"No make-believe class struggle": The socialist municipal campaign in Los Angeles, 1911

Labor History

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2000, Pages

  Johnson, Daniel J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040182681     PISSN: 0023656X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/002365600113085     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. David Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 40-42; Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 213-215; Martin Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913," California History 54 (1975), 37-56. See also William Knox Mellon, Jr., "Job Harriman: The Early and Middle Years, 1861-1912" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School 1972), 149-183; Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 109-110; Leonard Pitt, "Red Flag Over City Hall? The Socialist-Labor Ticket in the Los Angeles Mayoral Election of 1911" (paper delivered at the American Historical Association Meeting, Dec. 29, 1989), 6-7.
2. David Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 40-42; Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 213-215; Martin Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913," California History 54 (1975), 37-56. See also William Knox Mellon, Jr., "Job Harriman: The Early and Middle Years, 1861-1912" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School 1972), 149-183; Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 109-110; Leonard Pitt, "Red Flag Over City Hall? The Socialist-Labor Ticket in the Los Angeles Mayoral Election of 1911" (paper delivered at the American Historical Association Meeting, Dec. 29, 1989), 6-7.
3. David Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 40-42; Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 213-215; Martin Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913," California History 54 (1975), 37-56. See also William Knox Mellon, Jr., "Job Harriman: The Early and Middle Years, 1861-1912" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School 1972), 149-183; Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 109-110; Leonard Pitt, "Red Flag Over City Hall? The Socialist-Labor Ticket in the Los Angeles Mayoral Election of 1911" (paper delivered at the American Historical Association Meeting, Dec. 29, 1989), 6-7.
4. David Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 40-42; Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 213-215; Martin Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913," California History 54 (1975), 37-56. See also William Knox Mellon, Jr., "Job Harriman: The Early and Middle Years, 1861-1912" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School 1972), 149-183; Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 109-110; Leonard Pitt, "Red Flag Over City Hall? The Socialist-Labor Ticket in the Los Angeles Mayoral Election of 1911" (paper delivered at the American Historical Association Meeting, Dec. 29, 1989), 6-7.
5. David Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 40-42; Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 213-215; Martin Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913," California History 54 (1975), 37-56. See also William Knox Mellon, Jr., "Job Harriman: The Early and Middle Years, 1861-1912" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School 1972), 149-183; Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 109-110; Leonard Pitt, "Red Flag Over City Hall? The Socialist-Labor Ticket in the Los Angeles Mayoral Election of 1911" (paper delivered at the American Historical Association Meeting, Dec. 29, 1989), 6-7.
6. David Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 40-42; Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 213-215; Martin Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913," California History 54 (1975), 37-56. See also William Knox Mellon, Jr., "Job Harriman: The Early and Middle Years, 1861-1912" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School 1972), 149-183; Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 109-110; Leonard Pitt, "Red Flag Over City Hall? The Socialist-Labor Ticket in the Los Angeles Mayoral Election of 1911" (paper delivered at the American Historical Association Meeting, Dec. 29, 1989), 6-7.
7. Grace Stimson, Rise of the Labor Movement in Los Angeles (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1955), 331-419; George Mowry, The California Progressives (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1951), 39-49, 92-93. See also Paul Greenstein, Nigey Lennon, and Lionel Rolfe, Bread and Hyacinths: The Rise and Fall of Utopian Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA: Classic Books, 1992), 43-69.
8. Grace Stimson, Rise of the Labor Movement in Los Angeles (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1955), 331-419; George Mowry, The California Progressives (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1951), 39-49, 92-93. See also Paul Greenstein, Nigey Lennon, and Lionel Rolfe, Bread and Hyacinths: The Rise and Fall of Utopian Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA: Classic Books, 1992), 43-69.
9. Grace Stimson, Rise of the Labor Movement in Los Angeles (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1955), 331-419; George Mowry, The California Progressives (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1951), 39-49, 92-93. See also Paul Greenstein, Nigey Lennon, and Lionel Rolfe, Bread and Hyacinths: The Rise and Fall of Utopian Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA: Classic Books, 1992), 43-69.
10. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
11. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
12. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
13. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
14. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
15. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
16. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
17. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
18. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
19. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
20. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
21. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
22. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
23. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
24. David Paul Nord, "Hothouse Socialism: Minneapolis, 1910-1925," in Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900-1925 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 160. For recent studies of municipal socialism see: Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland; Richard W. Judd, Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1989); Michael Nash, Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); Brace M. Stave, ed., Socialism and the Cities (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975); Stephen Cresswell, "Grassroots Radicalism in the Magnolia State: Mississippi's Socialist Movement at the Local Level, 1910-1919," Labor History, 33 (1992), 81-101; Chad Gaffield, "Big Business, the Working-Class, and Socialism in Schenectady, 1911-1916," Labor History, 19 (1978), 350-372; Sidney L. Harring, "The Police Institution as a Class Question: Milwaukee Socialists and the Police, 1900-1915," Science & Society, 46 (1982), 197-221; Charles Leinenweber, "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904-1915," Labor History, 22 (1981), 31-56; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town, 1905-1921," Labor History, 26 (1985), 353-383; Jerry Calvert, "The Rise and Fall of Socialism in a Company Town, 1902-1905," Montana, 36 (1986), 2-13; Elliot J. Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics: St. Louis, 1876-1881," UCLA Historical Journal, 3 (1982), 36-60; Douglas E. Booth, "Municipal Socialism and City Government Reform: The Milwaukee Experience, 1910-1940," Journal of Urban History, 12 (1985), 51-74; John T. Walker, "Socialism in Dayton, Ohio, 1912 to 1925: Its Membership, Organization and Demise," Labor History, 26 (1985), 384-404.
25. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1913), 207-213; Fogelson, Fragmented Metropolis, 63-84, 186-204.
26. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1913), 207-213; Fogelson, Fragmented Metropolis, 63-84, 186-204.
27. Fogelson, 189, 201.
28. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Manuscript. These figures are based on a sample of 46 of the city's 235 precincts, examining males who were eligible to vote and had an identifiable occupation.
29. Gregory Singleton, "Religion in the City of the Angels" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1976), 338. Singleton defines "voluntaristic" as those sects whose creed included an emphasis on political activism. This category included most of the Protestant churches in Los Angeles at that time.
30. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population, 168-173. Socialism often flourished in cities with large immigrant populations, such as Milwaukee, St. Louis or New York. However, several historians writing about Socialism's success in small and medium-sized towns, particularly in the midwest, have noted that ethnic and racial homogeneity in these settings helped create an environment conducive to class solidarity and support for Socialist appeals. See Judd, 24-25; James R. Simmons, "The Socialist Party in Indiana, 1900-1925," in Critchlow, Socialism in the Heartland, 52-53, 56-57, 64; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Main-Street Socialism: The Socialist Party of America in Marion, Indiana, 1920-1921," in Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland, 68; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town," 382-383.
31. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population, 168-173. Socialism often flourished in cities with large immigrant populations, such as Milwaukee, St. Louis or New York. However, several historians writing about Socialism's success in small and medium-sized towns, particularly in the midwest, have noted that ethnic and racial homogeneity in these settings helped create an environment conducive to class solidarity and support for Socialist appeals. See Judd, 24-25; James R. Simmons, "The Socialist Party in Indiana, 1900-1925," in Critchlow, Socialism in the Heartland, 52-53, 56-57, 64; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Main-Street Socialism: The Socialist Party of America in Marion, Indiana, 1920-1921," in Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland, 68; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town," 382-383.
32. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population, 168-173. Socialism often flourished in cities with large immigrant populations, such as Milwaukee, St. Louis or New York. However, several historians writing about Socialism's success in small and medium-sized towns, particularly in the midwest, have noted that ethnic and racial homogeneity in these settings helped create an environment conducive to class solidarity and support for Socialist appeals. See Judd, 24-25; James R. Simmons, "The Socialist Party in Indiana, 1900-1925," in Critchlow, Socialism in the Heartland, 52-53, 56-57, 64; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Main-Street Socialism: The Socialist Party of America in Marion, Indiana, 1920-1921," in Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland, 68; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town," 382-383.
33. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population, 168-173. Socialism often flourished in cities with large immigrant populations, such as Milwaukee, St. Louis or New York. However, several historians writing about Socialism's success in small and medium-sized towns, particularly in the midwest, have noted that ethnic and racial homogeneity in these settings helped create an environment conducive to class solidarity and support for Socialist appeals. See Judd, 24-25; James R. Simmons, "The Socialist Party in Indiana, 1900-1925," in Critchlow, Socialism in the Heartland, 52-53, 56-57, 64; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Main-Street Socialism: The Socialist Party of America in Marion, Indiana, 1920-1921," in Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland, 68; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town," 382-383.
34. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population, 168-173. Socialism often flourished in cities with large immigrant populations, such as Milwaukee, St. Louis or New York. However, several historians writing about Socialism's success in small and medium-sized towns, particularly in the midwest, have noted that ethnic and racial homogeneity in these settings helped create an environment conducive to class solidarity and support for Socialist appeals. See Judd, 24-25; James R. Simmons, "The Socialist Party in Indiana, 1900-1925," in Critchlow, Socialism in the Heartland, 52-53, 56-57, 64; Errol Wayne Stevens, "Main-Street Socialism: The Socialist Party of America in Marion, Indiana, 1920-1921," in Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland, 68; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism in an Indiana Mill Town," 382-383.
