Gender and Disease in the Cold-War United States", International History Review, vol. 14, no. 2 (May 1992); his "Containment, 'Disease' and Cold War Popular Culture", in Brian J. C. Mckercher and Michael Hennessy, eds., War and Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, forthcoming); Louis Hyman, "Dirty Communists" (manuscript presented to the Toronto Labour Studies Group, Spring 2000); essays in Gary Kinsman, Dieter Buse, and Mercedes Steedman, eds., Whose National Security? (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2000).
23. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
24. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
25. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
26. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
27. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
28. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
29. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
30. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
31. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
32. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
33. As others have observed, the family ideal served to normalize, or make appear as normal, the conduct associated with an idealized bourgeois model of heterosexual courtship, companionate marriage, female domesticity, male bread-winning, and a nuclear family unit. Such ideals served as unattainable and, for some, undesirable standards against which to judge, often harshly, those accused of not conforming or aspiring to them. On Canada's domestic Cold War, see Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire, chap. 6-8; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997); Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile (with Heidi McDonnel and Mary Mahood-Greer), In the Interests of the State: The Anti-gay, Anti-lesbian National Security Campaign in Canada, a Preliminary Research Report (Sudbury: Laurentian University, 1998); essays by Mercedes Steedman, Julie Guard, Franca Iacovetta, and others in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?; Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s Canada", Intelligence and National Security, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998); Valerie Korinik's Roughing it in Suburbia: Reading Chatelaine in the Fifties and Sixties (Toronto, 2000), which challenges easy stereotypes of bourgeois suburbia. On the United States, see, for example (on treasonous lesbians), Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
34. For instance, Linda Gordon Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Penguin, 1988). My recent efforts to use case files to write working-class history and to explore critically whether certain postmodern insights can be integrated into the material-feminist perspective to which I remain committed include: "Parents, Daughters, and Family Court Intrusions into Working-class Life", in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; "Gossip, Contest and Power in the Making of Suburban Bad Girls, Toronto 1945-60", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 80, no. 4 (December 1999), pp. 585-623; "Postmodern Ethnography, Historical Materialism, and Decentring the (Male) Authorial Voice: A Feminist Conversation", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 64 (November 1999), pp. 275-243, my response to Nancy Cook's "The Thin Within the Thick: Social History, Postmodern Ethnography, and Textual Practice", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 63 (May 1999), pp. 85-101, in which I also expressed my concerns about standpoint theory and about tackling so complex an issue as mental illness or anguish.
35. For instance, Linda Gordon Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Penguin, 1988). My recent efforts to use case files to write working-class history and to explore critically whether certain postmodern insights can be integrated into the material-feminist perspective to which I remain committed include: "Parents, Daughters, and Family Court Intrusions into Working-class Life", in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; "Gossip, Contest and Power in the Making of Suburban Bad Girls, Toronto 1945-60", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 80, no. 4 (December 1999), pp. 585-623; "Postmodern Ethnography, Historical Materialism, and Decentring the (Male) Authorial Voice: A Feminist Conversation", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 64 (November 1999), pp. 275-243, my response to Nancy Cook's "The Thin Within the Thick: Social History, Postmodern Ethnography, and Textual Practice", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 63 (May 1999), pp. 85-101, in which I also expressed my concerns about standpoint theory and about tackling so complex an issue as mental illness or anguish.
36. For instance, Linda Gordon Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Penguin, 1988). My recent efforts to use case files to write working-class history and to explore critically whether certain postmodern insights can be integrated into the material-feminist perspective to which I remain committed include: "Parents, Daughters, and Family Court Intrusions into Working-class Life", in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; "Gossip, Contest and Power in the Making of Suburban Bad Girls, Toronto 1945-60", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 80, no. 4 (December 1999), pp. 585-623; "Postmodern Ethnography, Historical Materialism, and Decentring the (Male) Authorial Voice: A Feminist Conversation", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 64 (November 1999), pp. 275-243, my response to Nancy Cook's "The Thin Within the Thick: Social History, Postmodern Ethnography, and Textual Practice", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 63 (May 1999), pp. 85-101, in which I also expressed my concerns about standpoint theory and about tackling so complex an issue as mental illness or anguish.
37. For instance, Linda Gordon Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Penguin, 1988). My recent efforts to use case files to write working-class history and to explore critically whether certain postmodern insights can be integrated into the material-feminist perspective to which I remain committed include: "Parents, Daughters, and Family Court Intrusions into Working-class Life", in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; "Gossip, Contest and Power in the Making of Suburban Bad Girls, Toronto 1945-60", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 80, no. 4 (December 1999), pp. 585-623; "Postmodern Ethnography, Historical Materialism, and Decentring the (Male) Authorial Voice: A Feminist Conversation", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 64 (November 1999), pp. 275-243, my response to Nancy Cook's "The Thin Within the Thick: Social History, Postmodern Ethnography, and Textual Practice", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 63 (May 1999), pp. 85-101, in which I also expressed my concerns about standpoint theory and about tackling so complex an issue as mental illness or anguish.
38. For instance, Linda Gordon Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Penguin, 1988). My recent efforts to use case files to write working-class history and to explore critically whether certain postmodern insights can be integrated into the material-feminist perspective to which I remain committed include: "Parents, Daughters, and Family Court Intrusions into Working-class Life", in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; "Gossip, Contest and Power in the Making of Suburban Bad Girls, Toronto 1945-60", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 80, no. 4 (December 1999), pp. 585-623; "Postmodern Ethnography, Historical Materialism, and Decentring the (Male) Authorial Voice: A Feminist Conversation", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 64 (November 1999), pp. 275-243, my response to Nancy Cook's "The Thin Within the Thick: Social History, Postmodern Ethnography, and Textual Practice", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 32, no. 63 (May 1999), pp. 85-101, in which I also expressed my concerns about standpoint theory and about tackling so complex an issue as mental illness or anguish.
39. I made a plea to respect but also challenge the now-established social history paradigm that for good reasons stresses immigrant agency, networks, and community-building by rethinking those on the margins in "Manly Militants, Cohesive Communities, and Defiant Domestics: Writing About Immigrants in Canadian Historical Scholarship", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 36 (Fall 1995), pp. 217-252.
40. A recent panel on refugees at the 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo, August 2000, ignored women and children. Social scientists writing about current situations dominate the feminist scholarship - for example, special issue on "Women in Conflict Zones", Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 2000) - but notable exceptions within history include Joan Ringelheim's important work on Holocaust survivors, for example, "Gender and Genocide: A Split Memory", in Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe (London: St. Martins, 1997). Recent women-centred studies include Afua Cooper, "Narratives of Mourning: Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese Slave Woman in New France" (submitted manuscript); Epp, Women Without Men; Donna Gabaccia and Franca Iacovetta, "Women, Work, and Protest in the Italian Diaspora: An International Research Agenda", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 42 (Fall 1998) and "Foreign, Female and Fighting Back: Italian Women Workers Around the World" (in review).
41. A recent panel on refugees at the 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo, August 2000, ignored women and children. Social scientists writing about current situations dominate the feminist scholarship - for example, special issue on "Women in Conflict Zones", Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 2000) - but notable exceptions within history include Joan Ringelheim's important work on Holocaust survivors, for example, "Gender and Genocide: A Split Memory", in Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe (London: St. Martins, 1997). Recent women-centred studies include Afua Cooper, "Narratives of Mourning: Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese Slave Woman in New France" (submitted manuscript); Epp, Women Without Men; Donna Gabaccia and Franca Iacovetta, "Women, Work, and Protest in the Italian Diaspora: An International Research Agenda", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 42 (Fall 1998) and "Foreign, Female and Fighting Back: Italian Women Workers Around the World" (in review).
42. A recent panel on refugees at the 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo, August 2000, ignored women and children. Social scientists writing about current situations dominate the feminist scholarship - for example, special issue on "Women in Conflict Zones", Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 2000) - but notable exceptions within history include Joan Ringelheim's important work on Holocaust survivors, for example, "Gender and Genocide: A Split Memory", in Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe (London: St. Martins, 1997). Recent women-centred studies include Afua Cooper, "Narratives of Mourning: Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese Slave Woman in New France" (submitted manuscript); Epp, Women Without Men; Donna Gabaccia and Franca Iacovetta, "Women, Work, and Protest in the Italian Diaspora: An International Research Agenda", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 42 (Fall 1998) and "Foreign, Female and Fighting Back: Italian Women Workers Around the World" (in review).
