Licensing journalists in Latin America: An appraisae

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 878-889

  Knudson, Jerry W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040062256     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300408     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Lucy Maynard Salmon, The Newspaper and Authority (NY: Oxford University Press, 1923), 466.
2. The eight countries in 1973 were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Jerry W. Knudson, "Licensing Newsmen: The Bolivian Experience," Gazette 25 (1979): 166-67; Ricardo Trotti, freedom of the press coordinator, IAPA, "The Press and Society: Journalism by Degrees," 1993, 1.
3. The eight countries in 1973 were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Jerry W. Knudson, "Licensing Newsmen: The Bolivian Experience," Gazette 25 (1979): 166-67; Ricardo Trotti, freedom of the press coordinator, IAPA, "The Press and Society: Journalism by Degrees," 1993, 1.
4. Fernando Reyes-Matta, "Journalism in Latin America in the '90s: The Challenges of Modernization," Journal of Communication 43 (summer 1992): 82.
5. For results of the conference, see Philip C. Horton, ed. The Third World and Press Freedom (NY: Praeger, 1978).
6. Susan Holmberg, "The Protection and Licensing of Journalists: A Global Debate," International Communication Bulletin, spring 1987, 27.
7. I. Del Villar, "Río Front Page," Inter-American, September 1945, 13.
8. Rodolfo Audi, interview by author, Buenos Aires, 10 July 1990.
9. Díaz Rangel, interview by author, Caracas, 26 July 1988.
10. IAPA, Updater, January 1987, 6.
11. Dario Suro, deputy chief of mission, Dominican Republic embassy, letter to author, 6 November 1995.
12. Arthur P. Whitaker, The Western Hemisphere Idea: Its Rise and Decline (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1954), 176.
13. John Wade, "Menacing Signs in Venezuela," IPI Report, September/ October 1995, 26-27.
14. Rafael Caldera (speech given to IAPA, midyear meeting, St. Petersburg, FL, 28 March 1995), 18.
15. Carlos Lins da Silva, telephone interview with author, 15 November 1995.
16. IAPA News, April 1988, 10-11, and April 1991, 8.
17. Marcelo de Urioste, counselor, Bolivia embassy, telephone interview with author, 1 November 1995.
18. Atilio Agostino, assistant press attaché, Argentina embassy, telephone interview with author, 28 September 1995.
19. Federico González, Paraguay embassy, telephone interview with author, 18 October 1995.
20. IAPA, Conclusions and Country-by-Country Report, midyear meeting, Committee on Freedom of the Press and Information, San J osé, Costa Rica, 19 March 1996, 18.
21. Mary A. Gardner, "Role of the Colegio de Periodistas in the Journalism of Chile" (paper presented to the annual meeting of AEJMC, East Lansing, MI, 1981), 33.
22. Patricio Powell, secretary for cultural affairs, Chile embassy, letter to author, 13 March 1992.
23. Dr. Guillermo Rothschuih, dean, faculty of sciences of communication, Universidad Centroamericana, Managua, letter to author, 15 November 1995.
24. Quoted in IAP A, 51st General Assembly Caracas, 14-18 October 1995. Report of the Committee on Freedom of the Press and Information, "Nicaragua."
25. IAPA, "Press Freedom in the Americas," 1994 Annual Report, 97.
26. Jaime Barberis, political officer, Ecuador embassy, telephone interview with author, 27 September 1995.
27. José Luis Ponce, Cuban Interests Section, telephone interview with author, 28 September 1995.
28. Lionel Laviolet, press officer, Haiti embassy, telephone interview with author, 27 September 1995.
29. Louis Edward Ingelhart, Press Freedoms (NY: Greenwood Press, 1987), 381-82.
30. IAPA, Committee on Freedom of the Press and Information, midyear meeting, 28 March 1995, 14.
31. Estatutos del Colegio de Periodistas de Chile (Statutes of the Journalists' Colegio of Chile), 1981, 43.
32. Ultima Hora (La Paz, Bolivia), 13 October 1978 and 23 November 1981.
33. Stephen Schmidt, Washington, D.C., telephone interview with author, 29 November 1995.
34. Richard Dyer, interview with author, San José, Costa Rica, 3 January 1994.
35. Quoted in "Costa Rican court sparks debate over free press," Christian Science Monitor, 15 June 1983, p. 5, col. 1.
36. IAPA News, February 1986, 1-2.
37. International Legal Materials, Current Documents, 9:4 (July 1970), 679.
38. Human Rights Law Journal 7 (1986). Decisions and Reports. Text of the decision on 13 November 1985 by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 93.
39. 38. Quoted in Kyu Ho Youm, "Licensing of Journalists under International Law," Gazette 46 (1990): 120. See also Leonard R. Sussman, "The Mandatory Licensing of Journalists: The Decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights," Journal of Media Law and Practice 7 (October 1986).
