A Physicist in the Corridors of Power: P. M. S. Blackett's Opposition to Atomic Weapons Following the War

Physics in Perspective

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 136-156

  Nye, Mary Jo ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Atomic energy; Atomic weapons; C. P. Snow; Cold War; Labour Party; Nuclear physics; Nuclear strategy; Operational research; P. M. S. Blackett; Physics; Politics; Royal Navy; Socialism; UK; USA; USSR

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040025970     PISSN: 14226944     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000160050013     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Quoted in P. M. S. Blackett in "The Military Consequences of Atomic Energy" (1949), pp. 3-16 in Studies of War: Nuclear and Conventional (Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1962), on p. 4.
2. C. P. Snow, Corridors of Power, 1st prt. 1964 (London: Penguin, 1966), pp. 41-43.
3. John Halperin, C. P. Snow: An Oral Biography. Together with a Conversation with Lady Snow (Pamela Hansford Johnson) (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), pp. 17-18, 192, 201.
4. Blackett Papers, Royal Society Library (hereafter BP), E.24-E.34.
5. Alice K. Smith, A Peril and a Hope: The Scientist's Movement in America, 1945-1947 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968) and Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962). More recently, Barton J. Bernstein, "Four Physicists and the Bomb: The Early Years, 1945-1950," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 18:2 (1988), 231-263, and Lawrence Badash, Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons: From Fission to the Limited Test Ban Treaty 1939-1963 (New York: Humanities Press, 1995).
6. Alice K. Smith, A Peril and a Hope: The Scientist's Movement in America, 1945-1947 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968) and Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962). More recently, Barton J. Bernstein, "Four Physicists and the Bomb: The Early Years, 1945-1950," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 18:2 (1988), 231-263, and Lawrence Badash, Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons: From Fission to the Limited Test Ban Treaty 1939-1963 (New York: Humanities Press, 1995).
7. Alice K. Smith, A Peril and a Hope: The Scientist's Movement in America, 1945-1947 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968) and Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962). More recently, Barton J. Bernstein, "Four Physicists and the Bomb: The Early Years, 1945-1950," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 18:2 (1988), 231-263, and Lawrence Badash, Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons: From Fission to the Limited Test Ban Treaty 1939-1963 (New York: Humanities Press, 1995).
8. Alice K. Smith, A Peril and a Hope: The Scientist's Movement in America, 1945-1947 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968) and Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962). More recently, Barton J. Bernstein, "Four Physicists and the Bomb: The Early Years, 1945-1950," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 18:2 (1988), 231-263, and Lawrence Badash, Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons: From Fission to the Limited Test Ban Treaty 1939-1963 (New York: Humanities Press, 1995).
9. David Edgerton, "British Scientific Intellectuals and the Relations of Science, Technology and War," pp. 1-35 in Paul Forman and J. M. Sánchez-Ron, eds., National Military Establishments and the Advancement of Science and Technology, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science # 180 (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996), esp. 16, 18, 25; and Greta Jones, "The Mushroom-Shaped Cloud: British Scientists' Opposition to Nuclear Weapons Policy, 1945-1947," Annals of Science, 43 (1986), 1-26, on pp. 5-6.
10. David Edgerton, "British Scientific Intellectuals and the Relations of Science, Technology and War," pp. 1-35 in Paul Forman and J. M. Sánchez-Ron, eds., National Military Establishments and the Advancement of Science and Technology, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science # 180 (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996), esp. 16, 18, 25; and Greta Jones, "The Mushroom-Shaped Cloud: British Scientists' Opposition to Nuclear Weapons Policy, 1945-1947," Annals of Science, 43 (1986), 1-26, on pp. 5-6.
11. David Edgerton, "British Scientific Intellectuals and the Relations of Science, Technology and War," pp. 1-35 in Paul Forman and J. M. Sánchez-Ron, eds., National Military Establishments and the Advancement of Science and Technology, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science # 180 (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996), esp. 16, 18, 25; and Greta Jones, "The Mushroom-Shaped Cloud: British Scientists' Opposition to Nuclear Weapons Policy, 1945-1947," Annals of Science, 43 (1986), 1-26, on pp. 5-6.
12. On Blackett's family, Andrew Brown, "Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, Socialist," Physics World (April 1998), 35-38, on p. 35.