43. A recent panel on refugees at the 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo, August 2000, ignored women and children. Social scientists writing about current situations dominate the feminist scholarship - for example, special issue on "Women in Conflict Zones", Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 2000) - but notable exceptions within history include Joan Ringelheim's important work on Holocaust survivors, for example, "Gender and Genocide: A Split Memory", in Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe (London: St. Martins, 1997). Recent women-centred studies include Afua Cooper, "Narratives of Mourning: Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese Slave Woman in New France" (submitted manuscript); Epp, Women Without Men; Donna Gabaccia and Franca Iacovetta, "Women, Work, and Protest in the Italian Diaspora: An International Research Agenda", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 42 (Fall 1998) and "Foreign, Female and Fighting Back: Italian Women Workers Around the World" (in review).
44. A recent panel on refugees at the 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo, August 2000, ignored women and children. Social scientists writing about current situations dominate the feminist scholarship - for example, special issue on "Women in Conflict Zones", Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 2000) - but notable exceptions within history include Joan Ringelheim's important work on Holocaust survivors, for example, "Gender and Genocide: A Split Memory", in Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe (London: St. Martins, 1997). Recent women-centred studies include Afua Cooper, "Narratives of Mourning: Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese Slave Woman in New France" (submitted manuscript); Epp, Women Without Men; Donna Gabaccia and Franca Iacovetta, "Women, Work, and Protest in the Italian Diaspora: An International Research Agenda", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 42 (Fall 1998) and "Foreign, Female and Fighting Back: Italian Women Workers Around the World" (in review).
45. A recent panel on refugees at the 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo, August 2000, ignored women and children. Social scientists writing about current situations dominate the feminist scholarship - for example, special issue on "Women in Conflict Zones", Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 2000) - but notable exceptions within history include Joan Ringelheim's important work on Holocaust survivors, for example, "Gender and Genocide: A Split Memory", in Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe (London: St. Martins, 1997). Recent women-centred studies include Afua Cooper, "Narratives of Mourning: Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese Slave Woman in New France" (submitted manuscript); Epp, Women Without Men; Donna Gabaccia and Franca Iacovetta, "Women, Work, and Protest in the Italian Diaspora: An International Research Agenda", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 42 (Fall 1998) and "Foreign, Female and Fighting Back: Italian Women Workers Around the World" (in review).
46. A recent panel on refugees at the 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo, August 2000, ignored women and children. Social scientists writing about current situations dominate the feminist scholarship - for example, special issue on "Women in Conflict Zones", Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 2000) - but notable exceptions within history include Joan Ringelheim's important work on Holocaust survivors, for example, "Gender and Genocide: A Split Memory", in Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe (London: St. Martins, 1997). Recent women-centred studies include Afua Cooper, "Narratives of Mourning: Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese Slave Woman in New France" (submitted manuscript); Epp, Women Without Men; Donna Gabaccia and Franca Iacovetta, "Women, Work, and Protest in the Italian Diaspora: An International Research Agenda", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 42 (Fall 1998) and "Foreign, Female and Fighting Back: Italian Women Workers Around the World" (in review).
47. Mariana Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1855-1925 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991).
48. For instance, The Provincial Council of Women in Ontario (PCWO) lobbied Ottawa to recruit domestics selectively from the "DP" camps on the grounds that the failure of Canadian "mothers" to acquire "home help" might prompt them to have fewer children, thereby "decreasing" the Canadian birth rate and "limiting" Canadian families, and might also result in "depriving the nation of the leadership of capable women" so crucial to volunteer work. Archives of Ontario (hereafter AO), PCWO Collection, MU 2343, Minutes of Meetings, February 12, 1997, Final resolution. See also my "Remaking Their Lives: Women Immigrants, Survivors, and Refugees", in Joy Parr, ed., A Diversity of Women: Ontario, 1945-80 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995).
49. For details see my "Recipes for Democracy? Gender, Family, and Making Female Citizens in Cold War Canada" Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 20, no. 2 (Summer 2000); Valerie Korinek and Franca Iacovetta, "Jello Salads, One-stop Shopping and Maria the Home-maker: The Gender Politics of Food", in Marlene Epp et al., eds., Sisters or Strangers (book manuscript in progress); Korinek, Roughing it in Suburbia.
50. For details see my "Recipes for Democracy? Gender, Family, and Making Female Citizens in Cold War Canada" Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 20, no. 2 (Summer 2000); Valerie Korinek and Franca Iacovetta, "Jello Salads, One-stop Shopping and Maria the Home-maker: The Gender Politics of Food", in Marlene Epp et al., eds., Sisters or Strangers (book manuscript in progress); Korinek, Roughing it in Suburbia.
51. For details see my "Recipes for Democracy? Gender, Family, and Making Female Citizens in Cold War Canada" Canadian Woman Studies, vol. 20, no. 2 (Summer 2000); Valerie Korinek and Franca Iacovetta, "Jello Salads, One-stop Shopping and Maria the Home-maker: The Gender Politics of Food", in Marlene Epp et al., eds., Sisters or Strangers (book manuscript in progress); Korinek, Roughing it in Suburbia.
52. J. D. Green, MD, "Problem of Mental Health in Canada", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 1 (September 1946), pp. 3-10. Green's description reflects the more psychologically and socially oriented approach; he also stressed the growing number of mentally disabled people who escape detection. See also Terry Copp and Bill McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (Monteal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990); Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal; Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power".
53. J. D. Green, MD, "Problem of Mental Health in Canada", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 1 (September 1946), pp. 3-10. Green's description reflects the more psychologically and socially oriented approach; he also stressed the growing number of mentally disabled people who escape detection. See also Terry Copp and Bill McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (Monteal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990); Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal; Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power".
54. J. D. Green, MD, "Problem of Mental Health in Canada", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 1 (September 1946), pp. 3-10. Green's description reflects the more psychologically and socially oriented approach; he also stressed the growing number of mentally disabled people who escape detection. See also Terry Copp and Bill McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (Monteal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990); Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal; Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power".
55. J. D. Green, MD, "Problem of Mental Health in Canada", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 1 (September 1946), pp. 3-10. Green's description reflects the more psychologically and socially oriented approach; he also stressed the growing number of mentally disabled people who escape detection. See also Terry Copp and Bill McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (Monteal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990); Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal; Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power".
56. See, for example Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Canada, 1880-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power". Contemporary examples include Green, "The Problem of Mental Health"; Margaret M. Burns MS, "The Allan Memorial Institute of Psychiatry", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 2 (December 1946); Dr. R. R. Prosser, "The Community Psychiatric Clinic and the Social Worker", The Social Worker, vol. 19, no. 4 (April 1951). The literature on post-1945 immigration is vast; a useful survey is Donald Avery, Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995).
57. See, for example Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Canada, 1880-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power". Contemporary examples include Green, "The Problem of Mental Health"; Margaret M. Burns MS, "The Allan Memorial Institute of Psychiatry", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 2 (December 1946); Dr. R. R. Prosser, "The Community Psychiatric Clinic and the Social Worker", The Social Worker, vol. 19, no. 4 (April 1951). The literature on post-1945 immigration is vast; a useful survey is Donald Avery, Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995).
58. See, for example Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Canada, 1880-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power". Contemporary examples include Green, "The Problem of Mental Health"; Margaret M. Burns MS, "The Allan Memorial Institute of Psychiatry", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 2 (December 1946); Dr. R. R. Prosser, "The
59. See, for example Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Canada, 1880-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power". Contemporary examples include Green, "The Problem of Mental Health"; Margaret M. Burns MS, "The Allan Memorial Institute of Psychiatry", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 2 (December 1946); Dr. R. R. Prosser, "The Community Psychiatric Clinic and the Social Worker", The Social Worker, vol. 19, no. 4 (April 1951). The literature on post-1945 immigration is vast; a useful survey is Donald Avery, Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995).
