Pluralization and the politics of media change in Hungary

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 82-101

  Lanczi, Andras ^a   O'Neil, Patrick H ^b  

^a Department of Manufacturing Science and Engineering Budapest University of Tecnology and Economics   (Hungary)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PUGET SOUND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040091642     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523279608415324     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Elemér Hankiss, East European Alternatives (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), p.95.
2. For details see Slavko Splichal, Media Beyond Socialism (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), pp.37-9; Gábor Juhász, 'Sajtópiaci változások', in Sándor Kurtán, Péter Sándor and László Vass (eds.), Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1994 (Budapest: Demokrácia Kutatások Magyar Központja Alapítvány, 1994), pp.255-63, and Edith Oltay, 'The Hungarian Press Struggles to Survive', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report (hereafter RFE/RL Research Report), 1 Oct. 1993, pp.50-53.
3. For details see Slavko Splichal, Media Beyond Socialism (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), pp.37-9; Gábor Juhász, 'Sajtópiaci változások', in Sándor Kurtán, Péter Sándor and László Vass (eds.), Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1994 (Budapest: Demokrácia Kutatások Magyar Központja Alapítvány, 1994), pp.255-63, and Edith Oltay, 'The Hungarian Press Struggles to Survive', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report (hereafter RFE/RL Research Report), 1 Oct. 1993, pp.50-53.
4. For details see Slavko Splichal, Media Beyond Socialism (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), pp.37-9; Gábor Juhász, 'Sajtópiaci változások', in Sándor Kurtán, Péter Sándor and László Vass (eds.), Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1994 (Budapest: Demokrácia Kutatások Magyar Központja Alapítvány, 1994), pp.255-63, and Edith Oltay, 'The Hungarian Press Struggles to Survive', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report (hereafter RFE/RL Research Report), 1 Oct. 1993, pp.50-53.
5. For the full text of an internal report by the MDF parliamentary head Imre Kónya which deals in part with the media, see 'Kónya Imre tanulmánya', in Sándor Kurtán, Péter Sándor and László Vass (eds.), Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1992 (Budapest: Demokrácia Kutatások Magyar Központja Alapítvány-Economix RT., 1992), pp.759-66.
6. IPI Report (Dec. 1991), pp.13-14.
7. Zoltán Farkas, 'Állóháború', in Sándor Kurtán, Péter Sándor and László Vass (eds.), Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1991 (Budapest: Ökonómia Alapítvány-Economix RT, 1991), p.208.
8. Oltay, 'The Hungarian Press Struggles to Survive', p.51.
9. Juhác;sz, 'Sajtópiaci vác;ltozác;sok', pp.257-8.
10. Ibid., pp.258-9.
11. Oltay, 'The Hungarian Press Struggles to Survive', p.53.
12. Ibid.
13. Lajos Biro, 'A média, a közönség, és a politika', in Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1994, p.699.
14. Ibid., p.702.
15. See Endre Aczél's own account of these events in Hírado Puccs (Budapest: Mai Nap, 1990); also Farkas, 'Ác;llóhác;ború', pp.207-8.
16. See Endre Aczél's own account of these events in Hírado Puccs (Budapest: Mai Nap, 1990); also Farkas, 'Ác;llóhác;ború', pp.207-8.
17. 'A paktum', in Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1991, pp.428-9.
18. For details of the role of the Hungarian presidency in the post-communist period see Patrick O'Neil, 'Political Transition and Executive Conflict in Hungary: The Balance or Fragmentation of Power?', in Ray Taras (ed.), The Post-Communist Presidencies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
19. Judith Pataki, 'Power Struggle over Broadcasting in Hungary', RFE/RL Research Report, 12 March 1993, p.17.
20. Ibid.
21. See the interview with Prime Minister Antall, 'No One is Happy with a Distorting Mirror', IPI Report (June/July 1992), pp.3-4.
22. Nick Thorpe, 'TV's Rival Men of Influence', IPI Report (Feb. 1992), p.18.
23. Edith Oltay, 'Hungarian Radio and Television under Fire', RFE/RL Research Report, 24 Sept. 1993, p.41.
24. Bart Gijsbers, 'Politikai televízió es televíziópolitika', in Kurtác;n, Sác;ndor and Vass, Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1993, pp. 175-84.