13. [Sir] Bernard Lovell, "Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett, of Chelsea," Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 21 (1975), 1-115, on p. 39; published separately as P. M. S. Blackett: A Biographical Memoir (London: The Royal Society, 1976).
14. [Sir] Bernard Lovell, "Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett, of Chelsea," Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 21 (1975), 1-115, on p. 39; published separately as P. M. S. Blackett: A Biographical Memoir (London: The Royal Society, 1976).
15. P. M. S. Blackett, "The Ejection of Protons from Nitrogen Nuclei, Photographed by the Wilson Method," Proc. R. Soc. London, A107 (1925), 349-360.
16. Interview of Blackett with John L. Heilbron, December 17, 1962, Imperial College, p. 3 (Sources for the History of Quantum Physics, Niels Bohr Library, American Institute of Physics; hereafter SHQH, AIP); and interview of Carl Anderson with Charles Weiner, June 30, 1966, at Caltech, p. 16 (SHQP, AIP). P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Photography of Penetrating Corpuscular Radiation," Nature, 130 (1933), 363; P. M. S. Blackett, J. Chadwick and G. P. S. Occhialini, "New Evidence for the Positive Electron," Nature, 131 (1933), 473; and P. M. S. Blackett, "The Positive Electron," Nature, 132 (1933), 917.
17. Interview of Blackett with John L. Heilbron, December 17, 1962, Imperial College, p. 3 (Sources for the History of Quantum Physics, Niels Bohr Library, American Institute of Physics; hereafter SHQH, AIP); and interview of Carl Anderson with Charles Weiner, June 30, 1966, at Caltech, p. 16 (SHQP, AIP). P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Photography of Penetrating Corpuscular Radiation," Nature, 130 (1933), 363; P. M. S. Blackett, J. Chadwick and G. P. S. Occhialini, "New Evidence for the Positive Electron," Nature, 131 (1933), 473; and P. M. S. Blackett, "The Positive Electron," Nature, 132 (1933), 917.
18. Interview of Blackett with John L. Heilbron, December 17, 1962, Imperial College, p. 3 (Sources for the History of Quantum Physics, Niels Bohr Library, American Institute of Physics; hereafter SHQH, AIP); and interview of Carl Anderson with Charles Weiner, June 30, 1966, at Caltech, p. 16 (SHQP, AIP). P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Photography of Penetrating Corpuscular Radiation," Nature, 130 (1933), 363; P. M. S. Blackett, J. Chadwick and G. P. S. Occhialini, "New Evidence for the Positive Electron," Nature, 131 (1933), 473; and P. M. S. Blackett, "The Positive Electron," Nature, 132 (1933), 917.
19. Materials that Blackett intended for an autobiography, including "Interlude on Politics," 2 pp. (BP, A.10A); and letter from Alex Wood to Blackett, dated February 5, 1935 (BP, A.26).
20. "Pure Science: Discussion with Professor P. M. S. Blackett," in Julian Huxley, Scientific Research and Social Needs (London: Watts, 1934), pp. 203-224, on p. 224.
21. Note from Patrick Blackett to Michael Polanyi, from Penparc, in Wales, August 26, 1939 (Polanyi Papers, Regenstein Library University of Chicago, 4:1).
22. P. M. S. Blackett, "Tizard and the Science of War," Nature, 185, # 4714 (March 5, 1960), 647-653.
23. Carbon copy of letter from Blackett to George P. Thomson, July 28, 1941; and Thomson's reply, July 31, 1941 (BP, J.104). Margaret Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1964) and Margaret Gowing and Lorna Arnold, Independence and Deterrence, 2 vols. (New York: St. Martin's, 1974).
24. Carbon copy of letter from Blackett to George P. Thomson, July 28, 1941; and Thomson's reply, July 31, 1941 (BP, J.104). Margaret Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1964) and Margaret Gowing and Lorna Arnold, Independence and Deterrence, 2 vols. (New York: St. Martin's, 1974).
25. Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy (London: Turnstile Press, 1948) and Fear, War and the Bomb (New York: Whittlesey House, 1949).
26. Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy (London: Turnstile Press, 1948) and Fear, War and the Bomb (New York: Whittlesey House, 1949).
