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Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 308-326

The best of both worlds for children's rights? Interpreting the European convention on human rights in the light of the UN convention on the rights of the child

(1)  Kilkelly, Ursula a  

a NONE

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EID: 0040154754     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2001.0019     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (75)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 85037284307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Ireland is the only Convention State which has failed to incorporate the Convention into its domestic law in some form. This is expected to take place in 2001.
  • 3
    • 85037272403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • URSULA KILKELLY at 6-16
    • See id. at 6-16.
  • 4
    • 85037283386 scopus 로고
    • adopted 20 Nov. 1989, G.A. Res. 44/25, U.N. GAOR, 44th Sess., Supp. No. 49, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989) (entered into force 2 Sept. 1990), reprinted in 28 I.L.M. 1448
    • Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted 20 Nov. 1989, G.A. Res. 44/25, U.N. GAOR, 44th Sess., Supp. No. 49, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989) (entered into force 2 Sept. 1990), reprinted in 28 I.L.M. 1448 (1989).
    • (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child
  • 5
    • 84934349228 scopus 로고
    • The convention on the rights of the child: Prospects for international enforcement
    • For reference to these criticisms and others, see David A. Ballon, The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Prospects for International Enforcement, 12 HUM. RTS. Q. 120 (1990).
    • (1990) Hum. Rts. Q. , vol.12 , pp. 120
    • Ballon, D.A.1
  • 6
    • 0039972798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The UN committee on the rights of the child: An evaluation in the light of recent UK experience
    • See, e.g., Ursula Kilkelly, The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child: An Evaluation in the Light of Recent UK Experience, 8 CFLQ 105 (1996); Ursula Kilkelly, In the best interests of the child? An evaluation of Ireland's performance before the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, 19 IRISH L. TIMES 293 (1998).
    • (1996) CFLQ , vol.8 , pp. 105
    • Kilkelly, U.1
  • 7
    • 84917047126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the best interests of the child? An evaluation of Ireland's performance before the UN committee on the rights of the child
    • See, e.g., Ursula Kilkelly, The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child: An Evaluation in the Light of Recent UK Experience, 8 CFLQ 105 (1996); Ursula Kilkelly, In the best interests of the child? An evaluation of Ireland's performance before the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, 19 IRISH L. TIMES 293 (1998).
    • (1998) Irish L. Times , vol.19 , pp. 293
    • Kilkelly, U.1
  • 8
    • 85037283387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concluding observations of the committee on the rights of the child: Ireland
    • U.N. Doc CRC/C/15/Add.85
    • In Ireland, for example, the Government is committed to establishing an office of Ombudsman for Children and has already drawn up a national children's strategy, and raised the age of criminal responsibility to twelve years. While domestic pressures played a significant part in securing these changes, the changes were strongly recommended by the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Ireland, U.N. Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 17th Sess., 453d mtg., U.N. Doc CRC/C/15/Add.85 (1998).
    • (1998) U.N. Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 17th Sess., 453d Mtg.
  • 9
    • 85037276859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One hundred ninety-one states have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The United States of America signed the Convention in 1995, but neither it nor Somalia has ratified it.
  • 11
    • 0039972833 scopus 로고
    • The UN convention on the rights of the child
    • See, e.g., Dominic McColdrick, The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 5 INT'L J. L. & FAMILY 132 (1991).
    • (1991) Int'l J. L. & Family , vol.5 , pp. 132
    • McColdrick, D.1
  • 13
    • 85037274582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 4. These rights are contained in Articles 28 and 29, 27 and 24, and 30 respectively
    • UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, supra note 4. These rights are contained in Articles 28 and 29, 27 and 24, and 30 respectively.
    • UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
  • 14
    • 85037284191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Note, for example, the similarity between article 40 of the Children's Convention, id. and article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, art. 14, U.N. Doc. A/ 6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976)). There are also similarities between Article 28 of the CRC and Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, art. 13, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 Jan. 1976)).
  • 16
    • 85037273573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id., particularly article 20 concerning children deprived of a family environment. Article 22 concerning refugee children, and article 23 concerning children with disabilities.
  • 17
    • 85037277844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. art. 13
    • Id. art. 13.
  • 18
    • 85037288692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. arts. 37 & 40
    • Id. arts. 37 & 40.
