The 1995 elections to the Russian State Duma

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 107-114

  White, Stephen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040017960     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523279708415334     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Izvestiya, 13 July 1992, p.3.
2. Ye.K. Ligachev, Zagadka Gorbacheva (Novosibirsk: Interbuk, 1992), p.75. For a full discussion of the 1989 elections see Stephen White, 'The Soviet Elections of 1989: From Acclamation to Limited Choice', Coexistence, Vol.28, No.4 (1991), pp.513-39.
3. Ye.K. Ligachev, Zagadka Gorbacheva (Novosibirsk: Interbuk, 1992), p.75. For a full discussion of the 1989 elections see Stephen White, 'The Soviet Elections of 1989: From Acclamation to Limited Choice', Coexistence, Vol.28, No.4 (1991), pp.513-39.
4. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
5. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
6. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
7. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
8. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
9. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
10. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
11. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
12. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
13. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
14. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
15. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
16. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
17. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
18. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
19. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
20. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
21. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
22. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
23. The first substantial challenge was by the veteran dissident, Kronid Lybarsky, in Novoe vremya, 1994, No.7, pp.8-12, and No.9, pp.10-13; a further contribution appeared in ibid., 1995, No.15, pp.6-12, which claimed a serious degree of falsification in all but 10-12 of the 88 subjects of the Federation in which voting had taken place. Lyubarsky was interviewed about his first article in Ogonek, 1994, No.6-7, pp.6-7; there was another response in Moskovskaya pravda, 22 Feb. 1994, pp.1 and 7, which referred to his original article as a 'journalistic bomb' (p.1). The debate continued in (among others) Vek, 1994, No.18, p.3; Segodnya, 10 March 1994, p.10, and 25 March 1994, p.9; Izvestiya, 4 May 1994, p.4; Obshchaya gazeta, 1994, No.19, p.8; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 May 1994, p.2; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 June 1994, pp.1 and 5, 19 July 1994, p.2, 21 July 1994, p.5, and 2 Aug. 1994, p.8; Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 11 May 1994, p.5; Moskovskie novosti, 1994, No.29, p.6, and 1995, No.36, p.7; and in a full-length book, A.A. Sobyanin and V.G. Sukhovol'sky, Demokratiya, ogranichennaya fal'sifikatsiyami. Vybory i referendumy v Rossii v 1991-1993 gg. (Moscow: Proektnaya gruppa po pravam cheloveka, 1995). The Central Electoral Commission repudiated any charges of falsification in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 July 1994, p.1.
24. See for instance Konstitutsionnyi vestnik, 1994, No.17, which estimated a figure of between 38 and 42 per cent (p.32). For a full account of the 1993 referendum and elections, see Stephen White, Richard Rose and Ian McAllister, How Russia Votes (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1997), Chs. 5 and 6.
25. See for instance Konstitutsionnyi vestnik, 1994, No.17, which estimated a figure of between 38 and 42 per cent (p.32). For a full account of the 1993 referendum and elections, see Stephen White, Richard Rose and Ian McAllister, How Russia Votes (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1997), Chs. 5 and 6.
26. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 31 March 1994, p.4.
27. Ibid., 12 April 1995, p.2.
28. Rossiiskie vesti, 1 April 1995, p.2.
29. Moskovskie novosti, 1995, No.19, p.8.
30. Novoe vremya, 1995, No.18, pp.8-9.
31. Segodnya, 2 June 1995, p.2.
32. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 12 April 1995, p.2.
33. The passage of the new electoral law is considered in more detail in White, Rose and McAllister, How Russia Votes, pp.189-96.
34. Rossiiskie vesti, 14 April 1995, p.1.
35. Segodnya, 16 May 1995, p.2.
36. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, p.5; for the text see Rossiiskaya gazeta, 28 June 1995, pp.3-7, and O vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy Federal 'nogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1995).
37. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, p.5; for the text see Rossiiskaya gazeta, 28 June 1995, pp.3-7, and O vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy Federal 'nogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1995).
38. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, p.5; for the text see Rossiiskaya gazeta, 28 June 1995, pp.3-7, and O vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy Federal 'nogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1995).
39. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 14 June 1995, p.1.
40. See European Parliament, Delegation for Relations with Russia, Report on the Observation of the Legislative Elections in Russia of 17 December 1995 (Brussels: European Parliament, 1996, PE 216.096), and OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, Report on the Elections to the State Duma in the Russian Federation 17 December 1995 (Copenhagen: OSCE International Secretariat, 1996).
41. See European Parliament, Delegation for Relations with Russia, Report on the Observation of the Legislative Elections in Russia of 17 December 1995 (Brussels: European Parliament, 1996, PE 216.096), and OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, Report on the Elections to the State Duma in the Russian Federation 17 December 1995 (Copenhagen: OSCE International Secretariat, 1996).
42. A full set of constituency-level results was published in A.G. Beloborodov et al., Vybory deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy 1995. Elektoral'naya statistika (Moscow: Ves' mir, 1996).