35. Los Angeles Record, Dec. 3-5, 1906; Los Angeles Times, Dec. 5, 1906; Albert H. Clodius, "The Quest for Good Government in Los Angeles, 1890-1910" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, 1953), 138, 148-150. The election returns show that the progressive (Non-Partisan) candidate for mayor did poorly in all the working-class wards, except for the First Ward. Similarly, all the wards with a blue-collar majority, again with the exception of the First Ward, rejected Non-Partisan candidates for the City Council.
36. Los Angeles Record, Dec. 3-5, 1906; Los Angeles Times, Dec. 5, 1906; Albert H. Clodius, "The Quest for Good Government in Los Angeles, 1890-1910" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, 1953), 138, 148-150. The election returns show that the progressive (Non-Partisan) candidate for mayor did poorly in all the working-class wards, except for the First Ward. Similarly, all the wards with a blue-collar majority, again with the exception of the First Ward, rejected Non-Partisan candidates for the City Council.
37. Los Angeles Record, Dec. 3-5, 1906; Los Angeles Times, Dec. 5, 1906; Albert H. Clodius, "The Quest for Good Government in Los Angeles, 1890-1910" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, 1953), 138, 148-150. The election returns show that the progressive (Non-Partisan) candidate for mayor did poorly in all the working-class wards, except for the First Ward. Similarly, all the wards with a blue-collar majority, again with the exception of the First Ward, rejected Non-Partisan candidates for the City Council.
38. Meyer Lissner to Francis J. Heney, Feb. 2, 18, 1909; Meyer Lissner to Edgar A. Luce, Feb. 2, 1909; Francis J. Heney to E.W. Scripps, Feb. 11, 1909; Francis J. Heney to Meyer Lissner, Mar. 6, 1909, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 21, and Box 17, File 344; Stimson, 324-325; Record, Mar. 19, 22, 25-27, 1909; Los Angeles Citizen, Feb. 26, Mar. 5, 19, 1909; Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1909.
39. Meyer Lissner to Francis J. Heney, Feb. 2, 18, 1909; Meyer Lissner to Edgar A. Luce, Feb. 2, 1909; Francis J. Heney to E.W. Scripps, Feb. 11, 1909; Francis J. Heney to Meyer Lissner, Mar. 6, 1909, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 21, and Box 17, File 344; Stimson, 324-325; Record, Mar. 19, 22, 25-27, 1909; Los Angeles Citizen, Feb. 26, Mar. 5, 19, 1909; Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1909.
40. Meyer Lissner to Francis J. Heney, Feb. 2, 18, 1909; Meyer Lissner to Edgar A. Luce, Feb. 2, 1909; Francis J. Heney to E.W. Scripps, Feb. 11, 1909; Francis J. Heney to Meyer Lissner, Mar. 6, 1909, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 21, and Box 17, File 344; Stimson, 324-325; Record, Mar. 19, 22, 25-27, 1909; Los Angeles Citizen, Feb. 26, Mar. 5, 19, 1909; Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1909.
41. Meyer Lissner to Francis J. Heney, Feb. 2, 18, 1909; Meyer Lissner to Edgar A. Luce, Feb. 2, 1909; Francis J. Heney to E.W. Scripps, Feb. 11, 1909; Francis J. Heney to Meyer Lissner, Mar. 6, 1909, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 21, and Box 17, File 344; Stimson, 324-325; Record, Mar. 19, 22, 25-27, 1909; Los Angeles Citizen, Feb. 26, Mar. 5, 19, 1909; Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1909.
42. Meyer Lissner to Francis J. Heney, Feb. 2, 18, 1909; Meyer Lissner to Edgar A. Luce, Feb. 2, 1909; Francis J. Heney to E.W. Scripps, Feb. 11, 1909; Francis J. Heney to Meyer Lissner, Mar. 6, 1909, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 21, and Box 17, File 344; Stimson, 324-325; Record, Mar. 19, 22, 25-27, 1909; Los Angeles Citizen, Feb. 26, Mar. 5, 19, 1909; Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1909.
43. Meyer Lissner to Francis J. Heney, Feb. 2, 18, 1909; Meyer Lissner to Edgar A. Luce, Feb. 2, 1909; Francis J. Heney to E.W. Scripps, Feb. 11, 1909; Francis J. Heney to Meyer Lissner, Mar. 6, 1909, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 21, and Box 17, File 344; Stimson, 324-325; Record, Mar. 19, 22, 25-27, 1909; Los Angeles Citizen, Feb. 26, Mar. 5, 19, 1909; Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1909.
44. Stimson, 325; Frederick William Viehe, "The Los Angeles Progressives: The Influence of the Southern Pacific Machine on Urban Reform, 1872-1913" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCSB, 1983), 281-283; Thomas Sitton, "Walter F.X. Parker and Machine Politics in Los Angeles, 1903-1910" (unpublished MA essay, California State University, Fullerton, 1973), 106-108; Janice Jacques, "The Political Reform Movement in Los Angeles, 1900-1909" (unpublished MA essay, Claremont Graduate School, 1948), 111-115; Record, Nov. 23, 1909; Citizen, Dec. 3, 1909.