  • 19
    • 85037270009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. art. 12
    • Id. art. 12.
  • 20
    • 85037265590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. arts. 2 & 3
    • Id. arts. 2 & 3.
  • 21
    • 85037257274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 2, at 2-4
    • See Also KILKELLY, supra note 2, at 2-4.
    • Kilkelly1
  • 22
    • 85037260733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Bouamar v. Belgium, 129 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1988); supra note 2, at 42-46 on the interpretation of the provision
    • See Bouamar v. Belgium, 129 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1988); see also KILKELLY, supra note 2, at 42-46 on the interpretation of the provision.
    • Kilkelly1
  • 23
    • 85037282383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protocol 1 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 20 Mar. 1952 (entered into force 18 May 1954)
    • Protocol 1 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 20 Mar. 1952 (entered into force 18 May 1954).
  • 24
    • 85037281992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 2, at 62-87
    • See also KILKELLY, supra note 2, at 62-87.
    • Kilkelly1
  • 25
    • 85037289949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protocol 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 22 Nov. 1984 (entered into force 1 Nov. 1988)
    • Protocol 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 22 Nov. 1984 (entered into force 1 Nov. 1988).
  • 26
    • 85037270795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 27
    • 85037282798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X. and Y. v. The Netherlands, 91 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1985)
    • X. and Y. v. The Netherlands, 91 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1985).
  • 28
    • 85037275832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lopez Ostra v. Spain, 303 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1994)
    • Lopez Ostra v. Spain, 303 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1994).
  • 29
    • 85037269814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Petrovic v. Austria, 67 Reports Eur. Ct. H.R. (1998-II)
    • Petrovic v. Austria, 67 Reports Eur. Ct. H.R. (1998-II).
  • 30
    • 85037283867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Court established this approach at an early stage. See Tyrer v. UK, 26 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1978)
    • The Court established this approach at an early stage. See Tyrer v. UK, 26 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1978).
  • 31
    • 0003928024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The problem ot the margin of appreciation
    • See also Nicholas Lavender, The Problem ot the Margin of Appreciation, 4 EUR. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 380 (1997).
    • (1997) Eur. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. , vol.4 , pp. 380
    • Lavender, N.1
  • 32
    • 85037284647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X., Y., and Z. v. UK, 35 Eur. Ct. H.R. Reports 1997-II no. 35, 619
    • X., Y., and Z. v. UK, 35 Eur. Ct. H.R. Reports 1997-II no. 35, 619.
  • 33
    • 0041844741 scopus 로고
    • Economic, social and cultural rights
    • The interpretation of the Convention should not be so dynamic as to lead to the creation of new rights, which would cause States to question the legitimacy of the Convention system. See MATTI PELLONPÄÄ, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 855, 867 (1993).
    • (1993) The European System For The Protection Of Human Rights , vol.855 , pp. 867
    • Pellonpää, M.1
  • 34
    • 85037265026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 2, at 4-6
    • See KILKELLY, supra note 2, at 4-6.
    • Kilkelly1
  • 35
    • 85037258269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marckx v. Belgium, 31 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1979)
    • Marckx v. Belgium, 31 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1979).
  • 36
    • 85037274970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born Out of Wedlock, opened for signature 15 Oct. 1975, Europ.T.S. No. 85 (entered into force 13 Aug. 1978)
    • European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born Out of Wedlock, opened for signature 15 Oct. 1975, Europ.T.S. No. 85 (entered into force 13 Aug. 1978).
  • 37
    • 0041159858 scopus 로고
    • The European convention on human rights and the "illegitimate" child
    • David Freestone ed.
    • For criticism of the Court's approach, see J.S. Davidson, The European Convention on Human Rights and the "Illegitimate" Child, in CHILDREN AND THE LAW: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF PROFESSOR HK BEVAN 75, 94-97 (David Freestone ed., 1990).
    • (1990) Children And The Law: Essays In Honour Of Professor HK Bevan , vol.75 , pp. 94-97
    • Davidson, J.S.1
  • 38
    • 85037270395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In X. v. UK, 7626/76, Comm. Dec. 11 Dec 1977, DR 11, at 160 and Inze v. Austria, 126 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1987), the Commission and Court referred expressly to provisions Eur. Convention on Adoption, E.T.S. No. 58
    • In X. v. UK, 7626/76, Comm. Dec. 11 Dec 1977, DR 11, at 160 and Inze v. Austria, 126 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1987), the Commission and Court referred expressly to provisions Eur. Convention on Adoption, E.T.S. No. 58.
