Securing the peace of Jerusalem: On the politics of unifying and dividing

Review of International Studies

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 117-142

  Albin, Cecilia ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040007813     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210597001174     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. The Oslo Declaration of Principles, based on the secret Israel-PLO talks in Norway, established a staged approach and a timetable for reaching a permanent settlement. First, the interim negotiations would result in Israeli military withdrawal from Jericho and the Gaza Strip, the transfer of power to a nominated Palestinian National Authority, and the beginning of a five-year transitional period of Palestinian self-government under this Authority. Secondly, the Palestinians would elect a Council and achieve early 'empowerment' (self-government) in five spheres in the rest of the West Bank. Thirdly, the permanent status negotiations - to cover Jerusalem, Jewish settlements, refugees, security arrangements and borders, among other issues - would commence by the start of the third year of the interim period, and the resulting final settlement would take effect at the end of the interim phase. The negotiations leading to the signing of the Gaza-Jericho Agreement in May 1994 achieved the first objective. The signing of the Israel-Palestinian Interim Agreement (also termed Oslo II and the Taba Agreement) in September 1995 set the stage for a partial implementation of the second goal: Palestinians gained full control over six main West Bank towns and administrative responsibility for almost the entire Palestinian West Bank population. A Palestinian Council was elected in January 1996.
2. Interview with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Israel Radio, 9 June 1994. Rabin made similar remarks on Israeli TV (Channel 2) on 1 August 1994. A resolution of the Israeli Cabinet Secretariat of 28 May 1995 affirmed its intention to 'act to strengthen the status of united Jerusalem as the exclusive capital of Israel' and to 'fight any attempt to impair this status'.
3. Press briefing by Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Yossi Beilin, on the establishment of diplomatic relations between Israel and the Holy See, Jerusalem, 15 June 1994. See also 'Israelis Push Holy Formula for Jerusalem', The Times, 15 July 1994; and ' Treaty of Peace between The State of Israel and The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 26 October 1994' (Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem, 1994).
4. Press briefing by Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Yossi Beilin, on the establishment of diplomatic relations between Israel and the Holy See, Jerusalem, 15 June 1994. See also 'Israelis Push Holy Formula for Jerusalem', The Times, 15 July 1994; and ' Treaty of Peace between The State of Israel and The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 26 October 1994' (Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem, 1994).
5. Remarks by Foreign Minister Shimon Peres before the Knesset, 9 Sept. 1993.
6. The limited literature on Israeli policies in Jerusalem includes U. Benziman, Jerusalem: A City without Walls (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1974), and 'Israeli Policy in Jerusalem after Reunification', in J. Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1980); M. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Minneapolis, 1976); I. Kimhi and B. Hyman, 'Demographic and Economic Developments in Jerusalem since 1967', in Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems; and M. Amirav, 'Administrative Aspects of the Reunification of Jerusalem' (MA thesis, New York University, 1973). One authoritative work concludes that 'Jerusalem has no cage that can keep it secure as Israel's united capital . . . As Israelis and Palestinians move toward peace, Jerusalem is being prepared as a battlefield for war'. R. Friedland and R. Hecht, To Rule Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 467, 489.
7. The limited literature on Israeli policies in Jerusalem includes U. Benziman, Jerusalem: A City without Walls (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1974), and 'Israeli Policy in Jerusalem after Reunification', in J. Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1980); M. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Minneapolis, 1976); I. Kimhi and B. Hyman, 'Demographic and Economic Developments in Jerusalem since 1967', in Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems; and M. Amirav, 'Administrative Aspects of the Reunification of Jerusalem' (MA thesis, New York University, 1973). One authoritative work concludes that 'Jerusalem has no cage that can keep it secure as Israel's united capital . . . As Israelis and Palestinians move toward peace, Jerusalem is being prepared as a battlefield for war'. R. Friedland and R. Hecht, To Rule Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 467, 489.
8. The limited literature on Israeli policies in Jerusalem includes U. Benziman, Jerusalem: A City without Walls (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1974), and 'Israeli Policy in Jerusalem after Reunification', in J. Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1980); M. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Minneapolis, 1976); I. Kimhi and B. Hyman, 'Demographic and Economic Developments in Jerusalem since 1967', in Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems; and M. Amirav, 'Administrative Aspects of the Reunification of Jerusalem' (MA thesis, New York University, 1973). One authoritative work concludes that 'Jerusalem has no cage that can keep it secure as Israel's united capital . . . As Israelis and Palestinians move toward peace, Jerusalem is being prepared as a battlefield for war'. R. Friedland and R. Hecht, To Rule Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 467, 489.
