The ebb and flow of the liberalization of the Jordanian press: 1985-1997

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 75, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 127-142

  Najjar, Orayb Aref ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040094167     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909807500113     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. "Information Minister Defines Media Policy," JN181656 Amman Domestic Service in Arabic 1200 GMT, FBIS, MEA-84-013 (foreign broadcast), 18 January 1985, 1; "Jordan's Information Chief Resigns Over Press Restrictions," al-Fajr (East Jerusalem Palestinian Weekly/English), 1 February 1985, 4.
2. "Information Minister Defines Media Policy," JN181656 Amman Domestic Service in Arabic 1200 GMT, FBIS, MEA-84-013 (foreign broadcast), 18 January 1985, 1; "Jordan's Information Chief Resigns Over Press Restrictions," al-Fajr (East Jerusalem Palestinian Weekly/English), 1 February 1985, 4.
3. The King told his prime minister, "As for our media, I want you to warn them immediately that freedom stops when it encroaches on the freedom and dignity of individuals and groups, and we will not accept that freedom...." "Letter of His Majesty King Hussein to the Prime Minister Mr. Ahmad Obeidat on January 27, 1985," in Ten Years of Struggle and Building: A Collection of Speeches of His Majesty King Hussein Bin Talal from 1977 until 1987, ed. Ali Muhafiza (Amman: Jordanian Book Center, 1988), 634-36.
4. Three laws controlled the press of the 1950s: "Law of Fighting Communism," No. 91 (1953); Law of Publications No. 79 (1953); and Law of Publications No. 16 (1955). In the March 1967 press law, the Jordanian government consolidated its hold on the press through partial direct ownership. Omaima Shreim, The Jordanian Press and Its Relationship To Press Law, (Amman: Printers Cooperative, 1984), 163. The struggle with the PLO over who represents Palestinians in the 1970s accounted for the strict press law of 1973.
5. Yash Ghai, "Human Rights and Governance: The Asia Debate" (paper presented at the Asia Foundation's Center for Asian Pacific Affairs, San Francisco, CA, November 1994).
6. Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1956), 307.
7. William Rugh, The Arab Press (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1979), 28-29.
8. Badran Badran, "Press-Government Relations in Jordan: A Case Study," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 399.
9. Shreim, The Jordanian Press; The Ministry of Information and the Department of Publications, The Jordanian Press, Its Birth and Development (Beirut, Lebanon: Encyclopedia House, n.d); Ministry of Information, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Mass Communication in Jordan (Amman, Jordan: Ministry of Information, n.d.); Views on the Amendments of the Press Law, al-Mar'ah, 13 December 1995, 8; Mazen al-Armuti and Adel Ziadat, "The Legal Environment of the Jordanian Press in the Hashemite Kingdom," Dirasat, University of Jordan 16 (1989): 267-98; Issam Musa, "The Press in Jordanian Press and Publication Laws, 1953-1989," Abhath alYarmouk 7 (1991): 149-75.
10. Shreim, The Jordanian Press; The Ministry of Information and the Department of Publications, The Jordanian Press, Its Birth and Development (Beirut, Lebanon: Encyclopedia House, n.d); Ministry of Information, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Mass Communication in Jordan (Amman, Jordan: Ministry of Information, n.d.); Views on the Amendments of the Press Law, al-Mar'ah, 13 December 1995, 8; Mazen al-Armuti and Adel Ziadat, "The Legal Environment of the Jordanian Press in the Hashemite Kingdom," Dirasat, University of Jordan 16 (1989): 267-98; Issam Musa, "The Press in Jordanian Press and Publication Laws, 1953-1989," Abhath alYarmouk 7 (1991): 149-75.
