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Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 97-110

British feminism and the equal pay issue in the 1930s

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EID: 0040112015     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612029600200102     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (19)

References (44)
  • 1
    • 0003833161 scopus 로고
    • The common classes were those in which women and men were interchangeable. Previous references to this vote have attributed it to trade union and Labour Party pressure for equal pay. New York: St Martin's Press
    • The common classes were those in which women and men were interchangeable. Previous references to this vote have attributed it to trade union and Labour Party pressure for equal pay. See Sheila Lewenhak (1977) Women and Trade Unions: an outline history of women in the British trade union movement, p. 229 (New York: St Martin's Press)
    • (1977) Women and Trade Unions: An outline history of women in the British trade union movement , pp. 229
    • Lewenhak, S.1
  • 2
    • 79954353080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Previously the London Society for Women's Suffrage. Following the 1918 grant of partial suffrage, the LNSWS adopted a new programme focusing on the economic emancipation of women, and made equal pay its special concern. Although the LNSWS papers at the Fawcett Library document its active role in promoting feminist reforms during the 1930s, these records have been neglected by historians of interwar feminism with the result that the LNSWS has been erroneously portrayed as solely concerned with sponsoring the Women's Employment Federation. Olive Banks (1993) The Politics of British Feminism, 1918-1970, pp. 19, 26 (Aldershot: Edward Elgar)
    • Previously the London Society for Women's Suffrage. Following the 1918 grant of partial suffrage, the LNSWS adopted a new programme focusing on the economic emancipation of women, and made equal pay its special concern. Although the LNSWS papers at the Fawcett Library document its active role in promoting feminist reforms during the 1930s, these records have been neglected by historians of interwar feminism with the result that the LNSWS has been erroneously portrayed as solely concerned with sponsoring the Women's Employment Federation. See Olive Banks (1993) The Politics of British Feminism, 1918-1970, pp. 19, 26 (Aldershot: Edward Elgar)
  • 3
    • 84909418129 scopus 로고
    • The politics of sexual difference: World War i and the decline of British feminism
    • Susan K. Kent (1988) The politics of sexual difference: World War I and the decline of British feminism, Journal of British Studies, 27, p. 232
    • (1988) Journal of British Studies , vol.27 , pp. 232
    • Kent, S.K.1
  • 5
    • 11544313940 scopus 로고
    • The problem of equal pay for equal work in Great Britain during World War II
    • For evidence of intense feminist activity in the 1940s
    • For evidence of intense feminist activity in the 1940s see Harold L. Smith (1981) The problem of equal pay for equal work in Great Britain during World War II, Journal of Modern History, 53, pp. 652-672
    • (1981) Journal of Modern History , vol.53 , pp. 652-672
    • Smith, H.L.1
  • 6
    • 79954104017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New feminists believed that because of sexual difference women's needs were different from men's. They therefore urged feminists to press for reforms relating to women's special concerns, especially those relating to motherhood, rather than seeking what men had. The tension between new feminists and equality feminists within the NUSEC became so great that in 1927 11 members of the NUSEC executive committee resigned in protest against the increasing priority being given to the reforms urged by new feminists
    • New feminists believed that because of sexual difference women's needs were different from men's. They therefore urged feminists to press for reforms relating to women's special concerns, especially those relating to motherhood, rather than seeking what men had. The tension between new feminists and equality feminists within the NUSEC became so great that in 1927 11 members of the NUSEC executive committee resigned in protest against the increasing priority being given to the reforms urged by new feminists
  • 7
    • 79954330889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mary Stott (1978) Organization Woman: the story of the National Union of Townswomen's Guilds, pp. 16-19 (London: Heinemann). NUSEC had 220 affiliated societies in 1920 but by 1935 there were only 48 societies affiliated to its successor, the National Council for Equal Citizenship
    • Mary Stott (1978) Organization Woman: the story of the National Union of Townswomen's Guilds, pp. 16-19 (London: Heinemann). NUSEC had 220 affiliated societies in 1920 but by 1935 there were only 48 societies affiliated to its successor, the National Council for Equal Citizenship
  • 9
    • 79954220623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the 1930s many feminist societies experienced declining membership. But this may in part have been the result of women, who in an earlier period would have joined a feminist society, seeking to advance women's interests by joining the Conservative or the Labour Party. There were almost one million female members of the Conservative Party in 1934 while women comprised a majority of individual Labour Party members during the interwar period. Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, p. 25;
