After Saddam

Survival

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 22-37

  Tripp, Charles ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040074758     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/survival/44.4.22     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. The external debt of Iraq has been estimated at about $100billion, of which $60bn is owed to non-Gulf creditors. The estimated repayment of its debt, if spread over 20 years, as well as the cost of reparations, is two thirds of Iraq's total oil exports. See Sinan al-Shabibi's testimony before the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 1 August 2002, Middle East Economic Survey (MEES), XLV 35, 2 September 2002, B1-B3.
2. C. Snow, 'The Political Scene', MEES XLV 28, 15 July 2002, C1; J. Harding, R. Wolfe and J. Blitz 'US will rebuild Iraq as democracy, says Rice', Financial Times, 23 September 2002; F. Fitzgerald 'How Hawks Captured the White House', The Guardian 24 September 2002; C. Snow 'The Political Scene', MEES XLV 35, 2 September 2002, C1-C3.
3. C. Snow, 'The Political Scene', MEES XLV 28, 15 July 2002, C1; J. Harding, R. Wolfe and J. Blitz 'US will rebuild Iraq as democracy, says Rice', Financial Times, 23 September 2002; F. Fitzgerald 'How Hawks Captured the White House', The Guardian 24 September 2002; C. Snow 'The Political Scene', MEES XLV 35, 2 September 2002, C1-C3.
4. C. Snow, 'The Political Scene', MEES XLV 28, 15 July 2002, C1; J. Harding, R. Wolfe and J. Blitz 'US will rebuild Iraq as democracy, says Rice', Financial Times, 23 September 2002; F. Fitzgerald 'How Hawks Captured the White House', The Guardian 24 September 2002; C. Snow 'The Political Scene', MEES XLV 35, 2 September 2002, C1-C3.
5. C. Snow, 'The Political Scene', MEES XLV 28, 15 July 2002, C1; J. Harding, R. Wolfe and J. Blitz 'US will rebuild Iraq as democracy, says Rice', Financial Times, 23 September 2002; F. Fitzgerald 'How Hawks Captured the White House', The Guardian 24 September 2002; C. Snow 'The Political Scene', MEES XLV 35, 2 September 2002, C1-C3.
6. S. al-Khalil Republic of Fear (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989) pp. 1-45; A. Baram Building Toward Crisis: Saddam Husayn's Strategy for Survival (Washington DC: WINEP, 1998) pp 1-64; C. Tripp A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 2002) pp. 181-4, 223-8, 264-270.
7. S. al-Khalil Republic of Fear (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989) pp. 1-45; A. Baram Building Toward Crisis: Saddam Husayn's Strategy for Survival (Washington DC: WINEP, 1998) pp 1-64; C. Tripp A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 2002) pp. 181-4, 223-8, 264-270.
8. S. al-Khalil Republic of Fear (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989) pp. 1-45; A. Baram Building Toward Crisis: Saddam Husayn's Strategy for Survival (Washington DC: WINEP, 1998) pp 1-64; C. Tripp A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 2002) pp. 181-4, 223-8, 264-270.
9. Something of this can be witnessed in Kurdistan since 1991. There is an increasingly effective administration, but it is unmistakeably dominated by local networks answerable to their chiefs rather than to 'the people'. It is the former rather than the latter who control the institutions of the Kurdish Regional Government - and the US and its allies have done nothing to discourage this.
10. S. Zubaida, 'The Fragments Imagine the Nation: the case of Iraq', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (IJMES) 34 (2002), pp. 205-215; A. Baram, 'Neo-tribalism in Iraq: Saddam Hussein's tribal policies 1991-96' IJMES 29 (1997) pp. 1-31.
11. S. Zubaida, 'The Fragments Imagine the Nation: the case of Iraq', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (IJMES) 34 (2002), pp. 205-215; A. Baram, 'Neo-tribalism in Iraq: Saddam Hussein's tribal policies 1991-96' IJMES 29 (1997) pp. 1-31.
12. A. Shahid and J. Donnelly, 'Exiles Lay Groundwork for an Iraq Transition', Boston Globe, 22 September 2002
13. Historically, the pattern of military intervention began in Iraq - and elsewhere - when army officers were drawn into the political strategies of contending civilian factions. It did not take long before they became effective political actors themselves, dispensing with their civilian mentors, in the name of military professionalism as well as of more ambitious political goals.
14. A. Alnasrawi, The Economy of Iraq: oil, wars, destruction of development and prospects 1950-2010 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); Edith Penrose and E.F. Penrose, Iraq: international relations and national development (London: E. Benn, 1978)
15. A. Alnasrawi, The Economy of Iraq: oil, wars, destruction of development and prospects 1950-2010 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); Edith Penrose and E.F. Penrose, Iraq: international relations and national development (London: E. Benn, 1978)
16. Ironically, a similar debate about the level of British commitment to the future political order in Iraq characterised British imperial policies at the foundation of the state in the 1920s. The advocates of opposing views in the British administration in Iraq found champions in different institutions of the British state and their leading personalities. This became the terrain of struggle - the argument was finally won by those calling for minimal commitment on grounds of economy, imperial security and minimising risk.
17. Again, reflecting upon British imperial experience, there is little doubt that the uprisings across Iraq, especially in the south, in 1920 which cost the British hundreds of lives and millions of pounds to suppress, had a great influence on the decision to reduce the British presence in Iraq. Public opinion, reflected in Parliament, and taken up by influential members of the government, saw little purpose in the continued military occupation and direct administration of Iraq.
18. D. Silverfarb, Britain's Informal Empire in the Middle East: a case study of Iraq 1929-1941 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); J. Darwin, 'An Undeclared Empire: the British in the Middle East 1918-1939', pp 159-176, in R.D. King and R.W. Kilson (eds) The Statecraft of British Imperialism (London: Frank Cass, 1999).
19. D. Silverfarb, Britain's Informal Empire in the Middle East: a case study of Iraq 1929-1941 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); J. Darwin, 'An Undeclared Empire: the British in the Middle East 1918-1939', pp 159-176, in R.D. King and R.W. Kilson (eds) The Statecraft of British Imperialism (London: Frank Cass, 1999).
20. D. Silverfarb, Britain's Informal Empire in the Middle East: a case study of Iraq 1929-1941 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); J. Darwin, 'An Undeclared Empire: the British in the Middle East 1918-1939', pp 159-176, in R.D. King and R.W. Kilson (eds) The Statecraft of British Imperialism (London: Frank Cass, 1999).
21. D. Silverfarb, Britain's Informal Empire in the Middle East: a case study of Iraq 1929-1941 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); J. Darwin, 'An Undeclared Empire: the British in the Middle East 1918-1939', pp 159-176, in R.D. King and R.W. Kilson (eds) The Statecraft of British Imperialism (London: Frank Cass, 1999).