11. Shreim, The Jordanian Press; The Ministry of Information and the Department of Publications, The Jordanian Press, Its Birth and Development (Beirut, Lebanon: Encyclopedia House, n.d); Ministry of Information, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Mass Communication in Jordan (Amman, Jordan: Ministry of Information, n.d.); Views on the Amendments of the Press Law, al-Mar'ah, 13 December 1995, 8; Mazen al-Armuti and Adel Ziadat, "The Legal Environment of the Jordanian Press in the Hashemite Kingdom," Dirasat, University of Jordan 16 (1989): 267-98; Issam Musa, "The Press in Jordanian Press and Publication Laws, 1953-1989," Abhath alYarmouk 7 (1991): 149-75.
12. Shreim, The Jordanian Press; The Ministry of Information and the Department of Publications, The Jordanian Press, Its Birth and Development (Beirut, Lebanon: Encyclopedia House, n.d); Ministry of Information, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Mass Communication in Jordan (Amman, Jordan: Ministry of Information, n.d.); Views on the Amendments of the Press Law, al-Mar'ah, 13 December 1995, 8; Mazen al-Armuti and Adel Ziadat, "The Legal Environment of the Jordanian Press in the Hashemite Kingdom," Dirasat, University of Jordan 16 (1989): 267-98; Issam Musa, "The Press in Jordanian Press and Publication Laws, 1953-1989," Abhath alYarmouk 7 (1991): 149-75.
13. Shreim, The Jordanian Press; The Ministry of Information and the Department of Publications, The Jordanian Press, Its Birth and Development (Beirut, Lebanon: Encyclopedia House, n.d); Ministry of Information, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Mass Communication in Jordan (Amman, Jordan: Ministry of Information, n.d.); Views on the Amendments of the Press Law, al-Mar'ah, 13 December 1995, 8; Mazen al-Armuti and Adel Ziadat, "The Legal Environment of the Jordanian Press in the Hashemite Kingdom," Dirasat, University of Jordan 16 (1989): 267-98; Issam Musa, "The Press in Jordanian Press and Publication Laws, 1953-1989," Abhath alYarmouk 7 (1991): 149-75.
14. Shreim, The Jordanian Press; The Ministry of Information and the Department of Publications, The Jordanian Press, Its Birth and Development (Beirut, Lebanon: Encyclopedia House, n.d); Ministry of Information, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Mass Communication in Jordan (Amman, Jordan: Ministry of Information, n.d.); Views on the Amendments of the Press Law, al-Mar'ah, 13 December 1995, 8; Mazen al-Armuti and Adel Ziadat, "The Legal Environment of the Jordanian Press in the Hashemite Kingdom," Dirasat, University of Jordan 16 (1989): 267-98; Issam Musa, "The Press in Jordanian Press and Publication Laws, 1953-1989," Abhath alYarmouk 7 (1991): 149-75.
15. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
16. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
17. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
18. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
19. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
20. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
21. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
22. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
23. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
24. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
25. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
26. Ibrahim Izzideen, "The Need to Preserve the Current Law," The Star, 4 January 1996; Osama al-Sharif, "A Brief History of Democracy," (lecture at the University of Jordan), reported in The Star, 7 December 1996; "The Press and Information: Reality and Expectations" (seminar at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996); "Journalists Criticize Press, Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-93-008, 13 January 1993, 32; Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of Press and Information in Jordan" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996; Mohammad Abu Sufah, The Press in Jordan: 1920-1996 (Amman: Al-Muhtaseb, 1996); Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan in the Democratic Era: The 1993 Press Law Between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, al-Bayt University, 2 (July 1997): 141-64; Adel Ziadat, "New Directions in the Press and Publications Law Issued in the Year 1993," The Moroccan Journal for Research Communication (June 1995); and a number of papers read at the "Communication and Diplomacy: New Horizons in the Information Age," Amman, Jordan, 6-8 Sept. 1997, among them Y. Nusseir, "Policies and Strategies for Information Management at the National Level: The Jordanian Experience," ; Issam Mousa, "Problems of the Jordanian Press During the Democratic Era" (1989-1997); Riyad al-Hroub, "Jordanian Popular Press: Personal Experience."