45. Stimson, 325; Frederick William Viehe, "The Los Angeles Progressives: The Influence of the Southern Pacific Machine on Urban Reform, 1872-1913" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCSB, 1983), 281-283; Thomas Sitton, "Walter F.X. Parker and Machine Politics in Los Angeles, 1903-1910" (unpublished MA essay, California State University, Fullerton, 1973), 106-108; Janice Jacques, "The Political Reform Movement in Los Angeles, 1900-1909" (unpublished MA essay, Claremont Graduate School, 1948), 111-115; Record, Nov. 23, 1909; Citizen, Dec. 3, 1909.
46. Stimson, 325; Frederick William Viehe, "The Los Angeles Progressives: The Influence of the Southern Pacific Machine on Urban Reform, 1872-1913" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCSB, 1983), 281-283; Thomas Sitton, "Walter F.X. Parker and Machine Politics in Los Angeles, 1903-1910" (unpublished MA essay, California State University, Fullerton, 1973), 106-108; Janice Jacques, "The Political Reform Movement in Los Angeles, 1900-1909" (unpublished MA essay, Claremont Graduate School, 1948), 111-115; Record, Nov. 23, 1909; Citizen, Dec. 3, 1909.
47. Stimson, 325; Frederick William Viehe, "The Los Angeles Progressives: The Influence of the Southern Pacific Machine on Urban Reform, 1872-1913" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCSB, 1983), 281-283; Thomas Sitton, "Walter F.X. Parker and Machine Politics in Los Angeles, 1903-1910" (unpublished MA essay, California State University, Fullerton, 1973), 106-108; Janice Jacques, "The Political Reform Movement in Los Angeles, 1900-1909" (unpublished MA essay, Claremont Graduate School, 1948), 111-115; Record, Nov. 23, 1909; Citizen, Dec. 3, 1909.
48. Stimson, 325; Frederick William Viehe, "The Los Angeles Progressives: The Influence of the Southern Pacific Machine on Urban Reform, 1872-1913" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCSB, 1983), 281-283; Thomas Sitton, "Walter F.X. Parker and Machine Politics in Los Angeles, 1903-1910" (unpublished MA essay, California State University, Fullerton, 1973), 106-108; Janice Jacques, "The Political Reform Movement in Los Angeles, 1900-1909" (unpublished MA essay, Claremont Graduate School, 1948), 111-115; Record, Nov. 23, 1909; Citizen, Dec. 3, 1909.
49. Stimson, 325; Frederick William Viehe, "The Los Angeles Progressives: The Influence of the Southern Pacific Machine on Urban Reform, 1872-1913" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCSB, 1983), 281-283; Thomas Sitton, "Walter F.X. Parker and Machine Politics in Los Angeles, 1903-1910" (unpublished MA essay, California State University, Fullerton, 1973), 106-108; Janice Jacques, "The Political Reform Movement in Los Angeles, 1900-1909" (unpublished MA essay, Claremont Graduate School, 1948), 111-115; Record, Nov. 23, 1909; Citizen, Dec. 3, 1909.
50. Los Angeles Examiner, Dec. 9, 1909.
51. Mowry, 92; Lissner to Hiram Johnson, Mar. 23, 1911, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 38. The rise of the Socialist parties in municipal politics has often been closely associated with union organizing campaigns and volatile strike activity. See, for instance: Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics," 36, 44-16; Judd, 8, 25, 70, 80; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism," 366-375.
52. Mowry, 92; Lissner to Hiram Johnson, Mar. 23, 1911, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 38. The rise of the Socialist parties in municipal politics has often been closely associated with union organizing campaigns and volatile strike activity. See, for instance: Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics," 36, 44-16; Judd, 8, 25, 70, 80; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism," 366-375.
53. Mowry, 92; Lissner to Hiram Johnson, Mar. 23, 1911, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 38. The rise of the Socialist parties in municipal politics has often been closely associated with union organizing campaigns and volatile strike activity. See, for instance: Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics," 36, 44-16; Judd, 8, 25, 70, 80; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism," 366-375.
54. Mowry, 92; Lissner to Hiram Johnson, Mar. 23, 1911, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 38. The rise of the Socialist parties in municipal politics has often been closely associated with union organizing campaigns and volatile strike activity. See, for instance: Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics," 36, 44-16; Judd, 8, 25, 70, 80; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism," 366-375.
55. Mowry, 92; Lissner to Hiram Johnson, Mar. 23, 1911, Meyer Lissner Papers, Box 2, File 38. The rise of the Socialist parties in municipal politics has often been closely associated with union organizing campaigns and volatile strike activity. See, for instance: Kanter, "Class, Ethnicity, and Socialist Politics," 36, 44-16; Judd, 8, 25, 70, 80; Stevens, "Labor and Socialism," 366-375.