60. See, for example Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Canada, 1880-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power". Contemporary examples include Green, "The Problem of Mental Health"; Margaret M. Burns MS, "The Allan Memorial Institute of Psychiatry", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 2 (December 1946); Dr. R. R. Prosser, "The Community Psychiatric Clinic and the Social Worker", The Social Worker, vol. 19, no. 4 (April 1951). The literature on post-1945 immigration is vast; a useful survey is Donald Avery, Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995).
61. See, for example Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Canada, 1880-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power". Contemporary examples include Green, "The Problem of Mental Health"; Margaret M. Burns MS, "The Allan Memorial Institute of Psychiatry", The Social Worker, vol. 15, no. 2 (December 1946); Dr. R. R. Prosser, "The Community Psychiatric Clinic and the Social Worker", The Social Worker, vol. 19, no. 4 (April 1951). The literature on post-1945 immigration is vast; a useful survey is Donald Avery, Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995).
62. For example, he devoted some space to ethnic journalists who decried the damaging effect created by media overkill of individual criminal acts committed by immigrants and to a recent incident involving the Deputy Attorney General of Ontario, who issued, then retracted, an erroneous statement about newcomers committing 90% of recent murders in the province.
63. I assume that the statistics included the non-European foreign-born. In the 1950s the focus was on Europeans but later shifted to racialized newcomers from non-white countries.
64. He reported that the relevant higher rates were 20% (Manitoba study) and 40% (UWO study), respectively.
65. Without meaning to diminish anyone's mental pain, I note that, given what historians now know about the extent of RCMP spying, blacklisting, and CIA brainwashing experiments in Montreal, it is ironic that a fear of being watched, which some saw as a disease of Communism, could be an indicator of a paranoid personality. Kinsman et al., Whose National Security?; Anne Collins, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1988).
66. Without meaning to diminish anyone's mental pain, I note that, given what historians now know about the extent of RCMP spying, blacklisting, and CIA brainwashing experiments in Montreal, it is ironic that a fear of being watched, which some saw as a disease of Communism, could be an indicator of a paranoid personality. Kinsman et al., Whose National Security?; Anne Collins, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1988).
67. The debate whether the dramatic events of October and November 1956 constituted a genuine students' and workers' revolt against Stalinism or a bourgeois counter-revolution drove deep divisions in the international and particularly the Communist left, producing an instant literature with conflicting accounts. Many accounts do note that, when prisons were opened to free political opponents of the regime, a small proportion of the released inmates were common or hard-core criminals, but specialists of Hungarian immigration to Canada have yet to scrutinize this subject (a very preliminary essay is Nandor F. Dreiziger's "The Impact of the Revolution on Hungarians Abroad: The Case of Hungarian Canadians", in Bela K. Kiraly, Barbara Lotie, and Nandor F. Dreiziger, eds., The First War Between Socialist States: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its Impact (New York: Brooklyn College Press, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1984) or to determine what percentage of those deemed criminal or criminally insane entered Canada as refugees. A sample of work on the revolt includes Peter Fyer, Hungarian Tragedy, expanded rev. ed. (London: Index Books, 1997), by the journalist for the London Daily Worker who was expelled from the Communist Party for supporting the revolt and denouncing the Soviet repression; François Fejto, Behind the Rape of Hungary, with foreword by J. P. Sartre (New York: D. Mackay Co., 1957); Bela K. Kiraly and Paul Jonas, eds., The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in Retrospect (New York: East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1978); Reg Gadney, Cry Hungary! Uprising 1956 (London, 1986). Readers interested in how anti-Communist refugees might have influenced a Canadian Cold War mindset can consult Sandor Kapscis, In the Name of the Working Class: The Inside Story of the Hungarian Revolution (Paris 1979; translated Toronto: Lester Orpen Dennys, 1986), and journalist George Jonas's foreword. Thanks to Cynthia Wright for the reference and a copy of the book.
68. The debate whether the dramatic events of October and November 1956 constituted a genuine students' and workers' revolt against Stalinism or a bourgeois counter-revolution drove deep divisions in the international and particularly the Communist left, producing an instant literature with conflicting accounts. Many accounts do note that, when prisons were opened to free political opponents of the regime, a small proportion of the released inmates were common or hard-core criminals, but specialists of Hungarian immigration to Canada have yet to scrutinize this subject (a very preliminary essay is Nandor F. Dreiziger's "The Impact of the Revolution on Hungarians Abroad: The Case of Hungarian Canadians", in Bela K. Kiraly, Barbara Lotie, and Nandor F. Dreiziger, eds., The First War Between Socialist States: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its Impact (New York: Brooklyn College Press, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1984) or to determine what percentage of those deemed criminal or criminally insane entered Canada as refugees. A sample of work on the revolt includes Peter Fyer, Hungarian Tragedy, expanded rev. ed. (London: Index Books, 1997), by the journalist for the London Daily Worker who was expelled from the Communist Party for supporting the revolt and denouncing the Soviet repression; François Fejto, Behind the Rape of Hungary, with foreword by J. P. Sartre (New York: D. Mackay Co., 1957); Bela K. Kiraly and Paul Jonas, eds., The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in Retrospect (New York: East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1978); Reg Gadney, Cry Hungary! Uprising 1956 (London, 1986). Readers interested in how anti-Communist refugees might have influenced a Canadian Cold War mindset can consult Sandor Kapscis, In the Name of the Working Class: The Inside Story of the Hungarian Revolution (Paris 1979; translated Toronto: Lester Orpen Dennys, 1986), and journalist George Jonas's foreword. Thanks to Cynthia Wright for the reference and a copy of the book.
69. The debate whether the dramatic events of October and November 1956 constituted a genuine students' and workers' revolt against Stalinism or a bourgeois counter-revolution drove deep divisions in the international and particularly the Communist left, producing an instant literature with conflicting accounts. Many accounts do note that, when prisons were opened to free political opponents of the regime, a small proportion of the released inmates were common or hard-core criminals, but specialists of Hungarian immigration to Canada have yet to scrutinize this subject (a very preliminary essay is Nandor F. Dreiziger's "The Impact of the Revolution on Hungarians Abroad: The Case of Hungarian Canadians", in Bela K. Kiraly, Barbara Lotie, and Nandor F. Dreiziger, eds., The First War Between Socialist States: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its Impact (New York: Brooklyn College Press, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1984) or to determine what percentage of those deemed criminal or criminally insane entered Canada as refugees. A sample of work on the revolt includes Peter Fyer, Hungarian Tragedy, expanded rev. ed. (London: Index Books, 1997), by the journalist for the London Daily Worker who was expelled from the Communist Party for supporting the revolt and denouncing the Soviet repression; François Fejto, Behind the Rape of Hungary, with foreword by J. P. Sartre (New York: D. Mackay Co., 1957); Bela K. Kiraly and Paul Jonas, eds., The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in Retrospect (New York: East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1978); Reg Gadney, Cry Hungary! Uprising 1956 (London, 1986). Readers interested in how anti-Communist refugees might have influenced a Canadian Cold War mindset can consult Sandor Kapscis, In the Name of the Working Class: The Inside Story of the Hungarian Revolution (Paris 1979; translated Toronto: Lester Orpen Dennys, 1986), and journalist George Jonas's foreword. Thanks to Cynthia Wright for the reference and a copy of the book.