27. Hussein al-Rawashdah, "What Do We Do? What Do they Do?" Addustour, 19 May 1997.
28. Rami Khouri, "NGOs, GONGOS, the State, and Arab Political Rebirth," Jordan Times, 1 January 1996.
29. Human Rights Watch, "Human Rights Watch/Middle East Overview," in Human Rights World Report 1997: Events of 1996 (NY: December 1996), 263.
30. "Preserving the Rights of Refugees and Private Property - A Committee to Meet His Excellency the Prime Minister About Freedoms," al-Difa'a, 8 June 1950, 1, 4.
31. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, "Jordan: Palestinians," in A Country Study, ed. Helen Chapin Metz, December 1989 (http://www.1cweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jotoc.html).
32. George Hawatmeh, "Now for Liberalization," Middle East International, 7 August 1992, 12.
33. Amnesty International Report, "Jordan," London, UK, 1986, 339.
34. Index on Censorship, London, UK, March 1986, 39.
35. Index on Censorship, London, UK, February 1986, 40.
36. "Memo from the Representatives of the Different Intellectual Professional and Union Groups On the On-going Arrest Campaign in the Country," al-Urdun al-Jadid (New Jordan) 7 (spring 1986): 27, 211-12.
37. Raed Al Abed, "Professional Unions," The Star, 16 November 1995.
38. Raed Al Abed, "Professional Unions."
39. Index on Censorship, February 1988, 37.
40. Index on Censorship, January 1989, 37. Journalists reminded the information minister that a paper that was 67 percent government-owned was a financial failure. They charged that the takeover was unnecessary and that government quasi-ownership of the nation's four dailies made all newspapers uniform. Further, the government already owned more powerful television and radio outlets. "Information Minister on Newspaper Reorganization," Al-Majallah, 7-13 September 1988, FBIS-NES-88-206, 9 September 1988, 26.
41. Index on Censorship, January 1989, 37. Journalists reminded the information minister that a paper that was 67 percent government-owned was a financial failure. They charged that the takeover was unnecessary and that government quasi-ownership of the nation's four dailies made all newspapers uniform. Further, the government already owned more powerful television and radio outlets. "Information Minister on Newspaper Reorganization," Al-Majallah, 7-13 September 1988, FBIS-NES-88-206, 9 September 1988, 26.
42. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, Critique: Review of the Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1989: Jordan, NY, July 1990 on practices for 1989, 138.
43. Hassan Bin Talal, Search for Peace: The Politics of the Middle Ground in the Arab East (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1984), 68.
44. Rami Khouri, "Jordan's Political Violence in 1989, 1996 and the Poor Camel's Weary Back," Jordan Times, 20 August 1996.
45. Najwa Najjar, "Journalist Cited on Freedom of Press," Jordan Times, 18-19 May 1989, 4, FBIS-NES-89-095, 18 May 1989, 36. Also see Amnesty International Report 1990, "Jordan," 137.
46. Najwa Najjar, "Journalist Cited on Freedom of Press," Jordan Times, 18-19 May 1989, 4, FBIS-NES-89-095, 18 May 1989, 36. Also see Amnesty International Report 1990, "Jordan," 137.
47. Jawad al-Anani, "Professional Conditions of the Press and Information" (paper presented at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, Amman, Jordan, 4-5 May, 1996, 10).
48. "Martial Law Decision Returns Press Directors," Amman Domestic Service in Arabic, 1620 GMT, 11 December 1989, reprinted in FBIS-NES-237, 12 December 1989, 32.
49. Index on Censorship, London, UK, May 1990, 36.
50. George Hawatmeh, "Masri's Dilemma," Middle East International, 12 July 1991, 13.
51. Osama al Sharif, "The Press, Government and Future Challenges," The Star, 28 December 1996.
52. Rami Khouri, "The Elusive Route From Economic Stress to A Credible Political Culture," Jordan Times, 26 August 1996.
53. "Set Back for the King's Vision," Middle East International, 19 December 1992, 10-11; George Hawatmeh, "Now For Liberalization," Middle East International, 7 August 1992, 11.
