Community-acquired pneumonia: New pathogens, new resistance patterns

Infections in Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue SUPPL. A, 1996, Pages 7-14

  Segreti, John ^a,b  

^a RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial resistance; Community acquired pneumonia (CAP); Managed health care

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040032567     PISSN: 07496524     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (31)

1. Garibaldi RA: Epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory tract infections in adults: Incidence, etiology, and impact. Am J Med 78(suppl 6B):S32-S37, 1985.
2. Farr BM, Sloman AJ, Fisch MJ: Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 115:428-436, 1991.
3. Bates JH: Microbial etiology of acute pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Chest 101:1005-1012, 1992.
4. Fang GD, Fine M, Orloff J, et al: New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: A prospective, multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine 69:307-316, 1990.
5. Marrie TJ: Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: A 5 year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis 11:586-599, 1989.
6. Woodhead MA, MacFarlane JT, McCracken JS, et al: Prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community. Lancet 1:671-674, 1987.
7. Ortqvist A: Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Factors influencing need of intensive care treatment and prognosis. Scand J Infect Dis 17:377-386, 1985.
8. Torres A: Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Epidemiology and prognostic factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:312-318, 1991.
9. Pachon J: Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Etiology, prognosis and treatment. Am Rev Respir Dis 142:369-373, 1990.
10. Macfarlane JT, Colville A, Guion A, et al: Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community. Lancet 341:511-514, 1993.
11. Kochanek KD, Hudson BL: Advance Report of Final Mortality Statistics, 1992, vol 43, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, March 22, 1995.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Pneumonia and influenzae death rates - United States, 1979-1994. MMWR 44:535-537 (http:// www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/mmwr.html), July 21, 1995.
13. Cassell GH, Drnec J, Waites KB, et al: Efficacy of clarithromycin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 27(suppl A):S47-S59, 1991.
14. American Thoracic Society: Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:1418-1426, 1993.
15. Marrie TJ: Community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 18:501-515, 1995.
16. Donowitz GR, Mandell GL: Acute pneumonia, in Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds): Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, ed. 4. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1995, pp 619-637.
17. Hirschtick RE, Glassroth J, Jordan MC, et al: Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: Pulmonary complications of HIV infection study group. N Engl J Med 333:845-851, 1995.
18. Tomasz A: The pneumococcus at the gates. N Engl J Med 333:514-515, 1995.
19. Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Farley MM, et al: The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 333:481-486, 1995.
20. Spangler SK, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC: Susceptibilities of penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to RP 59500, vancomycin, erythromycin PD 131628, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, win 57273, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:856-859, 1992.
21. Hirschmann JV, Lipsky BA: The pneumococcal vaccine after 15 years of use. Arch Intern Med 154:373-377, 1994.
22. Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R, et al: The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med 325:1453-1460, 1991.
23. Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wuorenma J, et al: The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 331:778-784, 1994.
24. Grayston JT, Kuo CC, Wang SP, et al: A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. N Engl J Med 315:161-168, 1986.
25. Grayston JT, Campbell LA, Kuo C-C, et al: A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. J Infect Dis 161:618-625, 1990.
26. Grayston JT, Diwan VK, Cooney M, et al: Community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia associated with Chlamydia TWAR infection demonstrated serologically. Arch Intern Med 49:169-173, 1989.
27. Hammerschlag MR, Chirgwin K, Roblin PM, et al: Persistent infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae following acute respiratory illness. Clin Infect Dis 14:178-182, 1992.
28. Hyman CL, Augenbraun MH, Roblin PM, et al: Asymptomatic respiratory tract infection with Chlamydia pneumonias TWAR. J Clin Microbiol 29:2082-2083, 1991.
29. Kanamoto Y, Ouchi K, Mizui M, et al: Prevalence of antibody to Chlamydia pneumoniae TWAR in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 9:816-818, 1991.
30. Kleemola M, Saikku P, Visakorpi RM, et al: Epidemics of pneumonia caused by TWAR, a new Chlamydia organism, in military trainees in Finland. J Infect Dis 157:230-236, 1988.
31. Grabenstein JD: Immunofacts: Vaccines & Immunologic Drugs. St. Louis, Facts and Comparisons, 1994.