  • 39
    • 85037276664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen & Pedersen v. Denmark, App. Nos. 5095/71, 5920/72, and 5926/72, Comm. Rep., 21.3.1975 (unpublished), ¶ 153, the Commission referred to the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination, 1960, U.N.T.S. vol. 429, at 93, and also the Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 1959
    • In Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen & Pedersen v. Denmark, App. Nos. 5095/71, 5920/72, and 5926/72, Comm. Rep., 21.3.1975 (unpublished), ¶ 153, the Commission referred to the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination, 1960, U.N.T.S. vol. 429, at 93, and also the Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 1959.
  • 40
    • 85037265617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marckx v. Belgium, 31 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1979)
    • Marckx v. Belgium, 31 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1979).
  • 41
    • 85037262876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keegan v. Ireland, 290 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1994)
    • Keegan v. Ireland, 290 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1994).
  • 42
    • 85037268454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 50
    • Id. ¶ 50.
  • 43
    • 85037285472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costello-Roberts v. UK, 247 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1993).
    • Costello-Roberts v. UK, 247 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1993). See also KILKELLY, supra note 2, at 160-70.
  • 44
    • 85037285989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 2, at 160-70
    • Costello-Roberts v. UK, 247 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1993). See also KILKELLY, supra note 2, at 160-70.
    • Kilkelly1
  • 45
    • 85037260634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. v. UK, App. No. 25599/94, Comm. Rep., 18.9.97, EUR. Ct. H.R. Reports 1998-VI no. 90, 2703. See also T. v. UK, App. No. 24724/94 Comm. Rep., and V. v. UK, App. No. 24888/94, Comm. Rep., 4.12.98 (unreported)
    • A. v. UK, App. No. 25599/94, Comm. Rep., 18.9.97, EUR. Ct. H.R. Reports 1998-VI no. 90, 2703. See also T. v. UK, App. No. 24724/94 Comm. Rep., and V. v. UK, App. No. 24888/94, Comm. Rep., 4.12.98 (unreported).
  • 46
    • 85037264377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. v. UK, App. No. 25599/94, Comm. Rep., 18.9.97, Eur. Ct. H.R. Reports 1998-VI no. 90, 2703
    • A. v. UK, App. No. 25599/94, Comm. Rep., 18.9.97, Eur. Ct. H.R. Reports 1998-VI no. 90, 2703.
  • 47
    • 85037264139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 48
    • 85037260637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 50
    • Id. ¶ 50.
  • 50
    • 85037288651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 6 at 114-15
    • Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, U.M. Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 8th Sess., 208th mtg., U.N. Doc CRC/C/15/Add.34 § 16 (1995). See also Kilkelly, supra note 6 at 114-15.
    • Kilkelly1
  • 51
    • 85037278905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. v. UK, Eur. Ct. H.R. Reports 1998-VI no. 90, 2703 (judgment of 23 Sept. 1998)
    • A. v. UK, Eur. Ct. H.R. Reports 1998-VI no. 90, 2703 (judgment of 23 Sept. 1998).
  • 52
    • 85037281850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 21
    • Id. ¶ 21.
  • 53
    • 85037284425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Z. and Others v. UK, App. No. 29392/95, Comm. Rep. of 10 Sept. 1999. Despite being abolished formally in 1998 when Protocol 11 to the Convention came into force, the Commission continued for a further year until its case work was completed
    • Z. and Others v. UK, App. No. 29392/95, Comm. Rep. of 10 Sept. 1999. Despite being abolished formally in 1998 when Protocol 11 to the Convention came into force, the Commission continued for a further year until its case work was completed.
  • 54
    • 85037276167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airey v. Ireland, 32 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1979).
    • Airey v. Ireland, 32 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1979). See also P.VAN DIJK AM) G.J.H. VAN HOOF, THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 418-28 (3d ed. 1998).
  • 56
    • 85037259907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 4, art. 40 § 1
    • UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, supra note 4, art. 40 § 1; see also Deirdre Fottrell, Bringing Rights All the Way Home: Some Issues of Law and Policy in International Law, in YOUTH JUSTICE: THEORY AND PRACTICE 99-110 (Jane Pickford ed., 2000).
    • UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
  • 57
    • 0041159828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bringing rights all the way home: Some issues of law and policy in international law
    • Jane Pickford ed.
    • UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, supra note 4, art. 40 § 1; see also Deirdre Fottrell, Bringing Rights All the Way Home: Some Issues of Law and Policy in International Law, in YOUTH JUSTICE: THEORY AND PRACTICE 99-110 (Jane Pickford ed., 2000).
    • (2000) Youth Justice: Theory And Practice , pp. 99-110
    • Fottrell, D.1
  • 58
    • 85037264053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nortier v. the Netherlands, App. No. 13924/88 Comm. Rep., 9.7.92 (unpublished); Nortier v. the Netherlands, 267 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1993)
    • Nortier v. the Netherlands, App. No. 13924/88 Comm. Rep., 9.7.92 (unpublished); Nortier v. the Netherlands, 267 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1993).
  • 59
    • 85037285113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See the dissenting opinion of Mr. Trechsel, joined by Mr. Schermers, Mr. Frowein, and Sir Basil Hall, Com. Rep., and the dissenting opinion of Judge Morenilla, in Nortier v. the Netherlands, 267 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1993).
  • 60
    • 85037277947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 18
    • Id. at 18.
  • 61
    • 85037267868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 2
    • Id. ¶ 2.
  • 62
    • 85037279740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 63
    • 85037287368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See V. v. UK, App. No. 24888/94, Comm. Rep., 4.12.98 (unreported) ¶¶ 98-108
    • See V. v. UK, App. No. 24888/94, Comm. Rep., 4.12.98 (unreported) ¶¶ 98-108.
  • 64
    • 85037264047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 Jan. 1976)
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 Jan. 1976).
  • 65
    • 85037273140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice ("The Beijing Rules") G.A. Res. 40/33, 40 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 53 at 207, U.N. Doc. A/40/ 53 (1985)
    • United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice ("The Beijing Rules") G.A. Res. 40/33, 40 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 53 at 207, U.N. Doc. A/40/ 53 (1985).
  • 66
    • 85037274321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. and V. v. UK, judgments of 16 Dec. 1999. Slight variations occur in the judgments. Reference will hitherto be made to the judgment in the V case.
    • T. and V. v. UK, judgments of 16 Dec. 1999. Slight variations occur in the judgments. Reference will hitherto be made to the judgment in the V case. See also Eric D. Sentlinger, Comment: V v. United Kingdom, Is It a 'New Deal' for Prosecuting Children as Adults? 16 CONN. J. INT'L L. 117 (2000); Ursula Kilkelly, The Human Rights Act 1998: Implications for the Detention and Trial of Young People, 51 N. IR. LEGAL Q. 466 (2000).
  • 67
    • 0040565677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment: V v. United kingdom, is it a 'new deal' for prosecuting children as adults?
    • T. and V. v. UK, judgments of 16 Dec. 1999. Slight variations occur in the judgments. Reference will hitherto be made to the judgment in the V case. See also Eric D. Sentlinger, Comment: V v. United Kingdom, Is It a 'New Deal' for Prosecuting Children as Adults? 16 CONN. J. INT'L L. 117 (2000); Ursula Kilkelly, The Human Rights Act 1998: Implications for the Detention and Trial of Young People, 51 N. IR. LEGAL Q. 466 (2000).
    • (2000) Conn. J. Int'l L. , vol.16 , pp. 117
    • Sentlinger, E.D.1
  • 68
    • 0040565681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human rights act 1998: Implications for the detention and trial of young people
    • T. and V. v. UK, judgments of 16 Dec. 1999. Slight variations occur in the judgments. Reference will hitherto be made to the judgment in the V case. See also Eric D. Sentlinger, Comment: V v. United Kingdom, Is It a 'New Deal' for Prosecuting Children as Adults? 16 CONN. J. INT'L L. 117 (2000); Ursula Kilkelly, The Human Rights Act 1998: Implications for the Detention and Trial of Young People, 51 N. IR. LEGAL Q. 466 (2000).
    • (2000) N. Ir. Legal Q. , vol.51 , pp. 466
    • Kilkelly, U.1
  • 69
    • 85037260786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • V. v. UK, Eur. Ct. H.R., ¶ 86
    • V. v. UK, Eur. Ct. H.R., ¶ 86.