27. Badash, Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons (1995), pp. 68-70.
28. Blackett to Polanyi, November 3, 1941 (BP, J.65).
29. Blackett, "Tizard and the Science of War" (ref. 14).
30. Carbon copy of unsigned paper, August 15, 1941, likely by Tizard, stamped "Most Secret" and beginning "In these notes the effects of bombing on the morale of the civilian population of Germany are noted," 9 pp. (BP, D.61).
31. Blackett, Military and Political Consequences (ref. 16), pp. 9, 14-15.
32. Gowing and Arnold, Independence and Deterrence (ref. 15), Vol. I., p. 115.
33. Letter from Blackett to Nevill Mott, November 14, 1946 (BP, D.175).
34. Blackett, Military and Political Consequences (ref. 16), p. 145.
35. Reiterated in Blackett, "The First Real Chance for Disarmament," 37-page typescript for Harper's magazine, November 1962, on p. 29 (BP, F.72).
36. Blackett, Military and Political Consequences (ref. 16), p. 120. Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (London: Harper-Collins, 1995). On this matter, see John Lewis Gaddis, What We Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 86-88; and Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997), p. 25.
37. Blackett, Military and Political Consequences (ref. 16), p. 120. Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (London: Harper-Collins, 1995). On this matter, see John Lewis Gaddis, What We Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 86-88; and Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997), p. 25.
38. Blackett, Military and Political Consequences (ref. 16), p. 120. Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (London: Harper-Collins, 1995). On this matter, see John Lewis Gaddis, What We Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 86-88; and Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997), p. 25.
39. Blackett, Military and Political Consequences (ref. 16), p. 120. Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (London: Harper-Collins, 1995). On this matter, see John Lewis Gaddis, What We Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 86-88; and Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997), p. 25.
40. "Nobel Prizes: Professor Blackett and Mr. T. S. Eliot," Manchester Guardian, November 5, 1948, p. 5; and Edward Shils, "The Atomic Problem: Professor Blackett's Book," ibid., p. 4.
41. "Nobel Prizes: Professor Blackett and Mr. T. S. Eliot," Manchester Guardian, November 5, 1948, p. 5; and Edward Shils, "The Atomic Problem: Professor Blackett's Book," ibid., p. 4.
42. Letter from H. T. Tizard to Blackett, August 10, 1948 (BP, H.37) and letter from George P. Thomson to Blackett, October 16, 1948 (BP, H.37).
43. Letter from Frederick Osborn, London, to Blackett, November 26, 1948; Frederick Osborne, "The United Nations and Atomic Control," December 15, 1948, 5-page carbon copy typescript; and Blackett's reply, 6-page carbon copy typescript (BP, H.34).
44. Letter from Edward Mead Earle, Institute for Advanced Study, to Blackett, July 1, 1949 (BP, H.36).
45. E. M. Friedwald, "Blackett's Book Dissected," Discovery, 9 (November 1948), p. 352; Lord Cherwell, "Atomic Bombing the Decisive Weapon - and Deterrent," Daily Telegraph and Morning Post, December 9, 1948, p. 4.
46. E. M. Friedwald, "Blackett's Book Dissected," Discovery, 9 (November 1948), p. 352; Lord Cherwell, "Atomic Bombing the Decisive Weapon - and Deterrent," Daily Telegraph and Morning Post, December 9, 1948, p. 4.
47. Waldemar Kaempffert, "The Atom's Power in War and Peace: A Famous British Physicist Champions Russia's Side in the Momentous Debates," The New York Times Book Review, Section 7, New York Times, February 13, 1949, pp. 1, 32.
48. P. M. S. Blackett, "Steps Toward Disarmament," Scientific American, 206, # 4 (April 1962), 45-53, on p. 51.
49. Friedwald, "Blackett's Book Dissected" (ref. 31), 352.
50. Kaempffert, "The Atom's Power" (ref. 32), p. 32.
51. Carbon copy of letter from Blackett to J. Langdon-Davies, n.d. (BP, H.37).
52. See letter from Edward Shils to Blackett, December 17, 1948, and carbon copy of Blackett to Shils, December 23, 1948 (BP, H.41). Edward A. Shils, "Blackett's Apologia for the Soviet Position," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 5 (February 1949), 34-37; followed by Philip Morrison, "Blackett's Analysis of the Issue," pp. 37-40; Brien McMahon, "Comment on Blackett's Book," 40-43; and M. Marinin, "An English Scientist Exposes Atomic Diplomacy" (translation from review in Pravda, November 22, 1948), 43 and 50.