70. The debate whether the dramatic events of October and November 1956 constituted a genuine students' and workers' revolt against Stalinism or a bourgeois counter-revolution drove deep divisions in the international and particularly the Communist left, producing an instant literature with conflicting accounts. Many accounts do note that, when prisons were opened to free political opponents of the regime, a small proportion of the released inmates were common or hard-core criminals, but specialists of Hungarian immigration to Canada have yet to scrutinize this subject (a very preliminary essay is Nandor F. Dreiziger's "The Impact of the Revolution on Hungarians Abroad: The Case of Hungarian Canadians", in Bela K. Kiraly, Barbara Lotie, and Nandor F. Dreiziger, eds., The First War Between Socialist States: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its Impact (New York: Brooklyn College Press, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1984) or to determine what percentage of those deemed criminal or criminally insane entered Canada as refugees. A sample of work on the revolt includes Peter Fyer, Hungarian Tragedy, expanded rev. ed. (London: Index Books, 1997), by the journalist for the London Daily Worker who was expelled from the Communist Party for supporting the revolt and denouncing the Soviet repression; François Fejto, Behind the Rape of Hungary, with foreword by J. P. Sartre (New York: D. Mackay Co., 1957); Bela K. Kiraly and Paul Jonas, eds., The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in Retrospect (New York: East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1978); Reg Gadney, Cry Hungary! Uprising 1956 (London, 1986). Readers interested in how anti-Communist refugees might have influenced a Canadian Cold War mindset can consult Sandor Kapscis, In the Name of the Working Class: The Inside Story of the Hungarian Revolution (Paris 1979; translated Toronto: Lester Orpen Dennys, 1986), and journalist George Jonas's foreword. Thanks to Cynthia Wright for the reference and a copy of the book.
71. The debate whether the dramatic events of October and November 1956 constituted a genuine students' and workers' revolt against Stalinism or a bourgeois counter-revolution drove deep divisions in the international and particularly the Communist left, producing an instant literature with conflicting accounts. Many accounts do note that, when prisons were opened to free political opponents of the regime, a small proportion of the released inmates were common or hard-core criminals, but specialists of Hungarian immigration to Canada have yet to scrutinize this subject (a very preliminary essay is Nandor F. Dreiziger's "The Impact of the Revolution on Hungarians Abroad: The Case of Hungarian Canadians", in Bela K. Kiraly, Barbara Lotie, and Nandor F. Dreiziger, eds., The First War Between Socialist States: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its Impact (New York: Brooklyn College Press, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1984) or to determine what percentage of those deemed criminal or criminally insane entered Canada as refugees. A sample of work on the revolt includes Peter Fyer, Hungarian Tragedy, expanded rev. ed. (London: Index Books, 1997), by the journalist for the London Daily Worker who was expelled from the Communist Party for supporting the revolt and denouncing the Soviet repression; François Fejto, Behind the Rape of Hungary, with foreword by J. P. Sartre (New York: D. Mackay Co., 1957); Bela K. Kiraly and Paul Jonas, eds., The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in Retrospect (New York: East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1978); Reg Gadney, Cry Hungary! Uprising 1956 (London, 1986). Readers interested in how anti-Communist refugees might have influenced a Canadian Cold War mindset can consult Sandor Kapscis, In the Name of the Working Class: The Inside Story of the Hungarian Revolution (Paris 1979; translated Toronto: Lester Orpen Dennys, 1986), and journalist George Jonas's foreword. Thanks to Cynthia Wright for the reference and a copy of the book.
72. The debate whether the dramatic events of October and November 1956 constituted a genuine students' and workers' revolt against Stalinism or a bourgeois counter-revolution drove deep divisions in the international and particularly the Communist left, producing an instant literature with conflicting accounts. Many accounts do note that, when prisons were opened to free political opponents of the regime, a small proportion of the released inmates were common or hard-core criminals, but specialists of Hungarian immigration to Canada have yet to scrutinize this subject (a very preliminary essay is Nandor F. Dreiziger's "The Impact of the Revolution on Hungarians Abroad: The Case of Hungarian Canadians", in Bela K. Kiraly, Barbara Lotie, and Nandor F. Dreiziger, eds., The First War Between Socialist States: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its Impact (New York: Brooklyn College Press, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1984) or to determine what percentage of those deemed criminal or criminally insane entered Canada as refugees. A sample of work on the revolt includes Peter Fyer, Hungarian Tragedy, expanded rev. ed. (London: Index Books, 1997), by the journalist for the London Daily Worker who was expelled from the Communist Party for supporting the revolt and denouncing the Soviet repression; François Fejto, Behind the Rape of Hungary, with foreword by J. P. Sartre (New York: D. Mackay Co., 1957); Bela K. Kiraly and Paul Jonas, eds., The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in Retrospect (New York: East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1978); Reg Gadney, Cry Hungary! Uprising 1956 (London, 1986). Readers interested in how anti-Communist refugees might have influenced a Canadian Cold War mindset can consult Sandor Kapscis, In the Name of the Working Class: The Inside Story of the Hungarian Revolution (Paris 1979; translated Toronto: Lester Orpen Dennys, 1986), and journalist George Jonas's foreword. Thanks to Cynthia Wright for the reference and a copy of the book.
73. He had just succeeded in convicting a 26-year-old Hungarian in Toronto who, as Katz put it, "with no provocation" had "viciously" beat up a lawyer.
74. In assessing Hungarian Canadian leaders or spokespeople, we should keep in mind that the older community of pre-WWII and of the immediate post-1945 era differed significantly from the new 1956 community - an observation that also applies to other East European groups.
75. On the IIMT, a large social agency that served non-English-speaking newcomers, see my "Making New Cinadians: Women, Social Workers and the Reshaping of Immigrant Families", in Franca Iacovetta and Mariana Valverde, eds., Gender Conflicts: New Essays in Women's History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
76. Laura Belmonte, "Mr. and Mrs. America: Images of Gender and the Family in Cold War Propaganda" (paper presented to the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Chapel Hill, N.C., June 1996); Jennifer Stephen, "Deploying Discourses of Employability and Domesticity: Women's Employment and Training Policies and the Formation of the Canadian Welfare State, 1935-1947" (PhD thesis, OISE/ University of Toronto, 2000). One of the few women to appear in Katz's article is a German woman who, according to a Toronto social agency staff person, had gone to a lawyer complaining that everyone was laughing at her and that a television performer, who she insisted was a former RCAF pilot who "hates all Germans" and had hombed her city, had insulted her during a television programme she was watching.
77. Laura Belmonte, "Mr. and Mrs. America: Images of Gender and the Family in Cold War Propaganda" (paper presented to the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Chapel Hill, N.C., June 1996); Jennifer Stephen, "Deploying Discourses of Employability and Domesticity: Women's Employment and Training Policies and the Formation of the Canadian Welfare State, 1935-1947" (PhD thesis, OISE/ University of Toronto, 2000). One of the few women to appear in Katz's article is a German woman who, according to a Toronto social agency staff person, had gone to a lawyer complaining that everyone was laughing at her and that a television performer, who she insisted was a former RCAF pilot who "hates all Germans" and had hombed her city, had insulted her during a television programme she was watching.
78. On letters, see "Mailbox", Maclean's, January 18, February 1 and 15, 1958. In 1969 the IIMT's "Group Services" supervisor admitted that it was a social programme that had largely failed: "single men appear at all activities but since the Institute has always failed to attract single women, the men don't return." AO, MU 6389, File Programme Committee, 1970-71, Group Services Report - Programme Evaluation, May 1969. See also Martha Ophir, "Defining Ethnicity in Postwar Canada: The International Institute of Metropolitan Toronto, 1953-1974" (Graduate history, University of Toronto, 1993).
79. On letters, see "Mailbox", Maclean's, January 18, February 1 and 15, 1958. In 1969 the IIMT's "Group Services" supervisor admitted that it was a social programme that had largely failed: "single men appear at all activities but since the Institute has always failed to attract single women, the men don't return." AO, MU 6389, File Programme Committee, 1970-71, Group Services Report - Programme Evaluation, May 1969. See also Martha Ophir, "Defining Ethnicity in Postwar Canada: The International Institute of Metropolitan Toronto, 1953-1974" (Graduate history, University of Toronto, 1993).
80. None of the sexual transgressions described here refer to same-sex practices, but Canadian officials and experts were clearly very concerned about homosexuality: the amended Immigration Act (1952) introduced for the first time an anti-homosexual clause. Anecdotal information from a later period suggests that social welfare workers could offend the immigrant parents of boys by flagging as "homosexual" behaviour that carried no such (negative) connotation in the parents' culture (confidential conversation). On the new criminal sexual psychopath laws which, ironically, assumed a homosexual psychopath even though most molesters were and are self-defined heterosexuals and other important details, see Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire; Kinsman et al., In the Interests of the State.