54. "Set Back for the King's Vision," Middle East International, 19 December 1992, 10-11; George Hawatmeh, "Now For Liberalization," Middle East International, 7 August 1992, 11.
55. The law stipulated that decisions of the council of ministers on licensing were not subject to review "from any quarter," it punished those accused of incitement "that endangers the security of the state," it reintroduced prohibitions against articles and information that libel the heads of friendly states, and forbade publishing political statements issued by embassies or representatives of foreign countries accredited to Jordan (except with permission). See text of the 1973 Press law in Shreim, The Jordanian Press, articles (36) 38(k) and 38(g) and (44), 180, 181.
56. For details of their objections, see, "Journalists Criticize Press Publications Law," Jordan Times, 9 January 1993, 3, FBIS-NES-008, 13 January 1993, 32-33.
57. Al-Sharif, "The Press, Government and Future Challenges," The Star, 28 December 1996.
58. "Communist Paper Criticizes Declaration," Al-Jamahir, 1-14 August 1994, 1, 11. Also, Unsigned Political Analysis: "And Now We Ask... What is Peace?" FBIS-NES-94-148, 2 August 1994, 56.
59. "Communist Paper Criticizes Declaration," Al-Jamahir, 1-14 August 1994, 1, 11. Also, Unsigned Political Analysis: "And Now We Ask... What is Peace?" FBIS-NES-94-148, 2 August 1994, 56.
60. "Human Rights Activists Demand Serious Action From the Government," The Star, 7.
61. Ehud Ya'ari, "The Waiting Game," Ma'ariv, 9 August 1996, Shabbat Supplement, 9.
62. "Rimawi, Not Guilty," The Star, 21 March 1996.
63. Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan Under Democracy: Press and Publications Law 1993 between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, vol. 2, no. 2, July 1997, 156-58 quoting al-Bilad, 10 February 1995, 9; Shihan, 29 April 1995; and an unpublished decision of the High Court Number 65/1994.
64. Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan Under Democracy: Press and Publications Law 1993 between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, vol. 2, no. 2, July 1997, 156-58 quoting al-Bilad, 10 February 1995, 9; Shihan, 29 April 1995; and an unpublished decision of the High Court Number 65/1994.
65. Adel Ziadat, "Press Freedom in Jordan Under Democracy: Press and Publications Law 1993 between Legislation and Application," al-Manarah, vol. 2, no. 2, July 1997, 156-58 quoting al-Bilad, 10 February 1995, 9; Shihan, 29 April 1995; and an unpublished decision of the High Court Number 65/1994.
66. For details of those proposed amendments, see Raed Al Abed, "Journalists Decry Government Plan to Amend Press Law," The Star, 7 December 1995. and "A Brief History of Democracy," The Star, 7 December 1995.
67. For details of those proposed amendments, see Raed Al Abed, "Journalists Decry Government Plan to Amend Press Law," The Star, 7 December 1995. and "A Brief History of Democracy," The Star, 7 December 1995.
68. Marwan Mua'asher, "Administering Information" (paper read at a seminar held at the Jordanian and Islamic Center for Studies and Information, 4-5 May 1996, 6).
69. "A Nice Man at the Ministry of Information," The Star, 29 February 1996.
70. "Al Mua'asher Says There Will Be Major Restructuring in Media," The Star, 11 April 1996.
71. According to a Public Statistics Department poll. See "Thank God For Television!" The Star, 27 February 1997.
72. Minister of Information Mu'asher met with the press every Monday (unlike his predecessor), did not sue a single paper for political reasons, and allowed the free import of publications. See Nidal Mansur, "To the Friend Marwan Mu'asher," Al-Hadath (The Event), 9-16 June, 1997.
73. "Bye, Bye Program!" and "Nabeel and Hisham in the Soup," both in The Star, 17 October 1996.
74. "Bye, Bye Program!" and "Nabeel and Hisham in the Soup," both in The Star, 17 October 1996.