53. See letter from Edward Shils to Blackett, December 17, 1948, and carbon copy of Blackett to Shils, December 23, 1948 (BP, H.41). Edward A. Shils, "Blackett's Apologia for the Soviet Position," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 5 (February 1949), 34-37; followed by Philip Morrison, "Blackett's Analysis of the Issue," pp. 37-40; Brien McMahon, "Comment on Blackett's Book," 40-43; and M. Marinin, "An English Scientist Exposes Atomic Diplomacy" (translation from review in Pravda, November 22, 1948), 43 and 50.
54. See letter from Edward Shils to Blackett, December 17, 1948, and carbon copy of Blackett to Shils, December 23, 1948 (BP, H.41). Edward A. Shils, "Blackett's Apologia for the Soviet Position," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 5 (February 1949), 34-37; followed by Philip Morrison, "Blackett's Analysis of the Issue," pp. 37-40; Brien McMahon, "Comment on Blackett's Book," 40-43; and M. Marinin, "An English Scientist Exposes Atomic Diplomacy" (translation from review in Pravda, November 22, 1948), 43 and 50.
55. See letter from Edward Shils to Blackett, December 17, 1948, and carbon copy of Blackett to Shils, December 23, 1948 (BP, H.41). Edward A. Shils, "Blackett's Apologia for the Soviet Position," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 5 (February 1949), 34-37; followed by Philip Morrison, "Blackett's Analysis of the Issue," pp. 37-40; Brien McMahon, "Comment on Blackett's Book," 40-43; and M. Marinin, "An English Scientist Exposes Atomic Diplomacy" (translation from review in Pravda, November 22, 1948), 43 and 50.
56. Marinin, "An English Scientist" (ref. 37), p. 43.
57. Shils, "Blackett's Apologia" (ref. 37), p. 35; McMahon, "Comment" (ref. 37), p. 43.
58. Shils, "Blackett's Apologia" (ref. 37), p. 35; McMahon, "Comment" (ref. 37), p. 43.
59. Morrison, "Blackett's Analysis" (ref. 37), p. 40.
60. I. I. Rabi, "Playing Down the Bomb: Blackett vs. the Atom," Atlantic Monthly, 183 (August 1949), 21-24, on p. 21.
61. Ibid., pp. 21, 23, 24.
62. Formerly confidential document, dated May 11, 1951, # 100-354-451-5; formerly confidential document, dated November 22, 1952; # 100-354451-6 in Federal Bureau of Investigation File # 100-354451. Thanks to Ronald Doel for copies of the copies.
63. Letter of August 17, 1960, to Blackett from Thomas H. Osgood, attaché at the American Embassy in London (BP, A.36).
64. Jeremy Bernstein, Hitler's Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall (New York: American Institute of Physics, 1996), p. 79.
65. From a 1-page typescript "German Scientists Brought to England after the War" (BP, A.10A).
66. 6-page handwritten and unpublished "Preface," dated 1961 (BP, H.93), intended for Studies of War (ref. 1).
67. P. M. S. Blackett, "British Policy and the H-Bomb" (1954), pp. 27-46 in Studies of War, on p. 27.
68. Blackett, handwritten preface (ref. 47).
69. Three-page typescript, "Note on the Use of the Bomber Force," with Blackett's initials at the top in his hand. Follows unsigned note of February 16, 1942 (BP, D.62).
70. P. M. S. Blackett, "Thoughts on British Defense Policy," reprinted from New Statesman, December 5, 1959, 8 pp., on p. 6 (BP, D.112); republished, pp. 78-100 in Studies of War (ref. 1).
71. P. M. S. Blackett, "Thoughts on British Defense Policy," reprinted from New Statesman, December 5, 1959, 8 pp., on p. 6 (BP, D.112); republished, pp. 78-100 in Studies of War (ref. 1).
72. P. M. S. Blackett, "America's Atomic Dilemma" (1954), pp. 17-26 in Studies of War (ref. 1), on pp. 17-20, and "Nuclear Weapons and Defence: Comments on Kissinger, Kennan, and King-Hall" (1958), pp. 54-72 in Studies of War, on pp. 54-55. See David Rees, The Age of Containment: the Cold War, 1945-1965 (London: St. Martin's, 1967).