81. None of the sexual transgressions described here refer to same-sex practices, but Canadian officials and experts were clearly very concerned about homosexuality: the amended Immigration Act (1952) introduced for the first time an anti-homosexual clause. Anecdotal information from a later period suggests that social welfare workers could offend the immigrant parents of boys by flagging as "homosexual" behaviour that carried no such (negative) connotation in the parents' culture (confidential conversation). On the new criminal sexual psychopath laws which, ironically, assumed a homosexual psychopath even though most molesters were and are self-defined heterosexuals and other important details, see Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire; Kinsman et al., In the Interests of the State.
82. The 1970s to the 1990s have seen a return to organic and bio-chemical paradigms, in which heredity and brain biology are considered key factors, particularly neurological diagnoses. ECT is electro-convulsive therapy. Post-1945 Canadian psychiatry is sorely in need of historians, but if one reads past the editor's swipes at Marxist historians, Edward Shorter, ed., TPH: History and Memories of the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital, 1925-1966 (Toronto: Wall & Emerson, 1996) is a useful starting point. See also the postwar studies, including on CIA brainwashing experiments at the Memorial Institute, in Geoffrey Reaume, A Classified Bibliography on the History of Psychiatry and Mental Health Services in Canada (Toronto, 1998). My thanks to Alison Kirk-Montgomery for helping to clarify the postwar psychiatric scene and to Mona Gleason for her references to the large number of lobotomies done to women.
83. The 1970s to the 1990s have seen a return to organic and bio-chemical paradigms, in which heredity and brain biology are considered key factors, particularly neurological diagnoses. ECT is electro-convulsive therapy. Post-1945 Canadian psychiatry is sorely in need of historians, but if one reads past the editor's swipes at Marxist historians, Edward Shorter, ed., TPH: History and Memories of the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital, 1925-1966 (Toronto: Wall & Emerson, 1996) is a useful starting point. See also the postwar studies, including on CIA brainwashing experiments at the Memorial Institute, in Geoffrey Reaume, A Classified Bibliography on the History of Psychiatry and Mental Health Services in Canada (Toronto, 1998). My thanks to Alison Kirk-Montgomery for helping to clarify the postwar psychiatric scene and to Mona Gleason for her references to the large number of lobotomies done to women.
84. For a stimulating debate on my use of Katz's article and several other points raised in this essay, I thank, as always, my scholarly comrades and constructive critics in the Toronto Labour Studies Group.
85. For examples, letters from Henry Oersen (Victoria), Gray Campbell (Cowley, Alberta) East Allwood (Montreal), and Denise Levebvre (Montreal) in "Mailbox", Maclean's, January 18, Febuary 1 and 15, 1958; and the following front-page news items from the Toronto Star. "Find Red Data in Box After Man Suicides" (on a Ukrainian executive member of the Association of Ukrainian Canadians and the "anti-subversive detectives" who found the "boxful of Communist documents"), January 24, 1952; "Russian Immigrant Seals Up Room...", April 14, 1952; "Doctor Slain in his Office, D.P. Held", September 26, 1953; see also references that follow in note 40.
86. For examples, letters from Henry Oersen (Victoria), Gray Campbell (Cowley, Alberta) East Allwood (Montreal), and Denise Levebvre (Montreal) in "Mailbox", Maclean's, January 18, Febuary 1 and 15, 1958; and the following front-page news items from the Toronto Star. "Find Red Data in Box After Man Suicides" (on a Ukrainian executive member of the Association of Ukrainian Canadians and the "anti-subversive detectives" who found the "boxful of Communist documents"), January 24, 1952; "Russian Immigrant Seals Up Room...", April 14, 1952; "Doctor Slain in his Office, D.P. Held", September 26, 1953; see also references that follow in note 40.
87. For examples, letters from Henry Oersen (Victoria), Gray Campbell (Cowley, Alberta) East Allwood (Montreal), and Denise Levebvre (Montreal) in "Mailbox", Maclean's, January 18, Febuary 1 and 15, 1958; and the following front-page news items from the Toronto Star. "Find Red Data in Box After Man Suicides" (on a Ukrainian executive member of the Association of Ukrainian Canadians and the "anti-subversive detectives" who found the "boxful of Communist documents"), January 24, 1952; "Russian Immigrant Seals Up Room...", April 14, 1952; "Doctor Slain in his Office, D.P. Held", September 26, 1953; see also references that follow in note 40.
88. The relevant percentages were 10%, 18%, and 40% respectively.
89. NA, RG 26, vol. 80, file 1-19-5 Pt 2, Citizenship Branch, Research Division, 10-2-19, Mrs. N. [Nancy] Elgie, Research Division to The Director, Report on Sidney Katz, "How Mental ... Immigrants", Maclean's, vol. 71, no. 1 (January 4, 1958), pp. 9, 44-46.
90. NA, RG 26, vol. 80, file 1-19-5 Pt 2, Citizenship Branch, Research Division, 10-2-19, Mrs. N. [Nancy] Elgie, Research Division to The Director, Report on Sidney Katz, "How Mental ... Immigrants", Maclean's, vol. 71, no. 1 (January 4, 1958), pp. 9, 44-46.
91. Ibid. Elgie showed that the total number of those deported on physical and mental health grounds during the previous 11 years was 669, not 800, as Katz claimed - a figure that represented a very small proportion of all immigrants (5,617) deported for the period 1946 to 1956 and less than half the total number (1,496) deported for "criminality". She then compared it with the total number of immigrant first admissions to Cnaadian mental hospitals for the same period (29,373). Still, I raise the question because the scholarship suggests that the threat of deportation, whether used against alleged subversives or misfits, could instil fear out of proportion to its use. For examples, see Barbara Roberts, Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada, 1900-1935 (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992).
92. Ibid. Elgie showed that the total number of those deported on physical and mental health grounds during the previous 11 years was 669, not 800, as Katz claimed - a figure that represented a very small proportion of all immigrants (5,617) deported for the period 1946 to 1956 and less than half the total number (1,496) deported for "criminality". She then compared it with the total number of immigrant first admissions to Cnaadian mental hospitals for the same period (29,373). Still, I raise the question because the scholarship suggests that the threat of deportation, whether used against alleged subversives or misfits, could instil fear out of proportion to its use. For examples, see Barbara Roberts, Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada, 1900-1935 (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992).
93. Ibid. Elgie showed that the total number of those deported on physical and mental health grounds during the previous 11 years was 669, not 800, as Katz claimed - a figure that represented a very small proportion of all immigrants (5,617) deported for the period 1946 to 1956 and less than half the total number (1,496) deported for "criminality". She then compared it with the total number of immigrant first admissions to Cnaadian mental hospitals for the same period (29,373). Still, I raise the question because the scholarship suggests that the threat of deportation, whether used against alleged subversives or misfits, could instil fear out of proportion to its use. For examples, see Barbara Roberts, Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada, 1900-1935 (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992).
94. The conference theme was "Uprooting and Resettlement". NA, RG 26, vol. 80, file 1-19-5 Pt 2, Director, Citizenship Branch to Deputy Minister, Dr. Laval Fortier, Immigration and Citizenship, Re: World Conference on Mental Health, June 4, 1958. Other arguments included the importance of demonstrating to the international community Canada's commitment to improving its mental health services. Fortier rejected the request.
95. These studies, explained in ibid., showed that, while some immigrant "subgroups" registered a higher first-admission rate to mental hospitals, others exhibited "considerably lower rates than the native born population".
96. NA, RG 26, vol. 80, file 1-19-5 Pt 2, Mrs. Nancy Elgie, Research Division, Citizentship Branch, to Director, Canadian Citizenship Branch, Re: Immigrants and Mental Health, June 3, 1958.