25. For excerpts from various rulings, statements and letters between those parties involved in this debate see 'Médiavita: a levelezések eve', in Kurtác;n, Sác;ndor and Vass, Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1993, pp.185-205.
26. Pataki, 'Power Struggle over Broadcasting in Hungary', pp.18-19.
27. For the text of Hankiss and Gombác;r's joint statement on their resignations see IPI Report, Feb. 1993, p.6.
28. Robert Bonte-Friedheim, 'Journalists Still Treated as Cannon Fodder', IPI Report, Aug. 1993, pp.16-19.
29. 'Tizenkét hónap krovnikác;ja', in Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1994, p.309.
30. Ibid., p.311.
31. See the report by the Nyilvác;nossác;g Klub, 'Jelentés az MR és az MTV hírmüsorairól, in Kurtác;n, Sác;ndor and Vass, Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1994, p.602.
32. Marton Kozak, 'Backfiring Propaganda: Radio and TV Remain the Citizen's Main Source of Information', Figyelóc;, 31 March 1994, p.19, translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service: East Europe (FBIS), 29 April 1994, p. 11.
33. Marton Kozak, 'Backfiring Propaganda: Radio and TV Remain the Citizen's Main Source of Information', Figyelóc;, 31 March 1994, p.19, translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service: East Europe (FBIS), 29 April 1994, p. 11.
34. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 20 April 1994; FBIS, 21 April 1994, p.14.
35. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 20 April 1994; FBIS, 21 April 1994, p.14.
36. Peter Elam, 'Hoist by its Own Media', Index on Censorship, July-Aug. 1994, p.21.
37. 'Jelentés az MR és MTV hirmüsorairól, pp.596-607.
38. Kozak, 'Backfiring Media', p.11.
39. Lác;szló Bruszt and Jác;nos Simon, 'Az Antall-korszak utác;n, a választác;sok elött', in Kurtán, Sác;ndor and Vass, Magyarorszác;g politikai évkönyve 1994, p.793.
40. 'Impact of Pro-Government "Bias" of Media Viewed', FBIS, 28 June 1994, p.19.
41. See the joint statement of the SZDSZ and FIDESZ as reported by Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 1 March 1994; FBIS, 3 March 1994, p. 13.
42. 'Pro-Government Media Attack Horn's Past', FBIS, 13 May 1994, p.8.
43. Elam, 'Hoist by its Own Media', p.21; see also Ian Traynor, 'Latest Twist in Media War as Radio and TV Heads are Removed', IPI Report, July-Aug. 1994, p.24. The foreigners to whom Palfy refers are presumably Jews; an earlier article by Tibor Franka in the conservative Új Magyarország spoke of a conspiracy to allow Ukrainian Jews to resettle in Hungary: see Istvác;n Nagy Igloi, interview by Lajos Kovác;cs, 'There is a Need for Conservative Newspapers - The Media Director of Új Magyamrszág's New Owner Argues', Népszabadság, 3 Feb. 1995, p.14; FBIS, 6 Feb. 1995, p.15.
44. Elam, 'Hoist by its Own Media', p.21; see also Ian Traynor, 'Latest Twist in Media War as Radio and TV Heads are Removed', IPI Report, July-Aug. 1994, p.24. The foreigners to whom Palfy refers are presumably Jews; an earlier article by Tibor Franka in the conservative Új Magyarország spoke of a conspiracy to allow Ukrainian Jews to resettle in Hungary: see Istvác;n Nagy Igloi, interview by Lajos Kovác;cs, 'There is a Need for Conservative Newspapers - The Media Director of Új Magyamrszág's New Owner Argues', Népszabadság, 3 Feb. 1995, p.14; FBIS, 6 Feb. 1995, p.15.
45. Elam, 'Hoist by its Own Media', p.21; see also Ian Traynor, 'Latest Twist in Media War as Radio and TV Heads are Removed', IPI Report, July-Aug. 1994, p.24. The foreigners to whom Palfy refers are presumably Jews; an earlier article by Tibor Franka in the conservative Új Magyarország spoke of a conspiracy to allow Ukrainian Jews to resettle in Hungary: see Istvác;n Nagy Igloi, interview by Lajos Kovác;cs, 'There is a Need for Conservative Newspapers - The Media Director of Új Magyamrszág's New Owner Argues', Népszabadság, 3 Feb. 1995, p.14; FBIS, 6 Feb. 1995, p.15.