9. The limited literature on Israeli policies in Jerusalem includes U. Benziman, Jerusalem: A City without Walls (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1974), and 'Israeli Policy in Jerusalem after Reunification', in J. Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1980); M. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Minneapolis, 1976); I. Kimhi and B. Hyman, 'Demographic and Economic Developments in Jerusalem since 1967', in Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems; and M. Amirav, 'Administrative Aspects of the Reunification of Jerusalem' (MA thesis, New York University, 1973). One authoritative work concludes that 'Jerusalem has no cage that can keep it secure as Israel's united capital . . . As Israelis and Palestinians move toward peace, Jerusalem is being prepared as a battlefield for war'. R. Friedland and R. Hecht, To Rule Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 467, 489.
10. The limited literature on Israeli policies in Jerusalem includes U. Benziman, Jerusalem: A City without Walls (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1974), and 'Israeli Policy in Jerusalem after Reunification', in J. Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1980); M. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Minneapolis, 1976); I. Kimhi and B. Hyman, 'Demographic and Economic Developments in Jerusalem since 1967', in Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems; and M. Amirav, 'Administrative Aspects of the Reunification of Jerusalem' (MA thesis, New York University, 1973). One authoritative work concludes that 'Jerusalem has no cage that can keep it secure as Israel's united capital . . . As Israelis and Palestinians move toward peace, Jerusalem is being prepared as a battlefield for war'. R. Friedland and R. Hecht, To Rule Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 467, 489.
11. The limited literature on Israeli policies in Jerusalem includes U. Benziman, Jerusalem: A City without Walls (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1974), and 'Israeli Policy in Jerusalem after Reunification', in J. Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1980); M. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Minneapolis, 1976); I. Kimhi and B. Hyman, 'Demographic and Economic Developments in Jerusalem since 1967', in Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems; and M. Amirav, 'Administrative Aspects of the Reunification of Jerusalem' (MA thesis, New York University, 1973). One authoritative work concludes that 'Jerusalem has no cage that can keep it secure as Israel's united capital . . . As Israelis and Palestinians move toward peace, Jerusalem is being prepared as a battlefield for war'. R. Friedland and R. Hecht, To Rule Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 467, 489.
12. J. Quigley, 'Jerusalem in International Law' (paper presented at a conference on 'The Current Status of Jerusalem and the Future of the Peace Process', organized by the International Campaign for Jerusalem, London, 15-16 June 1995), provides a succinct analysis of the legal validity of various claims to sovereignty in Jerusalem. Among the works on an international legal solution to the Jerusalem issue is Henry Cattan, Jerusalem (New York, 1981).
13. J. Quigley, 'Jerusalem in International Law' (paper presented at a conference on 'The Current Status of Jerusalem and the Future of the Peace Process', organized by the International Campaign for Jerusalem, London, 15-16 June 1995), provides a succinct analysis of the legal validity of various claims to sovereignty in Jerusalem. Among the works on an international legal solution to the Jerusalem issue is Henry Cattan, Jerusalem (New York, 1981).
14. Detailed accounts of the history of Jerusalem can be found in K. J. Asali (ed.), Jerusalem in History (London, 1989); F. E. Peters, Jerusalem (Princeton, 1985); K. Armstrong, A History of Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (London, 1996); and M. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the 20th Century (London, 1996).
15. Detailed accounts of the history of Jerusalem can be found in K. J. Asali (ed.), Jerusalem in History (London, 1989); F. E. Peters, Jerusalem (Princeton, 1985); K. Armstrong, A History of Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (London, 1996); and M. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the 20th Century (London, 1996).
16. Detailed accounts of the history of Jerusalem can be found in K. J. Asali (ed.), Jerusalem in History (London, 1989); F. E. Peters, Jerusalem (Princeton, 1985); K. Armstrong, A History of Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (London, 1996); and M. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the 20th Century (London, 1996).
17. Detailed accounts of the history of Jerusalem can be found in K. J. Asali (ed.), Jerusalem in History (London, 1989); F. E. Peters, Jerusalem (Princeton, 1985); K. Armstrong, A History of Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (London, 1996); and M. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the 20th Century (London, 1996).
18. U. O. Schmelz, Modern Jerusalem's Demographic Evolution (Jerusalem, 1987).
19. See further Quigley, 'Jerusalem in International Law'.
20. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: Torn City.
21. I. Kimhi, S. Reichman and J. Schweid, Arab Settlement in the Metropolitan Area of Jerusalem (Jerusalem, 1986).
22. 'Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip - September 28, 1995' (Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem, Nov. 1995).
23. M. Romann and A. Weingrod, Living Together Separately: Arabs and Jews in Contemporary Jerusalem (Princeton, 1991).
24. T. Kollek, 'Jews Cannot Be Exclusive Masters', interview with Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Kollek, The Jerusalem Report, 25 Oct. 1990.