97. It also begs the question (that, alas, my research base cannot answer): if the language divide made newer talk therapies impractical, except perhaps when European psychiatrists were available, were those newcomers also more likely than Canadian patients to be subjected to the shock therapies? The psychotherapists' battle for better funding might also have been a struggle with older approaches (for example, ECT) in which the entrenched practices still received most of the funds and attention, as was the case at Toronto Psychiatric Hospital. If so, then the seizing (or creation) of a new problem -deviant immigrants - might have changed the arena of contest and permitted therapists to ask for new funds to treat a new problem, not for a redistribution of traditional funding, and thereby also possibly reduce their conflict with older practitioners.
98. To draw an example from the country, Germany, where I first presented this paper and which has very restrictive citizenship laws, there is a slippage in current public discourse between the observation that overly patriarchal Turkish immigrant men mistreat their women and the argument that "the Turks" really are not ready for citizenship because of their outmoded gender relations - a process that serves to displace the problem and blame to outsiders. Sec also Lori D. Ginzberg's discussion about matters of morality and inclusion and exclusion in this volume, "The Nation's Mission: Social Movements and Nation-Building in the United States".
99. From the Toronto Star, examples include coverage of the following stories of European-born men accused of violence, including murder, toward women, children, or both: "Hunt All Night in Vain for Shotgun Terrorist, May Call Army to Aid" (Italian man who beat wife and daughter and held police hostage in Alliston, Ontario), September 17, 1944; "Fires 100 Shots at Police, Flees Tear-Gas-Filled Shack with Bride" (Russian railway worker and wife abuser in Northern Ontario), January 7, 1956; "Immigrant Hangs Jan. 25 for Strangling Wife" (Italian man who killed newly arrived wife he suspected had committed adultery, St. Catharines), November 6, 1954; "Son Taken from School, Slam, Guard House of Mother" (a Hungarian stepfather and murder of an eight-year-old boy in Simcoe, Ontario), October 18, 1958. With the invaluable assistance of Cheryl Smith, I have compiled a large sample of articles and columns (in the thousands) on newcomers and related issues (such as family, women, sexuality, youth, Cold War) in the newspaper and its weekend supplements for the period 1945 to 1965.
100. From the Toronto Star, examples include coverage of the following stories of European-born men accused of violence, including murder, toward women, children, or both: "Hunt All Night in Vain for Shotgun Terrorist, May Call Army to Aid" (Italian man who beat wife and daughter and held police hostage in Alliston, Ontario), September 17, 1944; "Fires 100 Shots at Police, Flees Tear-Gas-Filled Shack with Bride" (Russian railway worker and wife abuser in Northern Ontario), January 7, 1956; "Immigrant Hangs Jan. 25 for Strangling Wife" (Italian man who killed newly arrived wife he suspected had committed adultery, St. Catharines), November 6, 1954; "Son Taken from School, Slam, Guard House of Mother" (a Hungarian stepfather and murder of an eight-year-old boy in Simcoe, Ontario), October 18, 1958. With the invaluable assistance of Cheryl Smith, I have compiled a large sample of articles and columns (in the thousands) on newcomers and related issues (such as family, women, sexuality, youth, Cold War) in the newspaper and its weekend supplements for the period 1945 to 1965.
101. From the Toronto Star, examples include coverage of the following stories of European-born men accused of violence, including murder, toward women, children, or both: "Hunt All Night in Vain for Shotgun Terrorist, May Call Army to Aid" (Italian man who beat wife and daughter and held police hostage in Alliston, Ontario), September 17, 1944; "Fires 100 Shots at Police, Flees Tear-Gas-Filled Shack with Bride" (Russian railway worker and wife abuser in Northern Ontario), January 7, 1956; "Immigrant Hangs Jan. 25 for Strangling Wife" (Italian man who killed newly arrived wife he suspected had committed adultery, St. Catharines), November 6, 1954; "Son Taken from School, Slam, Guard House of Mother" (a Hungarian stepfather and murder of an eight-year-old boy in Simcoe, Ontario), October 18, 1958. With the invaluable assistance of Cheryl Smith, I have compiled a large sample of articles and columns (in the thousands) on newcomers and related issues (such as family, women, sexuality, youth, Cold War) in the newspaper and its weekend supplements for the period 1945 to 1965.
102. From the Toronto Star, examples include coverage of the following stories of European-born men accused of violence, including murder, toward women, children, or both: "Hunt All Night in Vain for Shotgun Terrorist, May Call Army to Aid" (Italian man who beat wife and daughter and held police hostage in Alliston, Ontario), September 17, 1944; "Fires 100 Shots at Police, Flees Tear-Gas-Filled Shack with Bride" (Russian railway worker and wife abuser in Northern Ontario), January 7, 1956; "Immigrant Hangs Jan. 25 for Strangling Wife" (Italian man who killed newly arrived wife he suspected had committed adultery, St. Catharines), November 6, 1954; "Son Taken from School, Slam, Guard House of Mother" (a Hungarian stepfather and murder of an eight-year-old boy in Simcoe, Ontario), October 18, 1958. With the invaluable assistance of Cheryl Smith, I have compiled a large sample of articles and columns (in the thousands) on newcomers and related issues (such as family, women, sexuality, youth, Cold War) in the newspaper and its weekend supplements for the period 1945 to 1965.
103. On the last print, see, for example, a 1955 Toronto case involving a Ukrainian man arrested for trying to stop two policemen from beating his mentally ill friend. The arrested man later won an appeal to have conviction dropped. Toronto Star, January 15, 1955. A more detailed treatment is in my book-in-progress.
104. See, for instance, their letters to advice columnists clearly identifying concrete help. The advice columns tracked for the period 1945 to 1965 come from the Toronto Star and include psychologist J. D. Park's "Let's Talk it Over" and two woman's advice columnists, Mary Starr's "If You Take My Advice" and Dorothy Lasch's "New Horizons", the latter created specifically to dispense advice to New Canadians. These themes receive detailed treatment in a chapter in my book-in-progress.
105. See, for instance, their letters to advice columnists clearly identifying concrete help. The advice columns tracked for the period 1945 to 1965 come from the Toronto Star and include psychologist J. D. Park's "Let's Talk it Over" and two woman's advice columnists, Mary Starr's "If You Take My Advice" and Dorothy Lasch's "New Horizons", the latter created specifically to dispense advice to New Canadians. These themes receive detailed treatment in a chapter in my book-in-progress.
106. See, for instance, their letters to advice columnists clearly identifying concrete help. The advice columns tracked for the period 1945 to 1965 come from the Toronto Star and include psychologist J. D. Park's "Let's Talk it Over" and two woman's advice columnists, Mary Starr's "If You Take My Advice" and Dorothy Lasch's "New Horizons", the latter created specifically to dispense advice to New Canadians. These themes receive detailed treatment in a chapter in my book-in-progress.
107. Epp, Women Without Men. On Jewish survivors, see Tulchinsky, Branching Out. The theme also emerges in videotaped interviews conducted by Paula Draper for her Oral History of Holocaust Survivors project. My own observations are derived in part from reading confidential case files culled from AO, International Institute of Metropolitan Toronto, MU 1952-1965, and case histories of Toronto-based settlement houses, particularly Central Neighbourhood House and St. Christopher House. See also my "Making New Canadians" and "Remaking Their Lives".
108. Epp, Women Without Men. On Jewish survivors, see Tulchinsky, Branching Out. The theme also emerges in videotaped interviews conducted by Paula Draper for her Oral History of Holocaust Survivors project. My own observations are derived in part from reading confidential case files culled from AO, International Institute of Metropolitan Toronto, MU 1952-1965, and case histories of Toronto-based settlement houses, particularly Central Neighbourhood House and St. Christopher House. See also my "Making New Canadians" and "Remaking Their Lives".
109. Epp, Women Without Men. On Jewish survivors, see Tulchinsky, Branching Out. The theme also emerges in videotaped interviews conducted by Paula Draper for her Oral History of Holocaust Survivors project. My own observations are derived in part from reading confidential case files culled from AO, International Institute of Metropolitan Toronto, MU 1952-1965, and case histories of Toronto-based settlement houses, particularly Central Neighbourhood House and St. Christopher House. See also my "Making New Canadians" and "Remaking Their Lives".
