Simulation of present-day climate over the Indian subcontinent by general circulation models

Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 69-96

  Lal, M ^a   Whetton, P H ^b   Pittock, A B ^b   Chakraborty, B ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI   (India)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Control experiments; Global climate models; Indian subcontinent; Monsoon; Regional climates

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040163742     PISSN: 10170839     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Bhaskaran, B., J. F. B. Mitchell, J. Lavery, and M. Lal, 1995: Climatic response of Indian subcontinent to doubled CO2 concentration. Intl. J. Climatol.,15, 873-892.
2. Boer, G. J., K. Arpe, M. Blackburn, M. Deque, W. L. Gates, T. L. Hart, H. le Treut, E. Roeckner, D. A. Sheinin, I Simmonds, R. N. B. Smith, T. Tokioka, R. T. Wetherald, and D Williamson, 1992: Some results from an intercomparison of the climates simulated by 14 atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12771-12786.
3. Cess, R. D., M.-H. Zhang, G. L. Potter, H. W. Barker, R. A. Colman, D. A. Dazlich, A. D. Del Genio, M. Esch, J. J. Fraser, V. Galin, W. L. Gates, J. J. Hack, W. J. Ingram, J. T. Kiehl, A. A. Lacis, H. Le Treut, Z.-X. Li, X.-Z. Liang, J.-F. Mahfouf, B. J. McAvaney, V. P. Meleshko, J.-J. Morcrette, D. A. Randall, E. Roeckner, J.-F. Royer, A. P. Sokolov, P. V. Sporyshev, K. E. Taylor, W.-C. Wang, R. T. Wetherald, 1993: Uncertainties in Carbon Dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models, Science, 262, 1252-1255.
4. Chakraborty, B., and M. Lal. 1994: Monsoon Climate and its change in a doubled CO2 atmosphere as simulated by CSIRO9 model. TAO, 5, 515-536.
5. Colman, R. A., B. J. McAvaney, J. R. Fraser, and S. B. Power, 1994: Annual mean meridional energy transport modelled by a general circulation model for present and 2XCO2 equilibrium climates. Clim. Dyn., 10, 221-229.
6. Cubasch, U., K. Hasselmann, H. Hock, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B. D. Santer, and R. Sausen, 1992: Time dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean atmosphere model. Clim. Dyn., 8, 55-69.
7. ECMWF, 1993: The description of the ECMWF/WCRP Level III-A Global Atmosphere Data Archive, Technical Attachment of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading/Berks, RG2 9AX, UK, 49pp.
8. Gates, W. L., U. Cubasch, G. A. Meehl, J. F. B. Mitchell, and J. Stouffer, 1993: An intercomparison of selected features of the control climate simulated by coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models, WCRP-82, WMO/TD No. 574, World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva.
9. Gordon, H. B., P. H Whetton, A. B. Pittock, A. M. Fowler, and M. R. Haylock, 1992: Simulated changes in daily rainfall intensity due to enhanced greenhouse effect: implications for extreme rainfall events. Clim. Dyn., 8, 83-102.
10. Gregory, J. M., 1993: Sea level changes under increasing atmospheric CO2 in a transient coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM experiment. J. Climate, 6, 2247-2262.
11. Hansen, J., A. Lacis, D. Rind, G. Russell, P. Stone, I. Fung, R. Ruedy, and J. Lerner, 1984: Climate Sensitivity: Analysis of feedback mechanisms, in Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity. In: J. E. Hansen, and T. Takahashi (Eds.), Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D.C., 130-163.
12. Houghton, D. D., R. G. Gallimore, and L. M. Keller, 1991: Stability and Variability in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model: Results of 100-Year Simulations, J. Clim., 4, 557-577.
13. IPCC, 1990: Climate Change. In: J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums (Eds.), The IPCC scientific assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., 365 pp.
14. IPCC, 1992: Climate Change. In: J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callander, and S. K. Varney (Eds.), The supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., 200 pp.
15. IPCC, 1996: Second Scientific Assessment of Climate Change. In: Houghton et al. (Eds.), WMO-UNEP Rep., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 572 pp.
16. Lal, M., and B. Bhaskaran, 1993: Impact of Greenhouse warming on the climate of Northwest India as inferred from a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model. J. Arid Environ., 25, 27-37.
17. Lal, M., U. Cubasch, and B. D. Santer, 1994: Effect of global warming on Indian monsoon simulated with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulalion model. Curr. Sci., 66, 430-438.
18. Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, 1990a: Mea seasonal and spatial variability in global surface air temperature. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 41, 11-21.
19. Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, 1990b: Mean seasona and spatial variability in gauge-corrected global precipitation. Intl. J. Climatol., 10, 111-127.
20. Lunkeit, F., R. Sausen, and J. M. Oberhuber, 1994: Climate simulations with the global coupled atmosphere-ocean model ECHAM/OPYC. Part I: Present-day climate and ENSO events, MPI Report No. 132.
21. McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J. P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare, 1992: The Canadian Climate Centre Second General Circulation Model and its equilibrium climate. J. Climate, 5, 1013-1044.
22. McGregor, J. L., H. B. Gordon, I. G. Watterson, M. R. Dix, and L. D. Rotstayn, 1993: The CSIRO 9-level atmospheric general circulation model. CSIRO Div. Atmos. Res. Tech. Pap. No. 25, CSIRO, Melbourne.
23. Manabe, S., R. J. Stouffer. M. J. Spelman, and K. Bryan, 1991: Transient responses of a coupled ocean atmospher mode to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2; Part I: Annual mean response. J. Climate, 4, 785-818.
24. Manabe, S., and R.T. Wetherald, 1987: Large scale changes of soil wetness induced by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1211-1235.
25. Murphy, J. M., 1995: Transient Response of the Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean - Atmosphere Model to Increasing Carbon Dioxide, Part I: Control Climate and Flux Correction. J. Clim., 8, 36-56.
26. Oglesby, R. J., and B. Saltzman, 1990: Sensitivity of the equilibrium surface temperature of GCM to systematic changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Geophys. Res. Letts., 17, 1089-1092.
27. Ramage, C. S., and Raman, C. R. V., 1972: Meteorological Atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition, Vol. 2, Upper Air, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office.
28. Robinson, P. J., 1991: Comparisons of Rand climatology and GCM outputs for Australia and tropical Asia. In: L. S. Kalkstein (Eds.), Global Comparisons of Selected GCM Control Runs and Observed Climate Data, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 139-197.
29. Schlesinger, M. E., and Z. C. Zhao, 1989: Seasonal climate changes induced by doubled CO2 as simulated in the OSU atmospheric GCM/mixed layer ocean model. J. Climate, 2, 459-495.
30. Senior, C. A., 1993: The dependence of climate sensitivity on the horizontal resolution of a GCM. J. Climate, 6, 393-418.
31. Washington, W. M., and G. A. Meehl, 1989: Climate sensitivity due to increased CO2 experiments with a coupled atmosphere and ocean general circulation model. Clim. Dyn., 4, 1-38.
32. Whetton, P. H, A. B. Pittock, J. C. Labrage, A. B. Mullan, and A. Joubert, 1995: Southern hemispheric climate. In: John Wiley, Sydney., Comparing models with reality, In Climate Change, People and Policy: Developing Southern Hemisphere Perspectives.
33. Wigley, T. M. L., and B. D. Santer, 1990: Statistical comparison of spatial fields in model validation, perturbation and predictability experiments. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 851-865.
34. Wilson, C. A., and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1987: A doubled CO2 climate sensitivity experiment with a global climate model including a simple ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13315-13343.