46. Elam, 'Hoist by its Own Media', p.21; see also Ian Traynor, 'Latest Twist in Media War as Radio and TV Heads are Removed', IPI Report, July-Aug. 1994, p.24. The foreigners to whom Palfy refers are presumably Jews; an earlier article by Tibor Franka in the conservative Új Magyarország spoke of a conspiracy to allow Ukrainian Jews to resettle in Hungary: see Istvác;n Nagy Igloi, interview by Lajos Kovác;cs, 'There is a Need for Conservative Newspapers - The Media Director of Új Magyamrszág's New Owner Argues', Népszabadság, 3 Feb. 1995, p.14; FBIS, 6 Feb. 1995, p.15.
47. Elam, 'Hoist by its Own Media', p.21; see also Ian Traynor, 'Latest Twist in Media War as Radio and TV Heads are Removed', IPI Report, July-Aug. 1994, p.24. The foreigners to whom Palfy refers are presumably Jews; an earlier article by Tibor Franka in the conservative Új Magyarország spoke of a conspiracy to allow Ukrainian Jews to resettle in Hungary: see Istvác;n Nagy Igloi, interview by Lajos Kovác;cs, 'There is a Need for Conservative Newspapers - The Media Director of Új Magyamrszág's New Owner Argues', Népszabadság, 3 Feb. 1995, p.14; FBIS, 6 Feb. 1995, p.15.
48. MTI (Budapest), 3 May 1994; FBIS, 3 May 1994, p.4.
49. MTI (Budapest), 3 May 1994; FBIS, 3 May 1994, p.4.
50. Kozak, 'Backfiring Media', pp. 11-12; Elam, 'Hoist by its Own Media', p.21.
51. Kozak, 'Backfiring Media', pp. 11-12; Elam, 'Hoist by its Own Media', p.21.
52. Nagy Igloi, 'There is a Need for Conservative Newspapers', p.13.
53. Rick Bruner, 'Cash-Strapped Print Journalists "Still Seeking Proper Role in Democracy", IPI Report, Oct.-Nov. 1994), p.35.
54. Judith Pataki, 'Controversy over Hungary's New Media Heads', RFE/RL Research Report, 12 Aug. 1994, p.15; Traynor, 'Latest Twist in Media War', pp.24-5.
55. Judith Pataki, 'Controversy over Hungary's New Media Heads', RFE/RL Research Report, 12 Aug. 1994, p.15; Traynor, 'Latest Twist in Media War', pp.24-5.
56. Pataki, 'Controversy over Hungary's New Media Heads', p.16.
57. Ibid., p.17.
58. 'Media Front; All-Around Attack; Saturation Bombing and Laser Operation; Report on Purges Implemented at the Hungarian Television and Hungarian Radio', Új Demokrata, 6 Oct. 1994, pp.21-3; FBIS, 29 Nov. 1994, pp.14-18.
59. 'Media Front; All-Around Attack; Saturation Bombing and Laser Operation; Report on Purges Implemented at the Hungarian Television and Hungarian Radio', Új Demokrata, 6 Oct. 1994, pp.21-3; FBIS, 29 Nov. 1994, pp.14-18.
60. Hírmondó , 17 and 18 May 1995; Rick E. Bruner, 'Journalists, Weary and Apathetic, Losing Fight for Freedom', Hungary Report , 3 July 1995.
61. Hírmondó , 17 and 18 May 1995; Rick E. Bruner, 'Journalists, Weary and Apathetic, Losing Fight for Freedom', Hungary Report , 3 July 1995.
62. Pataki, 'Controversy Over Hungary's New Media Heads', p.16.
63. Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p.88.
64. Magyar Közlöny, 15 Jan. 1996, pp.97-140; see also 'Viharos békeidök', HVG, 6 Jan. 1996, pp.87-9.
65. Magyar Közlöny, 15 Jan. 1996, pp.97-140; see also 'Viharos békeidök', HVG, 6 Jan. 1996, pp.87-9.
66. Hungary Report, 19 Feb. 1996.