110. Epp, Women Without Men. On Jewish survivors, see Tulchinsky, Branching Out. The theme also emerges in videotaped interviews conducted by Paula Draper for her Oral History of Holocaust Survivors project. My own observations are derived in part from reading confidential case files culled from AO, International Institute of Metropolitan Toronto, MU 1952-1965, and case histories of Toronto-based settlement houses, particularly Central Neighbourhood House and St. Christopher House. See also my "Making New Canadians" and "Remaking Their Lives".
111. Elise Chenier, "Seeing Red: Immigrant Women and Sexual Danger in Toronto's Postwar Daily Newspapers", in "Whose Canada Is It?", Atlantis, vol. 24, no. 2 (Spring 2000). Chenier examined the Toronto Star, Telegram, and Globe and Mail .
112. Elise Chenier, "Seeing Red: Immigrant Women and Sexual Danger in Toronto's Postwar Daily Newspapers", in "Whose Canada Is It?", Atlantis, vol. 24, no. 2 (Spring 2000). Chenier examined the Toronto Star, Telegram, and Globe and Mail .
113. Elise Chenier, "Seeing Red: Immigrant Women and Sexual Danger in Toronto's Postwar Daily Newspapers", in "Whose Canada Is It?", Atlantis, vol. 24, no. 2 (Spring 2000). Chenier examined the Toronto Star, Telegram, and Globe and Mail .
114. Roger Baskett, "The Life of the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital", in Shorter, ed., TPH History; Elise Chenier, "Take Women, a Telephone, and Stir: Women and Lobbying Against Sex Perverts" (paper presented to the Canadian Historical Association, Sherbrooke, 1999).
115. Roger Baskett, "The Life of the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital", in Shorter, ed., TPH History; Elise Chenier, "Take Women, a Telephone, and Stir: Women and Lobbying Against Sex Perverts" (paper presented to the Canadian Historical Association, Sherbrooke, 1999).
116. NA, Clippings, Globe and Mail columnist J. V. McAree, January 8, 20, and 22, 1955, Mr. J. V. McAree published in Globe and Mail "opinions direct against the newcomers to Canada".
117. Stephen Paulik, president of the Ukrainian branch of the Canadian Legion, cited in "Hunt is Urged for Strangler by Vigilantes", Star, December 16, 1954; ibid.
118. Stephen Paulik, president of the Ukrainian branch of the Canadian Legion, cited in "Hunt is Urged for Strangler by Vigilantes", Star, December 16, 1954; ibid.
119. NA, MG 31, D69, Press Clippings 1955. The file contains a copy of "An Answer on Behalf of New Canadians", published in Nasha Meta, February 26, 1955 (translated from Ukrainian), signed by executive members of the International Lawyers Association, Jan Aleksandrowicz and Dr. Joseph Glaug, Globe and Mail, Febuary 5, 1955, English translation. On the newspaper - the organ of the diocese of the Greek Catholic Church of Eastern Ontario established in 1949 in Toronto and described by officials as politically "moderate", in favour of the liberation of Ukraine from the Soviet Union but not an advocate of a particular Canadian political party - see NA, Immigration Branch, RG 26, vol. 76, file 1-5-11, Canadian Citizenship Branch, Ottawa, March 1985, Press Review, Profile of Ethnic Press.
120. NA, MG 31, D69, Press Clippings 1955. The file contains a copy of "An Answer on Behalf of New Canadians", published in Nasha Meta, February 26, 1955 (translated from Ukrainian), signed by executive members of the International Lawyers Association, Jan Aleksandrowicz and Dr. Joseph Glaug, Globe and Mail, Febuary 5, 1955, English translation. On the newspaper - the organ of the diocese of the Greek Catholic Church of Eastern Ontario established in 1949 in Toronto and described by officials as politically "moderate", in favour of the liberation of Ukraine from the Soviet Union but not an advocate of a particular Canadian political party - see NA, Immigration Branch, RG 26, vol. 76, file 1-5-11, Canadian Citizenship Branch, Ottawa, March 1985, Press Review, Profile of Ethnic Press.
121. NA, MG 31, D69, Press Clippings 1955. The file contains a copy of "An Answer on Behalf of New Canadians", published in Nasha Meta, February 26, 1955 (translated from Ukrainian), signed by executive members of the International Lawyers Association, Jan Aleksandrowicz and Dr. Joseph Glaug, Globe and Mail, Febuary 5, 1955, English translation. On the newspaper - the organ of the diocese of the Greek Catholic Church of Eastern Ontario established in 1949 in Toronto and described by officials as politically "moderate", in favour of the liberation of Ukraine from the Soviet Union but not an advocate of a particular Canadian political party - see NA, Immigration Branch, RG 26, vol. 76, file 1-5-11, Canadian Citizenship Branch, Ottawa, March 1985, Press Review, Profile of Ethnic Press.
122. This theme receives extensive treatment in my book, but for a preliminary consideration, see my "Making Model Citizens: Gender, Corrupted Democracy, and Immigrat and Refuge Reception Work in Cold Wur Canada", in Kinsman et al., eds., Whose National Security?
123. Chenier, "Seeing Red".
124. In 1958, for example, IIMT staff decided not to report a Hungarian refugee man who had raped a female compatriot living in the same boarding house on the grounds that such publicity would only encourage more anti-immigrant sentiment. The caseworkers promised to find her better housing and provide better material support in exchange for not pressing charges. See my "Making New Canadians".
125. I discuss the glance - or the on-the-spot categorization of clients -in "Gossip, Contest and Power" and am indebted to Ellen Ross for the insight.
126. AO, IIMT Collection, Restricted Material, Confidential Case Files. To ensure anonymity, I shall not provide precise citation of individual files, which have hccn reorganized into the data hase, and I have modified some details. In addition to the data base, which contains information on each client (for example, age, nationality, sex, date of arrival), overall case file statistics (for example, by nationality, years in Canada, gender), and other features (for example, the caseload of specific caseworkers, domestic violence, unemployment), there are detailed notes on a sample of 315 files (S315), of which what I have called the L.J. file is case S296. I am indebted to Stephen Heathorn for creating the data base.
127. A larger set of approximately 52 case files (treated in more detail in my book manuscript) deals with men deemed depressed, emotionally fragile, neurotic, or mentally anguished but who are never described as or accused or convicted of being violent against others. My categorization of the type of problem at hand does not necessarily follow the IIMT caseworkers' categories; on this approach, see Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Kind. As the Institute was part of a large network of voluntary, government, and publicly funded agencies, its case files track people's movements and referrals from a family agency to a social welfare office, from a children's aid society to family court and so on.
128. We might also keep in mind a certain irony, that the Communist authorities in Hungary, as a way of discrediting the revolutionaries, exaggerated the number of dangerous and deranged criminals freed in the 1956 revolt and thus involved in the refugee streams. My thanks to Carmela Patrias for fielding my questions and echoing my plea for more research on the topic.
129. Elizabeth Janeway, Powers of the Weak (New York, 1980); James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press 1985); George Chauncey, Gay New York: Urban Culture, Gender, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994). See also Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Margaret Little, "Case Files as a Site of Contestation" (and other essays) in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, eds., On the Case, and No Car, No Radio, No Liqour Permit; The Moral Regulation of Single Mothers in Ontario, 1920-1997 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998).
130. Elizabeth Janeway, Powers of the Weak (New York, 1980); James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press 1985); George Chauncey, Gay New York: Urban Culture, Gender, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994). See also Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Margaret Little, "Case Files as a Site of Contestation" (and other essays) in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, eds., On the Case, and No Car, No Radio, No Liqour Permit; The Moral Regulation of Single Mothers in Ontario, 1920-1997 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998).
131. Elizabeth Janeway, Powers of the Weak (New York, 1980); James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press 1985); George Chauncey, Gay New York: Urban Culture, Gender, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994). See also Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Margaret Little, "Case Files as a Site of Contestation" (and other essays) in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, eds., On the Case, and No Car, No Radio, No Liqour Permit; The Moral Regulation of Single Mothers in Ontario, 1920-1997 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998).