75. Osama al-Sharif, "Jordan's Beleaguered Press: A Purge or Clean-up?" The Star, 2 October 1997; Amy Henderson, "Government Suspends Publication of Seven Weeklies: More Suspensions Expected," The Jordan Times, 25 September 1997.
76. Osama al-Sharif, "Jordan's Beleaguered Press: A Purge or Clean-up?" The Star, 2 October 1997; Amy Henderson, "Government Suspends Publication of Seven Weeklies: More Suspensions Expected," The Jordan Times, 25 September 1997.
77. Al Abed, "JPA and Government Move to Restrain Weeklies."
78. "Al-Hussein pinpoints in His Letter of Designation Government Goals for Holding Elections, Continuing the Peace Process, and Commitment to Arab Causes and Strengthening Relations with the World" Addustour, 20 March 1997. For an analysis of why Kabariti fell from grace, see, "Sudden End of Kabariti Era," The Star, 20 March 1997.
79. "Al-Hussein pinpoints in His Letter of Designation Government Goals for Holding Elections, Continuing the Peace Process, and Commitment to Arab Causes and Strengthening Relations with the World" Addustour, 20 March 1997. For an analysis of why Kabariti fell from grace, see, "Sudden End of Kabariti Era," The Star, 20 March 1997.
80. Amy Henderson, "Press and Publications Law Boasts Stiffer Penalties on Newspapers and Journalists," Jordan Times, 18 May 1997.
81. Henderson, "Press and Publications Law Boasts."
82. Untitled Editorial, Alhadath, 19-26 May 1997.
83. Toujan Al-Faisal, "The Law For Nationalizing Thought," Addustour, 19 May 1997.
84. Henderson, "Press and Publications Law Boasts Stiffer Penalties."
85. Faisal, "The Law For Nationalizing Thought."
86. Jihad al-Moumani, Amman, Jordan, fax to author, 20 July 1997.
87. Osama al-Sharif, Amman, Jordan, e-mail message, 21 July 1997.
88. Munther Hamdan, "A Market for Satire: Abd Rabbo Pokes Fun at Political Reality," The Star, 26 September 1996.
89. Al Abed, "JPA and Government Move to Restrain Weeklies."
90. For the last issue of Abedrabbuh, see http://www.arabia.com/ Abedrabbuh /body.html.
91. Jihad al-Moumani, Amman, Jordan, fax to author, 20 July 1997.
92. Jihad al-Moumani, Amman, Jordan, fax to author, 20 July 1997.
93. Amy Henderson, "JPA Fails to Achieve Quorum; Human Rights NGO calls on U.S. to Interfere," The Jordan Times, 7 June 1997.
94. Rami Khouri, Amman, Jordan, e-mail to author, 18 July 1997.
95. Adel Ziadat, Irbid, Jordan, fax to author, 28 July 1997.
96. Amy Henderson, "JPA fails to Achieve Quorum," and "Press Law," The Star, 19 June 1997.
97. Amy Henderson, "JPA fails to Achieve Quorum," and "Press Law," The Star, 19 June 1997.
98. Rami Khouri, Amman, Jordan, e-mail to author, 18 July 1997.
99. Raed Al Abed, Amman, Jordan, e-mail to author, 21 July 1997.
100. Atef al-Joulani, Amman, Jordan, fax to author, 27 July 1997.
101. Adel Ziadat, Irbid, fax to author, 28 July 1997.
102. According to Osama al-Sharif, editor of The Star, Amman, Jordan, e-mail to author, 21 July 1997.
103. Osama al-Sharif, "Jordan's Beleaguered Press: A Purge or Clean-up?" The Star, 2 October 1997; Human Rights Watch, "Clamping Down On Critics: Human Rights Violations in Advance of Parliamentary Elections," New York, 29 October 1997.
104. Osama al-Sharif, "Jordan's Beleaguered Press: A Purge or Clean-up?" The Star, 2 October 1997; Human Rights Watch, "Clamping Down On Critics: Human Rights Violations in Advance of Parliamentary Elections," New York, 29 October 1997.