56. Stimson, 334-342; Mowry, 50; Greenstein, et al., 48-56.
57. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
58. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
59. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
60. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
61. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
62. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker,
63. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
64. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
65. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
66. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
67. For details of the Los Angeles Times, bombing and the subsequent trial of the McNamara brothers, see the following: Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 1-25; Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Struggle in America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith (originally published 1934), 1960), 200-229; Robert Munson Baker, "Why the McNamaras pleaded Guilty to the Bombing of the Los Angeles Times essay" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1949); William J. Burns, The Masked War (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1913); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993), 69-244; Sidney Fine, "The National Erectors' Association and the Dynamiters," Labor History, 32 (1991), 5-41; Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 7-31; Richard Cole Searing, "The McNamara Case: Its Causes and Results" (unpublished MA essay, UCB, 1947; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly 59 (1977), 271-288; Herbert Shapiro, "The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 69-94; Stimson, 366-419.
68. Richard Judd similarly observes in his study of Ohio municipal socialism that "Many Socialist victories took place in cities in which traditional party machines had been fragmented by the municipal reform movement..." (Judd, 75). For a general discussion of the structural changes in municipal politics during this era, see John F. Reynolds, Testing Democracy: Electoral Behavior and Progressive Reform in New Jersey, 1880-1920 (Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Howard P. Chudacoff and Judith E. Smith, The Evolution of American Urban Society, 3rd. edn (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988), 151-201; Raymond A. Mohl, The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860-1920 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson, 1985), 81-133.
69. Richard Judd similarly observes in his study of Ohio municipal socialism that "Many Socialist victories took place in cities in which traditional party machines had been fragmented by the municipal reform movement..." (Judd, 75). For a general discussion of the structural changes in municipal politics during this era, see John F. Reynolds, Testing Democracy: Electoral Behavior and Progressive Reform in New Jersey, 1880-1920 (Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Howard P. Chudacoff and Judith E. Smith, The Evolution of American Urban Society, 3rd. edn (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988), 151-201; Raymond A. Mohl, The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860-1920 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson, 1985), 81-133.
70. Richard Judd similarly observes in his study of Ohio municipal socialism that "Many Socialist victories took place in cities in which traditional party machines had been fragmented by the municipal reform movement..." (Judd, 75). For a general discussion of the structural changes in municipal politics during this era, see John F. Reynolds, Testing Democracy: Electoral Behavior and Progressive Reform in New Jersey, 1880-1920 (Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Howard P. Chudacoff and Judith E. Smith, The Evolution of American Urban Society, 3rd. edn (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988), 151-201; Raymond A. Mohl, The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860-1920 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson, 1985), 81-133.
71. Harris Newmark, Sixty Years in Southern California, 1853-1913, 3rd. edn (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1930), 639. The arch-conservative Times hated the progressive reformers almost as much as it hated labor unions.
72. Stimson, 360.
73. Los Angeles Citizen, Aug. 11, Sept. 23, 1911.
74. George Gunrey to Frank Morrison, Feb. 10, 1911, American Federation of Labor Correspondence, cited in Foner, 15.
75. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States. 1910. Abstract (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1913), 611.
76. Stimson, 362, 364; Los Angeles Citizen, Oct. 6, 28, Nov. 4, 1911; Douglas Flamming, "African-Americans and the Politics of Race in Progressive-Era Los Angeles," in William Deverell and Tom Sinon, eds., California Progressivism Revisited (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), 208-210.
77. Stimson, 362, 364; Los Angeles Citizen, Oct. 6, 28, Nov. 4, 1911; Douglas Flamming, "African-Americans and the Politics of Race in Progressive-Era Los Angeles," in William Deverell and Tom Sinon, eds., California Progressivism Revisited (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), 208-210.
78. Stimson, 362, 364; Los Angeles Citizen, Oct. 6, 28, Nov. 4, 1911; Douglas Flamming, "African-Americans and the Politics of Race in Progressive-Era Los Angeles," in William Deverell and Tom Sinon, eds., California Progressivism Revisited (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), 208-210.
79. Alexander Irvine, A Fighting Parson: The Autobiography of Alexander Irvine (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1930), 98; Man Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998, 1981), 119-120, 230; Sherry Katz, "Dual Commitments: Feminism, Socialism and Women's Political Activism in California, 1890-1920" (unpublished PhD dissertation UCLA, 1991, 287-295, 297-298; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 8, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Nov. 25, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 25, 1911.