132. Elizabeth Janeway, Powers of the Weak (New York, 1980); James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press 1985); George Chauncey, Gay New York: Urban Culture, Gender, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994). See also Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Margaret Little, "Case Files as a Site of Contestation" (and other essays) in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, eds., On the Case, and No Car, No Radio, No Liqour Permit; The Moral Regulation of Single Mothers in Ontario, 1920-1997 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998).
133. Elizabeth Janeway, Powers of the Weak (New York, 1980); James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press 1985); George Chauncey, Gay New York: Urban Culture, Gender, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994). See also Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Margaret Little, "Case Files as a Site of Contestation" (and other essays) in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, eds., On the Case, and No Car, No Radio, No Liqour Permit; The Moral Regulation of Single Mothers in Ontario, 1920-1997 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998).
134. For examples of the post-structuralism versus historical materialism debate, see the much-cited exchange between Joan Scott and Linda Gordon in Signs, vol. 15, no. 4 (Summer 1990) and "Round-table on On the Case" in "CHR Forum", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 81, no. 2 (June 2000). See also Mariana Valverde's discussion of Scott's "snobbish" interventions and of what she calls the "non-debate" within Canadian history circles in her "Some Remarks on the Rise and fall of Discourse Analysis", Histiore sociale/Social History, vol. 33, no. 65 (May 2000), pp. 59-77.
135. For examples of the post-structuralism versus historical materialism debate, see the much-cited exchange between Joan Scott and Linda Gordon in Signs, vol. 15, no. 4 (Summer 1990) and "Round-table on On the Case" in "CHR Forum", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 81, no. 2 (June 2000). See also Mariana Valverde's discussion of Scott's "snobbish" interventions and of what she calls the "non-debate" within Canadian history circles in her "Some Remarks on the Rise and fall of Discourse Analysis", Histiore sociale/Social History, vol. 33, no. 65 (May 2000), pp. 59-77.
136. For examples of the post-structuralism versus historical materialism debate, see the much-cited exchange between Joan Scott and Linda Gordon in Signs, vol. 15, no. 4 (Summer 1990) and "Round-table on On the Case" in "CHR Forum", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 81, no. 2 (June 2000). See also Mariana Valverde's discussion of Scott's "snobbish" interventions and of what she calls the "non-debate" within Canadian history circles in her "Some Remarks on the Rise and fall of Discourse Analysis", Histiore sociale/Social History, vol. 33, no. 65 (May 2000), pp. 59-77.
137. Again, this is a fictitious name - as are the initials of the man's IIMT caseworker - and some biographical and other details have been eliminated or modified to protect anonymity. The verbatim text from the file, however, is precisely that.
138. Such as dispatching caseworkers to observe the family and home, draw up case histories, and recommend appropriate action. On these and related procedures, see various essays in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, eds., On the Case.
139. The letter says "and L. and L." and might refer to the sons or other Hungarian tenants in his wife's rooming-house. There is no other reference to the Chinese man, but perhaps he too once intervened on Mrs. J.'s behalf.
140. In the file is also a letter that L.J. had sent to a Hungarian couple in his wife's rooming house, in which he accuses the man of being "secret police" and claims Io have impregnated the man's own wife. Another letter - from the landlord swearing that Mrs. J. and L.N. "occupied separate rooms" - was no doubt solicited from him to discredit L.J.'s accusations.
141. The copy in the file is in English, but since the brother's psychiatrist was Hungarian-speaking the original might well have been written in Hungarian.
142. See also my first treatment of this topic based on a much smaller data base (320) of Institute files in "Making 'New Canadians': Social Workers, Women, and the Reshaping of Immigrant Families", in Iacovetta and Valverde, eds., Gender conflicts.
143. For post-1945 United States, Rachel Buff's work on "Gendered Citizenship" (manuscript in progress) is an exception.
144. To raise one question, did the post-1945 discourse here of sexual predator differ significantly from the anti-immigration discourse associated with the eugenics movement, where the focus was reproduction? See, for example, Angus McLaren, Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885-1945 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990); Roberts, Whence They Came.
145. To raise one question, did the post-1945 discourse here of sexual predator differ significantly from the anti-immigration discourse associated
146. Collins, In the Sleep Room, references in n. 16 and elsewhere.
147. Alas, the literature on left-wing social workers such as Doris Wilensky (whose husband was Communist Party of Canada luminary Joe Salzberg) and Betsy Tousel (a critic of the psychiatric turn, in social work) is slim, but there is useful material in Gale Wills, A Marriage of Convenience: Business and Social Work in Toronto, 1918-1957 (Toronto:University of Toronto Press, 1995) and James Struthers, The Limits of Affluence: Welfare in Ontario, 1920-1970 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
148. Alas, the literature on left-wing social workers such as Doris Wilensky (whose husband was Communist Party of Canada luminary Joe Salzberg) and Betsy Tousel (a critic of the psychiatric turn, in social work) is slim, but there is useful material in Gale Wills, A Marriage of Convenience: Business and Social Work in Toronto, 1918-1957 (Toronto:University of Toronto Press, 1995) and James Struthers, The Limits of Affluence: Welfare in Ontario, 1920-1970 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
149. I am not suggesting that Canadian experts never acknowledged that dominant majority Canadian men were ever violent or ill, but rather that those working primarily with minorities tended to focus on insular explanations that emphasized poor adjustment and backward cultures. On post-1945 psychiatric approaches, social welfare work, and moral regulation, see, for example, Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Regina Kunzell, "Pulp Fiction and Problem Girls: Reading and Rewritting Single Pregnancy in the Postwar United States", American Historical Review, vol. 100 (December 1995); John Graham, "A History of the Toronto School of Social Work" (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1995); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power"; and essays on nurses and social workers in Shorter, ed., TPH History.
150. I am not suggesting that Canadian experts never acknowledged that dominant majority Canadian men were ever violent or ill, but rather that those working primarily with minorities tended to focus on insular explanations that emphasized poor adjustment and backward cultures. On post-1945 psychiatric approaches, social welfare work, and moral regulation, see, for example, Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Regina Kunzell, "Pulp Fiction and Problem Girls: Reading and Rewritting Single Pregnancy in the Postwar United States", American Historical Review, vol. 100 (December 1995); John Graham, "A History of the Toronto School of Social Work" (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1995); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power"; and essays on nurses and social workers in Shorter, ed., TPH History.
151. I am not suggesting that Canadian experts never acknowledged that dominant majority Canadian men were ever violent or ill, but rather that those working primarily with minorities tended to focus on insular explanations that emphasized poor adjustment and backward cultures. On post-1945 psychiatric approaches, social welfare work, and moral regulation, see, for example, Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Regina Kunzell, "Pulp Fiction and Problem Girls: Reading and Rewritting Single Pregnancy in the Postwar United States", American Historical Review, vol. 100 (December 1995); John Graham, "A History of the Toronto School of Social Work" (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1995); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power"; and essays on nurses and social workers in Shorter, ed., TPH History.
152. I am not suggesting that Canadian experts never acknowledged that dominant majority Canadian men were ever violent or ill, but rather that those working primarily with minorities tended to focus on insular explanations that emphasized poor adjustment and backward cultures. On post-1945 psychiatric approaches, social welfare work, and moral regulation, see, for example, Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Regina Kunzell, "Pulp Fiction and Problem Girls: Reading and Rewritting Single Pregnancy in the Postwar United States", American Historical Review, vol. 100 (December 1995); John Graham, "A History of the Toronto School of Social Work" (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1995); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power"; and essays on nurses and social workers in Shorter, ed., TPH History.
153. I am not suggesting that Canadian experts never acknowledged that dominant majority Canadian men were ever violent or ill, but rather that those working primarily with minorities tended to focus on insular explanations that emphasized poor adjustment and backward cultures. On post-1945 psychiatric approaches, social welfare work, and moral regulation, see, for example, Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Regina Kunzell, "Pulp Fiction and Problem Girls: Reading and Rewritting Single Pregnancy in the Postwar United States", American Historical Review, vol. 100 (December 1995); John Graham, "A History of the Toronto School of Social Work" (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1995); Iacovetta, "Gossip, Contest and Power"; and essays on nurses and social workers in Shorter, ed., TPH History.