73. P. M. S. Blackett, "America's Atomic Dilemma" (1954), pp. 17-26 in Studies of War (ref. 1), on pp. 17-20, and "Nuclear Weapons and Defence: Comments on Kissinger, Kennan, and King-Hall" (1958), pp. 54-72 in Studies of War, on pp. 54-55. See David Rees, The Age of Containment: the Cold War, 1945-1965 (London: St. Martin's, 1967).
74. P. M. S. Blackett, "America's Atomic Dilemma" (1954), pp. 17-26 in Studies of War (ref. 1), on pp. 17-20, and "Nuclear Weapons and Defence: Comments on Kissinger, Kennan, and King-Hall" (1958), pp. 54-72 in Studies of War, on pp. 54-55. See David Rees, The Age of Containment: the Cold War, 1945-1965 (London: St. Martin's, 1967).
75. P. M. S. Blackett, "America's Atomic Dilemma" (1954), pp. 17-26 in Studies of War (ref. 1), on pp. 17-20, and "Nuclear Weapons and Defence: Comments on Kissinger, Kennan, and King-Hall" (1958), pp. 54-72 in Studies of War, on pp. 54-55. See David Rees, The Age of Containment: the Cold War, 1945-1965 (London: St. Martin's, 1967).
76. P. M. S. Blackett, "America's Atomic Dilemma" (1954), pp. 17-26 in Studies of War (ref. 1), on pp. 17-20, and "Nuclear Weapons and Defence: Comments on Kissinger, Kennan, and King-Hall" (1958), pp. 54-72 in Studies of War, on pp. 54-55. See David Rees, The Age of Containment: the Cold War, 1945-1965 (London: St. Martin's, 1967).
77. "Nuclear Weapons and Defense" (ref. 52), p. 62.
78. P. M. S. Blackett, 17-page typescript, "Operational Research and Nuclear Weapons," March 22, 1961 (BP, D.109), which is an earlier version of "Critique of Some Contemporary Defense Thinking" (1961), pp. 128-146 in Studies of War (ref. 1). On operations research, see M. Fortun and S. S. Schweber, "Scientists and the Legacy of World War II: The Case of Operations Research (OR)," Social Studies of Science, 23 (1993), 595-642.
79. P. M. S. Blackett, 17-page typescript, "Operational Research and Nuclear Weapons," March 22, 1961 (BP, D.109), which is an earlier version of "Critique of Some Contemporary Defense Thinking" (1961), pp. 128-146 in Studies of War (ref. 1). On operations research, see M. Fortun and S. S. Schweber, "Scientists and the Legacy of World War II: The Case of Operations Research (OR)," Social Studies of Science, 23 (1993), 595-642.
80. P. M. S. Blackett, 17-page typescript, "Operational Research and Nuclear Weapons," March 22, 1961 (BP, D.109), which is an earlier version of "Critique of Some Contemporary Defense Thinking" (1961), pp. 128-146 in Studies of War (ref. 1). On operations research, see M. Fortun and S. S. Schweber, "Scientists and the Legacy of World War II: The Case of Operations Research (OR)," Social Studies of Science, 23 (1993), 595-642.
81. Blackett, "Critique of Some Contemporary Defence Thinking" (ref. 54), pp. 128-130, 145.
82. Ibid., p. 130.
83. Oskar Morgenstern, The Question of National Defense (New York: Random House, 1959); Herman Kahn, ed., A Report on a Study of Non-Military Defense (Rand Corporation, 1958); Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960). On RAND, David Hounshell, "The Cold War, RAND, and the Generation of Knowledge, 1946-1962," Hist. St. Phys. Bio. Sci., 27:2 (1997), 237-267.
84. Oskar Morgenstern, The Question of National Defense (New York: Random House, 1959); Herman Kahn, ed., A Report on a Study of Non-Military Defense (Rand Corporation, 1958); Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960). On RAND, David Hounshell, "The Cold War, RAND, and the Generation of Knowledge, 1946-1962," Hist. St. Phys. Bio. Sci., 27:2 (1997), 237-267.