    • In the 1930s many feminist societies experienced declining membership. But this may in part have been the result of women, who in an earlier period would have joined a feminist society, seeking to advance women's interests by joining the Conservative or the Labour Party. There were almost one million female members of the Conservative Party in 1934 while women comprised a majority of individual Labour Party members during the interwar period. Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, p. 25
  • 10
    • 79954144151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pat Thane, Women in the British Labour Party and the construction of state welfare, 1906-1939, in Seth Koven & Sonya Michel (Eds) (1993) Mothers of a New World: maternalist politics and the origins of welfare states, p. 345 (London: Routledge)
    • Pat Thane, Women in the British Labour Party and the construction of state welfare, 1906-1939, in Seth Koven & Sonya Michel (Eds) (1993) Mothers of a New World: maternalist politics and the origins of welfare states, p. 345 (London: Routledge)
  • 14
    • 33750310317 scopus 로고
    • Catalysts or helpers? British feminists, Indian women's rights, and Indian independence
    • Gail Minault Ed, Columbia, Missouri: South Asia Books
    • Barbara Ramusack (1981) Catalysts or helpers? British feminists, Indian women's rights, and Indian independence, in Gail Minault (Ed.) The Extended Family: women and political participation in India and Pakistan, pp. 109-50 (Columbia, Missouri: South Asia Books)
    • (1981) The Extended Family: Women and political participation in India and Pakistan , pp. 109-150
    • Ramusack, B.1
  • 15
    • 79954036568 scopus 로고
    • Royal Commission on Equal Pay
    • the NUTW memorandum presented to the Royal Commission on Equal Pay, 16 February, /, Public Record Office
    • See the NUTW memorandum presented to the Royal Commission on Equal Pay. Royal Commission on Equal Pay, Minutes of Evidence, 16 February 1945. T189/3, Public Record Office
    • (1945) Minutes of Evidence
  • 16
    • 79953915951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the origins of the Joint Committee on Women in the Civil Service Harold L. Smith (1990) British feminism in the 1920s, in H. L. Smith (Ed.) British Feminism in the Twentieth Century, p. 53 (Aldershot: Edward Elgar)
    • On the origins of the Joint Committee on Women in the Civil Service see Harold L. Smith (1990) British feminism in the 1920s, in H. L. Smith (Ed.) British Feminism in the Twentieth Century, p. 53 (Aldershot: Edward Elgar)
  • 18
    • 84881016283 scopus 로고
    • Report of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service 1929-31 (, 10 Cmd. 3909
    • Report of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service 1929-31 (1931) Parliamentary Papers, 10 (Cmd. 3909), p. 132
    • (1931) Parliamentary Papers , pp. 132
  • 22
    • 79954353079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Civil Service Whitley Council Staff Side to Monica Whately, 29 January and 4 February 1934. National Whitley Council Staff Side Papers. Seen at NSS headquarters in London; now at Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
    • Civil Service Whitley Council Staff Side to Monica Whately, 29 January and 4 February 1934. National Whitley Council Staff Side Papers. Seen at NSS headquarters in London; now at Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
  • 23
    • 79953970702 scopus 로고
    • 22 October
    • Daily Mail (Yorkshire edition), 22 October 1934
    • (1934)
    • Mail, D.1
  • 25
    • 79954409555 scopus 로고
    • NAWCS journal: Equal pay meeting in the House of Commons
    • 15 January
    • and account in the NAWCS journal: Equal pay meeting in the House of Commons, Opportunity, 15 (15 January 1935), p. 12
    • (1935) Opportunity , vol.15 , pp. 12
  • 26
    • 79954035412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dorothy Elliott, a member of the TUC Women's Advisory Committee, used the same argument in moving an equal pay resolution at the 1935 TUC. It is not known whether she was influenced by Strachey's speech or whether both reflected a position common among female equal pay advocates in the mid-1930s
    • Dorothy Elliott, a member of the TUC Women's Advisory Committee, used the same argument in moving an equal pay resolution at the 1935 TUC. It is not known whether she was influenced by Strachey's speech or whether both reflected a position common among female equal pay advocates in the mid-1930s
  • 27
    • 79954003826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strachey's speech was printed as an LNSWS pamphlet, Memorandum on the Increasing Employment of Women (LNSWS, 1934)
    • Strachey's speech was printed as an LNSWS pamphlet, Memorandum on the Increasing Employment of Women (LNSWS, 1934)
  • 28
    • 79954386237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint Committee on Women in the Civil Service Papers
    • Joint Committee on Women in the Civil Service Papers, Box 338, Fawcett Library
    • Box 338, Fawcett Library
  • 29
    • 79954036566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence in the Women's Freedom League Bulletin, 20 March 1936, p. 4
    • Letter from Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence in the Women's Freedom League Bulletin, 20 March 1936, p. 4
  • 30
    • 79954261665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charles Watney to Ross Wyld, Civil Service Confederation President, 14 February 1935. NSS Papers
    • Charles Watney to Ross Wyld, Civil Service Confederation President, 14 February 1935. NSS Papers
  • 31
    • 79954079600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charles Watney to W. E. Llewellyn, 9 March 1935. NSS Papers
    • Charles Watney to W. E. Llewellyn, 9 March 1935. NSS Papers
  • 32
    • 79953984004 scopus 로고
    • NUWT Papers, Institute of Education, University of London