  • 70
    • 85037265303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe Recommendation no. R (87) 20, id. ¶ 87
    • Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe Recommendation no. R (87) 20, id. ¶ 87.
  • 71
    • 85037262801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 90
    • Id. ¶ 90.
  • 72
    • 85037280672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. The Court reached this conclusion by a majority of sixteen votes to one
    • Id. The Court reached this conclusion by a majority of sixteen votes to one.
  • 73
    • 85037283646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Rule 4 invites states not to fix the age of criminal responsibility too low.
  • 74
    • 85037280663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • V. v. UK, Eur. Ct. H.R., ¶¶ 62-74. Judges Pastor Ridruejo, Ress, Makarczyk, Tulkens, and Butkevych disagreed with the Court and found that the combination of (i) treating children of ten years of age as criminally responsible, (ii) prosecuting them at the age of eleven in an adult court, and (iii) subjecting them to an indeterminate sentence, reached a substantial level of mental and physical suffering, which violated Article 3. In particular, they noted that only four Contracting States out of forty-one are prepared to find criminal responsibility at an age as low as, or lower than, that applicable in England and Wales and had little trouble concluding that the existing standard amongst the member States of the Council of Europe was to find juveniles criminally responsible from the age of thirteen or fourteen.
  • 75
    • 85037265536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶¶ 62-80
    • Id. ¶¶ 62-80.
  • 76
    • 85037266220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶¶ 93-101
    • Id. ¶¶ 93-101.
  • 77
    • 85037260770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • V. v. UK, App. No. 24888/94, Comm. Rep., 4.12.98 (unreported) ¶ 100
    • V. v. UK, App. No. 24888/94, Comm. Rep., 4.12.98 (unreported) ¶ 100.
  • 78
    • 85037279958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Olsson v. Sweden, 130 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1988); Andersson v. Sweden, 226 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1992) and Johansen v. Norway, 1996 Eur. Ct. H.R., Reports 1996-III no. 12, 979; K. and T. v. Finland, 200 Eur. Ct. H.R. (unreported)
    • See, e.g., Olsson v. Sweden, 130 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1988); Andersson v. Sweden, 226 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1992) and Johansen v. Norway, 1996 Eur. Ct. H.R., Reports 1996-III no. 12, 979; K. and T. v. Finland, 200 Eur. Ct. H.R. (unreported); see generally, KILKELLY, supra note 2, at 263-94.
  • 79
    • 85037270911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 2, at 263-94
    • See, e.g., Olsson v. Sweden, 130 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1988); Andersson v. Sweden, 226 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1992) and Johansen v. Norway, 1996 Eur. Ct. H.R., Reports 1996-III no. 12, 979; K. and T. v. Finland, 200 Eur. Ct. H.R. (unreported); see generally, KILKELLY, supra note 2, at 263-94.
    • Kilkelly1
  • 80
    • 85037275666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kilkelly
    • See id.
  • 81
    • 85037285873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See W. v. UK, 121 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1987); McMichael v. UK, 308 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1995)
    • See W. v. UK, 121 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1987); McMichael v. UK, 308 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1995).
  • 82
    • 85037258939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airey v. Ireland, 32 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1979)
    • Airey v. Ireland, 32 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1979).
  • 83
    • 85037288046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 2, at 88-115
    • Id; on ECHR case law on the child's right to identity, see also KILKELLY supra note 2, at 88-115.
    • Kilkelly1
  • 84
    • 85037289492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X., Y., and Z. v. UK, Eur. Ct. H.R. Reports 1997-II no. 35, 619 (judgment of 22 Apr. 1997)
    • X., Y., and Z. v. UK, Eur. Ct. H.R. Reports 1997-II no. 35, 619 (judgment of 22 Apr. 1997).
  • 85
    • 85037290147 scopus 로고
    • Concluding observations of the committee on the rights of the child: France
    • 22 April U.N. Doc CRC/C/15.Add.20
    • In particular, the Committee has found that total anonymity in such procedures, which prevented the child from obtaining vital birth information would be contrary to the Convention. See Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: France, Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 6th. Sess., 156th Meeting, 22 April 1994, U.N. Doc CRC/C/15.Add.20.
    • (1994) Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 6th. Sess., 156th Meeting


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