80. Alexander Irvine, A Fighting Parson: The Autobiography of Alexander Irvine (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1930), 98; Man Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998, 1981), 119-120, 230; Sherry Katz, "Dual Commitments: Feminism, Socialism and Women's Political Activism in California, 1890-1920" (unpublished PhD dissertation UCLA, 1991, 287-295, 297-298; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 8, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Nov. 25, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 25, 1911.
81. Alexander Irvine, A Fighting Parson: The Autobiography of Alexander Irvine (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1930), 98; Man Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998, 1981), 119-120, 230; Sherry Katz, "Dual Commitments: Feminism, Socialism and Women's Political Activism in California, 1890-1920" (unpublished PhD dissertation UCLA, 1991, 287-295, 297-298; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 8, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Nov. 25, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 25, 1911.
82. Alexander Irvine, A Fighting Parson: The Autobiography of Alexander Irvine (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1930), 98; Man Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998, 1981), 119-120, 230; Sherry Katz, "Dual Commitments: Feminism, Socialism and Women's Political Activism in California, 1890-1920" (unpublished PhD dissertation UCLA, 1991, 287-295, 297-298; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 8, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Nov. 25, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 25, 1911.
83. Alexander Irvine, A Fighting Parson: The Autobiography of Alexander Irvine (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1930), 98; Man Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998, 1981), 119-120, 230; Sherry Katz, "Dual Commitments: Feminism, Socialism and Women's Political Activism in California, 1890-1920" (unpublished PhD dissertation UCLA, 1991, 287-295, 297-298; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 8, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Nov. 25, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 25, 1911.
84. Alexander Irvine, A Fighting Parson: The Autobiography of Alexander Irvine (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1930), 98; Man Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998, 1981), 119-120, 230; Sherry Katz, "Dual Commitments: Feminism, Socialism and Women's Political Activism in California, 1890-1920" (unpublished PhD dissertation UCLA, 1991, 287-295, 297-298; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 8, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Nov. 25, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 25, 1911.
85. Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 94-95; Los Angeles Citizen, Dec. 1, 1911.
86. Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 94-95; Los Angeles Citizen, Dec. 1, 1911.
87. California Social-Democrat, Sept. 23, Oct. 13, 28, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Sept. 22, Oct. 27, 1911.
88. California Social-Democrat, Sept. 23, Oct. 13, 28, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Sept. 22, Oct. 27, 1911.
89. Los Angeles Citizen, Aug. 11, Oct. 6, Nov. 10, 1911.
90. Fogelson, 214. Indeed, A.C. Mushet, the independent Republican candidate, used precisely the same theme in his bid to replace Alexander as the city's mayor, and while he sought to tap into some of the same working-class audience that the Socialists were wooing, it was clear he did not have class warfare in mind. Los Angeles Examiner, Oct. 24, 1911.
91. Los Angeles Herald, Oct. 31, 1911; Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 47.
92. Los Angeles Herald, Oct. 31, 1911; Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 47.
93. Los Angeles Citizen, Sept. 22, 1911.
94. California Social-Democrat, July 15, Aug. 26, 1911.
95. Los Angeles Citizen, Dec. 1, 1911.
96. Los Angeles Citizen, Aug. 11, 1911.
97. California Social-Democrat, Dec. 2, 1911.
98. California Social-Democrat., Oct. 28, 1911.
99. California Social-Democrat, Nov. 18, 1911.
100. Los Angeles Citizen, Aug. 25, 1911.
101. Los Angeles Citizen, July 14, 1911.
102. Los Angeles Citizen, Aug. 14, Sept. 15, 1911.
103. California Social-Democrat, Sept. 2, 1911. The importance of "controling the policeman's club" was also a significant issue in Milwaukee's Socialist politics. See Harring, 199-211.
104. California Social-Democrat, Sept. 2, 1911. The importance of "controling the policeman's club" was also a significant issue in Milwaukee's Socialist politics. See Harring, 199-211.
105. Max Hayes, "The World of Labor," International Socialist Review, 11 (March 1911), 564-566.
106. Los Angeles Record, Mar. 1, 1906. For a similar experience in Milwaukee see Harring, 211-219.
107. Los Angeles Record, Mar. 1, 1906. For a similar experience in Milwaukee see Harring, 211-219.
108. Los Angeles Herald, Oct. 22, 24, 1911.
109. California Social-Democrat, Oct. 13, 1911.
110. Los Angeles Citizen, Sept. 9, 1911.
111. Los Angeles Citizen, Oct. 21, 1911.
112. Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 8, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Dec. 2, 1911.
113. Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 8, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Dec. 2, 1911.
114. See lists of meeting locations in the following: California Social-Democrat, Sept. 16, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Oct. 13, 1911. A description of the campaign areas for the primary can be found in the Los Angeles Citizen, Sept. 23, 1911.
115. See lists of meeting locations in the following: California Social-Democrat, Sept. 16, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Oct. 13, 1911. A description of the campaign areas for the primary can be found in the Los Angeles Citizen, Sept. 23, 1911.