85. Oskar Morgenstern, The Question of National Defense (New York: Random House, 1959); Herman Kahn, ed., A Report on a Study of Non-Military Defense (Rand Corporation, 1958); Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960). On RAND, David Hounshell, "The Cold War, RAND, and the Generation of Knowledge, 1946-1962," Hist. St. Phys. Bio. Sci., 27:2 (1997), 237-267.
86. Oskar Morgenstern, The Question of National Defense (New York: Random House, 1959); Herman Kahn, ed., A Report on a Study of Non-Military Defense (Rand Corporation, 1958); Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960). On RAND, David Hounshell, "The Cold War, RAND, and the Generation of Knowledge, 1946-1962," Hist. St. Phys. Bio. Sci., 27:2 (1997), 237-267.
87. Herman Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962).
88. Blackett, "The Real Road to Disarmament" (1962), pp. 147-166 in Studies of War (ref. 1), on pp. 160-166.
89. On Alsop's article, see letter from Captain J. P. Wright, Ministry of Defence, to Blackett, dated November 23, 1961, on first and second-strike doctrine (BP, F.84). P. M. S. Blackett, "Steps Toward Disarmament" (ref. 33), pp. 45, 49-50.
90. Edward Teller with Allen Brown, The Legacy of Hiroshima (London: Macmillan, 1962), p. viii.
91. Unsigned review, clipping with no source, entitled "More Than One Approach to Thermonuclear Chauvinism," dated December 6, 1962 (BP, H.95).
92. Freeman Dyson, review of Blackett's Studies of War and Ralph Lapp's Kill and Overkill: The Strategy of Annihilation (1962), photocopied review without attribution of source (BP, H.95).
93. Sir Nevill Mott, "Nuclear Weapons: Playing It Cool," New Scientist, October 25, 1962, clipping (BP, H.95).
94. Mark S. Watson, "Views on Military Trends," Baltimore Sun, December 23, 1962, clipping (BP, H.95).
95. A. J. P. Taylor, "City of Destruction," New Statesman, October 26, 1962, clipping (BP, H.95).
96. Lewis Strauss, "Lucid Essays on Disarmament, Not Entirely Realistic," Chicago Sunday Tribune Magazine of Books, December 9, 1962, clipping (BP, H.95).
97. Correspondence and Pugwash organizational materials (BP, J.66-J.71). J. Rotblat, Pugwash - The First Ten Years: History of the Conferences of Science and World Affairs (London: Heinemann, 1967).
98. Letter to Blackett from Henry A. Kissinger, Harvard University Center for International Affairs, July 10, 1959 (BP, F.80).
99. Letter to Blackett from Howard K. Smith, Washington Bureau of CBS News, April 3, 1959 (BP, F.82).
100. Quoted from letter from A. V. Hill to A. G. Tansley, June 6, 1941, in William McGucken, Scientists, Society andthe State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947(Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1984), p. 288. Also see Gary Werskey, The Visible College: A Collective Biography of British Scientists of the 1930s (London: Free Association Books, 1988).
101. Quoted from letter from A. V. Hill to A. G. Tansley, June 6, 1941, in William McGucken, Scientists, Society andthe State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947(Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1984), p. 288. Also see Gary Werskey, The Visible College: A Collective Biography of British Scientists of the 1930s (London: Free Association Books, 1988).
102. Harold Wilson, "The Blackett Memorial Lecture," Imperial College, December 3, 1975, 8 pages (BP, A.6).
103. Early examples include Louis Morton, "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb," Foreign Affairs, 35 (January 1957), 334-353; and William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Dell, 1972), 1st ed. 1959, on p. 253.
104. Early examples include Louis Morton, "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb," Foreign Affairs, 35 (January 1957), 334-353; and William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Dell, 1972), 1st ed. 1959, on p. 253.
105. Carbon copy of letter from Blackett to James Chadwick, July 30, 1953 (BP, A.24).
106. [Unsigned], "Lord Blackett: Radical Nobel-Prize Winning Physicist," The Times, July 15, 1974, clipping (BP, A.1).
107. Quoted in Halperin, C. P. Snow (ref. 3), p. 204.
108. Snow, Corridors of Power (ref. 2), p. 229.
109. Robert R. Neild, "Economic and Defence Policy in India," 7-page typescript, with note to Blackett dated January 29, 1962 (BP, F.81).