40. Quoted in Kyu Ho Youm, "Licensing of Journalists under International Law," Gazette 46 (1990): 120. See also Leonard R. Sussman, "The Mandatory Licensing of Journalists: The Decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights," Journal of Media Law and Practice 7 (October 1986).
41. María Eugenia Gonzáles, interview with author, San José, Costa Rica, 10 January 1994.
42. Supreme Court Eliminates Licensing of Journalists, Text of the Unanimous Verdict of the Constitutitonal Chamber of the Supreme Court of Costa Rica, 9 May 1995 (San José, Tico Times, 1995), 5, 18.
43. Jerry W. Knudson, "Journalism Education's Roots in Latin America Are Traced," Journalism Educator 41 (winter 1987): 22.
44. Margaret A. Blanchard, Exporting the first Amendment, The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (NY: Longman, 1986), 362-63.
45. UNESCO, Intergovernmental Conference on Communication Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean, Final Report, part four, San José (Costa Rica), 12-21 July 1976.
46. C. Anthony Giffard, UNESCO and the Media (NY: Longman, 1989), 34.
47. L.R. Sussman, "Information Control," Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 34 (NY: Academy of Political Science, 1982), 184.
48. Leonard R. Sussman, "Who Did in UNESCO?" in Giffard, UNESCO and the Media, xiii.
49. Michael J. Farley, "Conflicts over Government Control of Information - The United States and UNESCO," Tulane Law Review 59 (1985): 1080.
50. Sean MacBride, Many Voices, One World (NY: Unipub, 1980), 237.
51. Karen D. Kraemer, "Freer Expression or Greater Repression? UNESCO and the Licensing of Journalists," COMM/ENT, Hastings Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law 7 (fall 1984): 65-66.
52. David A. Cifrino, "Press Freedom in Latin America and the Emerging International Right to Communicate," Boston College Third World Law Journal 9 (1989): 141.
53. Joaquín González-Casanova, minister for cultural affairs, Mexico embassy, letter to author, 12 March 1992.
54. Benjamín Fernández y Medina, La imprenta y la prensa en Uruguay (Montevideo: Imprenta de Dornaleche y Reyes, 1900), 55-57.
55. Everette Dennis, Reshaping the Media: Mass Communication in an Information Age (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1989), 69.
56. Quoted in Penn Kimball, "Journalism: Art, Craft or Profession?" in The Professions in America, Kenneth S. Lynn (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 245.
57. Abraham Flexner, Universities American English German (NY: Oxford, 1930), 160.
58. J. Edward Gerald, The Social Responsibility of the Press (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963), 173.
59. Lynn, The Professions in America, 246.
60. Jerry W. Knudson, "The Press and the Mexican Revolution of 1910," Journalism Quarterly 46 (winter 1969): 760-66.
61. Jerry W. Knudson, "The Chilean Press during the Allende Years, 1970-73," Council on International Studies of the State University of New York at Buffalo, Special Studies 152 (1986): 90.
62. 60. See, for example, Ricardo Trotti and Bill Williamson, "Should Journalists Be Required to Belong to Colegios and Have University Degrees?" in Communication in Latin America: Journalism, Mass Media, and Society, ed. Richard R. Cole (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1996), 105-112; Jon Vanden Heuvel and Everette E. Dennis, Changing Patterns, Latin America's Vital Media (NY: The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, Columbia University, 1995), 69; and Michael B. Salwen and Bruce Garrison, Latin American Journalism (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 48-50.
63. See, for example, Ricardo Trotti and Bill Williamson, "Should Journalists Be Required to Belong to Colegios and Have University Degrees?" in Communication in Latin America: Journalism, Mass Media, and Society, ed. Richard R. Cole (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1996), 105-112; Jon Vanden Heuvel and Everette E. Dennis, Changing Patterns, Latin America's Vital Media (NY: The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, Columbia University, 1995), 69; and Michael B. Salwen and Bruce Garrison, Latin American Journalism (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 48-50.
64. See, for example, Ricardo Trotti and Bill Williamson, "Should Journalists Be Required to Belong to Colegios and Have University Degrees?" in Communication in Latin America: Journalism, Mass Media, and Society, ed. Richard R. Cole (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1996), 105-112; Jon Vanden Heuvel and Everette E. Dennis, Changing Patterns, Latin America's Vital Media (NY: The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, Columbia University, 1995), 69; and Michael B. Salwen and Bruce Garrison, Latin American Journalism (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 48-50.
65. Knudson, "Licensing Newsmen: The Bolivian Experience," 163.
66. Quoted in Heuvel and Dennis, Changing Patterns, 69.
67. Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the News (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1995), 71.