105. Raed Al Abed, "The National Constitutional Party: Newcomer Stumbles Into the Political Arena," The Star, 10 April 1997.
106. "Abu Awad Stands for NCP," The Star, 22 May 1997.
107. Raed Al Abed, "Deputies Vote for Government, but Only After Gruelling Attack," The Star, 18 December 1997.
108. "Autumn's Parliamentary Elections: Restructuring Jordan's Political Arena," The Star, 25 May 1997.
109. "MPs React to Press Law," Shihan, 24 May 1997.
110. For example, Jordanian Thamer Obeidat wrote in an e-mail message to "Ask the Government Online," that "Successive Jordanian governments have taken the people of Jordan for granted and conducted themselves in a manner that assumes... that Jordanians do not watch or listen to other media to find out what is happening in Jordan. Well, people actually do because they have learned over the years not to trust the government," 21 May 1997.
111. Ibtisam Awadat, "Workshop Voices Concern for Press Freedom in Jordan, The Star, 30 October 1997.
112. "AMI Seeks to Put Journalism Profession on the Right Track," The Star, 9 October 1997.
113. Fakhri Kawar, "Horror!" Shihan, 24-31 May 1997.
114. Human Rights Watch, A Death Knell for Free Expression? The New Amendments to the Press and Publications Law, vol. 9, no. 5(E), June 1997,14.
115. "Article 19 Lashes Out at Press Law, Calls for its Repeal," The Star, 30 October 1997; Amy Henderson, "JPA Fails to Achieve Quorum; Human Rights NGO Calls on U.S. to Interfere," Jordan Times, 9 June 1997.
116. "Article 19 Lashes Out at Press Law, Calls for its Repeal," The Star, 30 October 1997; Amy Henderson, "JPA Fails to Achieve Quorum; Human Rights NGO Calls on U.S. to Interfere," Jordan Times, 9 June 1997.
117. "The Incredible Spokesman," The Star, 5 June 1997. For a discussion of the leaflets, see: Rana Sayigh, "Leaflets Enliven Political Life in Jordan," al-Quds, 2 June 1989, 1.
118. "The Incredible Spokesman," The Star, 5 June 1997. For a discussion of the leaflets, see: Rana Sayigh, "Leaflets Enliven Political Life in Jordan," al-Quds, 2 June 1989, 1.
119. Marwan Juma, "Point of Order," NETS (Jordanian online service), 2 August 1997.
120. Radi Annab, "Re: Point of Order," NETS (Jordanian online service), 3 August 1997.
121. Amy Henderson, "Journalists, Opposition Parties in Uproar Over New Press and Publications Law," Jordan Times, 19 May 1997.
122. Reuters, "Jordan's Supreme Court Revokes Tough Press Law," CNN Interactive, 27 January 1998.
123. Francesca Ciriaci, "Court Verdict Casts Shadow on Fate of Government Equities in Daily Newspapers," The Jordan Times, 27 January 1998; and Alia Hamzeh, "Weekly Newspapers Hail Revocation of Press Law Amendments," The Jordan Times, 27 January 1998.
124. Francesca Ciriaci, "Court Verdict Casts Shadow on Fate of Government Equities in Daily Newspapers," The Jordan Times, 27 January 1998; and Alia Hamzeh, "Weekly Newspapers Hail Revocation of Press Law Amendments," The Jordan Times, 27 January 1998.
125. Jihad al-Moumani, Amman, Jordan, fax to author, 20 July 1997.
126. Rami Khouri, Amman, Jordan, e-mail to author, 18 July 1997.
127. "Mutawi' Lists Press Excerpts in Support of New Press Law," Jordan Times, 9 June 1997.
128. "Our Say ... High Court Corrects Government's Blunders," The Star, 28 January 1998.
129. Saeda Kilani, "Court Rules Temporary Press Law is Unconstitutional, Orders it Nullified," The Jordan Times, 27 January 1998.