    • NUWT Central Council minutes, 19 March, it may have been Ray Strachey as she was very anti-socialist
    • NUWT Central Council minutes, 19 March 1932. NUWT Papers, Institute of Education, University of London. Although the person's name is not given, it may have been Ray Strachey as she was very anti-socialist
    • (1932) Although the person's name is not given
  • 33
    • 79953991722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons), 302, 7 June, 1935, cols 2211-2213
    • Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons), Vol. 302, 7 June, 1935, cols 2211-2213
  • 34
    • 79954399505 scopus 로고
    • LNSWS Executive Committee minutes, 19 June
    • LNSWS Executive Committee minutes, 19 June 1935
    • (1935)
  • 35
    • 79954030425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and LNSWS Annual Report 1935, p. 12
    • and LNSWS Annual Report 1935, p. 12
  • 36
    • 79954028270 scopus 로고
    • the Women's Freedom League Bulletin, 28 March
    • See the Women's Freedom League Bulletin, 28 March 1936
    • (1936)
  • 37
    • 79954154897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilkinson was also encouraged by the Labour movement to introduce an equal pay motion. The CSEPC assisted in drafting her motion and at its request the National Council of Labour agreed to encourage Labour MPs to be present during the debate and to support her motion. Joint Secretary of the National Council of Labour to Llewellyn, 26 February 1936. File 713.22, TUC Archives (viewed in London; now at Modern Records Centre)
    • Wilkinson was also encouraged by the Labour movement to introduce an equal pay motion. The CSEPC assisted in drafting her motion and at its request the National Council of Labour agreed to encourage Labour MPs to be present during the debate and to support her motion. Joint Secretary of the National Council of Labour to Llewellyn, 26 February 1936. File 713.22, TUC Archives (viewed in London; now at Modern Records Centre)
  • 38
    • 79954241726 scopus 로고
    • Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons)
    • Speeches by, 1 April
    • Speeches by Florence Horsbrugh and Frederick Pethick-Lawrence in Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons), Vol. 310, 1 April 1936, cols 2053 and 2041
    • (1936) cols 2053 and 2041 , vol.310
    • Horsbrugh, F.1    Pethick-Lawrence In, F.2
  • 39
    • 79954284457 scopus 로고
    • A member of the Open Door Council Executive, criticised Rathbone's speech as a 'red herring' which strengthened anti-equal pay forces by reinforcing their assumption that bachelors without dependants never existed. Letter to the editor
    • When the House divided, Rathbone abstained rather than vote for equal pay without family allowances, 18 April
    • Anne Protheroe Jones, a member of the Open Door Council Executive, criticised Rathbone's speech as a 'red herring' which strengthened anti-equal pay forces by reinforcing their assumption that bachelors without dependants never existed. Letter to the editor, New Statesman, 11 (18 April 1936), p. 596. When the House divided, Rathbone abstained rather than vote for equal pay without family allowances
    • (1936) New Statesman , vol.11 , pp. 596
    • Protheroe Jones, A.1
  • 40
    • 79954047233 scopus 로고
    • Reversing the verdict
    • 3 April
    • Reversing the verdict, The Times, 3 April 1936, p. 17
    • (1936) The Times , pp. 17
  • 41
    • 79954039266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philippa Strachey to Miss Froud, NUWT General Secretary, 8 April 1936. NUWT Papers (uncatalogued)
    • Philippa Strachey to Miss Froud, NUWT General Secretary, 8 April 1936. NUWT Papers (uncatalogued)
  • 42
    • 79954244312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philippa Strachey, LNSWS Secretary, to the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Neville Chamberlain), 20 July 1936. Box 338, JCWCS Papers. In addition to the equality feminist groups, the women's organisations signing the letter included the National Council for Equal Citizenship, the National Council of Women, and four groups from the Labour movement: the Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women's Organisations, the Women's Co-operative Guild, the Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries, and the Fabian Society Women's Group
    • Philippa Strachey, LNSWS Secretary, to the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Neville Chamberlain), 20 July 1936. Box 338, JCWCS Papers. In addition to the equality feminist groups, the women's organisations signing the letter included the National Council for Equal Citizenship, the National Council of Women, and four groups from the Labour movement: the Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women's Organisations, the Women's Co-operative Guild, the Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries, and the Fabian Society Women's Group
  • 44
    • 34347294597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The LNSWS and other feminist groups prominent in the 1930s equal pay campaign participated in the Equal Pay Campaign Committee which in the 1950s helped obtain equal pay in the civil service. Harold L. Smith (1992) The politics of conservative reform: the equal pay for equal work issue, 1945-1955, The Historical Journal, 35, pp. 401-416
    • The LNSWS and other feminist groups prominent in the 1930s equal pay campaign participated in the Equal Pay Campaign Committee which in the 1950s helped obtain equal pay in the civil service. See Harold L. Smith (1992) The politics of conservative reform: the equal pay for equal work issue, 1945-1955, The Historical Journal, 35, pp. 401-416


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