116. See lists of meeting locations in the following: California Social-Democrat, Sept. 16, 1911; Los Angeles Citizen, Oct. 13, 1911. A description of the campaign areas for the primary can be found in the Los Angeles Citizen, Sept. 23, 1911.
117. Los Angeles Citizen, Aug. 11, 1911.
118. California Social-Democrat, Sept. 16, 1911.
119. Harold H. Story, "Memoirs of Harold H. Story" (UCLA Oral History Program), 165; W.W. Robinson, "From Land Titles to Book Titles" (UCLA Oral History Program), 232.
120. Harold H. Story, "Memoirs of Harold H. Story" (UCLA Oral History Program), 165; W.W. Robinson, "From Land Titles to Book Titles" (UCLA Oral History Program), 232.
121. The Industrial Worker, July 20, Aug. 3, 10, 1911.
122. California Social-Democrat, Aug. 12, 1911.
123. Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 25, 1911. Election figures are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1911.
124. Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 25, 1911. Election figures are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1911.
125. Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 1, 1911.
126. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 12, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 1, 2, 3, 1911; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 5, 6, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Dec. 8, 1911.
127. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 12, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 1, 2, 3, 1911; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 5, 6, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Dec. 8, 1911.
128. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 12, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 1, 2, 3, 1911; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 5, 6, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Dec. 8, 1911.
129. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 12, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 1, 2, 3, 1911; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 5, 6, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Dec. 8, 1911.
130. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 14, Dec. 6, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 11, 1911. See also footnote 36.
131. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 14, Dec. 6, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 11, 1911. See also footnote 36.
132. California Social-Democrat, Nov. 4, 1911.
133. California Social-Democrat, Dec. 2, 1911.
134. Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 10, 1911.
135. Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 17, 1911.
136. Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 13, 1911.
137. Los Angeles Citizen, Sept. 2, 1911.
138. Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 23, 1911.
139. Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 6, 1911.
140. Jacqueline Braitman, "Katherine Philips Edson: A Progressive-Feminist in California's Era of Reform" (Unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1988), 144; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 2, 1911.
141. Jacqueline Braitman, "Katherine Philips Edson: A Progressive-Feminist in California's Era of Reform" (Unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1988), 144; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 2, 1911.
142. California Social-Democrat, Nov. 4, 1911.
143. Los Angeles Herald, Oct. 31, Nov. 8, 1911.
144. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 9, 10, 1911; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 3, 10, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 6, 1911.
145. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 9, 10, 1911; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 3, 10, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 6, 1911.
146. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 9, 10, 1911; Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 3, 10, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 6, 1911.
147. Precinct registration lists are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17, 1911. Election results are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1911. The fusionists estimated in the Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 9, 1911, that the Socialists had registered only 30,000 women. There were some quasi-political organizations which existed among working-class women, such as the Union Label League, but they paled in comparison to the membership and influence of middle-class women's organizations. The Los Angeles County branch of the WCTU, for instance, was the largest in the country. For a discussion of women's clubs in Los Angeles see Judith Raftery, "Los Angeles Clubwomen and Progressive Reform," in William Deverell and Tom Sitton, 144-174.
148. Precinct registration lists are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17, 1911. Election results are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1911. The fusionists estimated in the Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 9, 1911, that the Socialists had registered only 30,000 women. There were some quasi-political organizations which existed among working-class women, such as the Union Label League, but they paled in comparison to the membership and influence of middle-class women's organizations. The Los Angeles County branch of the WCTU, for instance, was the largest in the country. For a discussion of women's clubs in Los Angeles see Judith Raftery, "Los Angeles Clubwomen and Progressive Reform," in William Deverell and Tom Sitton, 144-174.
149. Precinct registration lists are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17, 1911. Election results are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1911. The fusionists estimated in the Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 9, 1911, that the Socialists had registered only 30,000 women. There were some quasi-political organizations which existed among working-class women, such as the Union Label League, but they paled in comparison to the membership and influence of middle-class women's organizations. The Los Angeles County branch of the WCTU, for instance, was the largest in the country. For a discussion of women's clubs in Los Angeles see Judith Raftery, "Los Angeles Clubwomen and Progressive Reform," in William Deverell and Tom Sitton, 144-174.
150. Precinct registration lists are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17, 1911. Election results are from the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1911. The fusionists estimated in the Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 9, 1911, that the Socialists had registered only 30,000 women. There were some quasi-political organizations which existed among working-class women, such as the Union Label League, but they paled in comparison to the membership and influence of middle-class women's organizations. The Los Angeles County branch of the WCTU, for instance, was the largest in the country. For a discussion of women's clubs in Los Angeles see Judith Raftery, "Los Angeles Clubwomen and Progressive Reform," in William Deverell and Tom Sitton, 144-174.
151. Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 9, 10, 11, 16, 1911; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17, 1911.
152. Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 9, 10, 11, 16, 1911; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17, 1911.
153. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 10, 12, 13, 14, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 23, 24, 1911.
154. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 10, 12, 13, 14, 1911; Los Angeles Herald, Nov. 23, 24, 1911.
155. Los Angeles Citizen, November 10, 17, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Nov. 18, 1911.
156. Los Angeles Citizen, November 10, 17, 1911; California Social-Democrat, Nov. 18, 1911.
157. California Social-Democrat, Nov. 11, 1911.
158. Los Angeles Citizen, Nov. 17, 1911.
159. Irvine, 99.
160. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 2, 1911; Los Angeles Record, Dec. 2, 4, 5, 1911.
161. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 2, 1911; Los Angeles Record, Dec. 2, 4, 5, 1911.
162. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 7, 1911; Fogelson, 213; Mowry, 4; Schiesl, 46.
163. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 7, 1911; Fogelson, 213; Mowry, 4; Schiesl, 46.
164. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 7, 1911; Fogelson, 213; Mowry, 4; Schiesl, 46.
165. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 7, 1911; Fogelson, 213; Mowry, 4; Schiesl, 46.
166. Fogelson, 214-215; Stimson, 400-407; Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 44-45; Mowry, 52-55; Greenstein, et al., 70.
167. Fogelson, 214-215; Stimson, 400-407; Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 44-45; Mowry, 52-55; Greenstein, et al., 70.
168. Fogelson, 214-215; Stimson, 400-407; Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 44-45; Mowry, 52-55; Greenstein, et al., 70.
169. Fogelson, 214-215; Stimson, 400-407; Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 44-45; Mowry, 52-55; Greenstein, et al., 70.
170. Fogelson, 214-215; Stimson, 400-407; Schiesl, "Progressive Reform," 44-45; Mowry, 52-55; Greenstein, et al., 70.
171. Job Harriman to Morris Hillquit, Dec. 19, 1911. Morris Hillquit Papers (Microfilm edn, Reel 2).
172. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 6, 1911. Voter turnout is estimated from precinct registration lists and election results published in the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17 and Dec. 7, 1911.
173. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 6, 1911. Voter turnout is estimated from precinct registration lists and election results published in the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17 and Dec. 7, 1911.
174. See, for example, Jerry Friedheim, Where are the Voters? (Washington, DC: National Press, 1968), 84, 186; and Hugh A. Bone and Austin Ranney, Politics and Voters (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 20, 45.
175. See, for example, Jerry Friedheim, Where are the Voters? (Washington, DC: National Press, 1968), 84, 186; and Hugh A. Bone and Austin Ranney, Politics and Voters (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 20, 45.
176. Los Angeles Examiner, Dec. 6, 1911.
177. James P. Kraft, "The Fall of Job Harriman's Socialist Party: Violence, Gender and Politics in Los Angeles, 1911," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 43-68; Leonard Pitt, 23; Braitman, 144-145. Sherry Katz, however, argues that women voters did not desert the Socialist cause. See Katz, 302.
178. James P. Kraft, "The Fall of Job Harriman's Socialist Party: Violence, Gender and Politics in Los Angeles, 1911," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 43-68; Leonard Pitt, 23; Braitman, 144-145. Sherry Katz, however, argues that women voters did not desert the Socialist cause. See Katz, 302.
179. James P. Kraft, "The Fall of Job Harriman's Socialist Party: Violence, Gender and Politics in Los Angeles, 1911," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 43-68; Leonard Pitt, 23; Braitman, 144-145. Sherry Katz, however, argues that women voters did not desert the Socialist cause. See Katz, 302.
180. James P. Kraft, "The Fall of Job Harriman's Socialist Party: Violence, Gender and Politics in Los Angeles, 1911," Southern California Quarterly, 70 (1988), 43-68; Leonard Pitt, 23; Braitman, 144-145. Sherry Katz, however, argues that women voters did not desert the Socialist cause. See Katz, 302.
181. Flamming, 208-210.
182. Job Harriman to Morris Hillquit, Dec. 19, 1911. Morris Hillquit Papers. According to the 1910 census, only a little over 50% of the city's working population were blue-collar workers. See U.S. Bureau of the Census , Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1913), 66-73.
183. Job Harriman to Morris Hillquit, Dec. 19, 1911. Morris Hillquit Papers. According to the 1910 census, only a little over 50% of the city's working population were blue-collar workers. See U.S. Bureau of the Census , Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1913), 66-73.
184. Job Harriman to Morris Hillquit, Dec. 19, 1911. Morris Hillquit Papers. According to the 1910 census, only a little over 50% of the city's working population were blue-collar workers. See U.S. Bureau of the Census , Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 1, Population (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1913), 66-73.
185. California Social-Democrat, Dec. 2, 1911.