25. A. L. Tibawi, Jerusalem: Its Place in Islam and Arab History (Beirut, 1969); Sheik Jamal (high-ranking Muslim leader), interview by author, Haram al-Sharif, Jerusalem, 10 Nov. 1990; A. H. Es-Saaih, 'Significance of Jerusalem in Islam' (paper presented at International Islamic Symposium, Amman, June 1979); Sheik Abdel Hamid Es-Saaih (spokesman for Palestine National Council, Amman), interview by author, Amman, 2 Jan. 1991.
26. A. L. Tibawi, Jerusalem: Its Place in Islam and Arab History (Beirut, 1969); Sheik Jamal (high-ranking Muslim leader), interview by author, Haram al-Sharif, Jerusalem, 10 Nov. 1990; A. H. Es-Saaih, 'Significance of Jerusalem in Islam' (paper presented at International Islamic Symposium, Amman, June 1979); Sheik Abdel Hamid Es-Saaih (spokesman for Palestine National Council, Amman), interview by author, Amman, 2 Jan. 1991.
27. W. Khalidi, 'Thinking the Unthinkable: A Sovereign Palestinian State', Foreign Affairs, 56 (1978).
28. The Algiers Declaration of Palestinian Independence, clarified in a joint PLO-US statement in Stockholm, is reprinted in Journal of Palestine Studies, 18:2 (1989).
29. A high priority for King Hussein is certainly to keep the peace treaty with Israel intact. However, the fragile support in Jordan for the normalization of relations with Israel, even among otherwise strong supporters of the Hashemite regime, means that the King must seek to do so without legitimizing Israeli control over East Jerusalem. See L. Andoni, 'Hussein's Toughest Dilemma', Middle East International, 26 May 1995, pp. 7-8.
30. M. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: Problems and Options (Jerusalem, 1985); Dr A. S. Khalidi (senior adviser on security issues to the Israel-PLO interim negotiations in Cairo and Taba), interview by author, London, 8 Feb. 1996; Ziyad Abu Zayad (editor, Gersher Palestinian), interview by author, Jerusalem, 7 Nov. 1990.
31. M. Benvenisti, Jerusalem: Problems and Options (Jerusalem, 1985); Dr A. S. Khalidi (senior adviser on security issues to the Israel-PLO interim negotiations in Cairo and Taba), interview by author, London, 8 Feb. 1996; Ziyad Abu Zayad (editor, Gersher Palestinian), interview by author, Jerusalem, 7 Nov. 1990.
32. What Israelis consider indivisible and non-negotiable are sovereign functions affecting Jerusalem's political status, the security of Israeli residents, and their freedom of movement and access in the city. As reflected in former mayor Teddy Kollek's vision for Jerusalem, discussed below, many Israelis support autonomy for East Jerusalemites in some areas which even Palestinians regard as practical or functional elements of sovereignty.
33. Kollek, 'Jews Cannot Be Exclusive Masters'.
34. Amir Chessin (adviser on Arab affairs to Mayor Kollek), interview by author, Jerusalem, 30 October 1990; Dr Gabriel Padon (foreign affairs liaison for the Israeli Government to the Jerusalem Municipality), interview by author, Jerusalem, 31 Oct. 1990.
35. Dr Nabil Shaath (Chairman of Political Committee of the Palestine National Council and adviser on international relations to PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat), interview by author, Ben Lomond, CA, 18 July 1991; A. Abu Odeh, 'Two Capitals in an Undivided Jerusalem', Foreign Affairs, 71:2 (1992), pp. 183-8; Adnan Abu Odeh (Political Affairs Adviser to HM King Hussein of Jordan), interview by author, Amman, 24 Dec. 1990; E. Said, The Current Status of Jerusalem and the Future of the Peace Process. Keynote Address' (paper presented at a conference on 'The Current Status of Jerusalem and the Future of the Peace Process', organized by the International Campaign for Jerusalem, London, 15-16 June 1995).
36. Dr Nabil Shaath (Chairman of Political Committee of the Palestine National Council and adviser on international relations to PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat), interview by author, Ben Lomond, CA, 18 July 1991; A. Abu Odeh, 'Two Capitals in an Undivided Jerusalem', Foreign Affairs, 71:2 (1992), pp. 183-8; Adnan Abu Odeh (Political Affairs Adviser to HM King Hussein of Jordan), interview by author, Amman, 24 Dec. 1990; E. Said, The Current Status of Jerusalem and the Future of the Peace Process. Keynote Address' (paper presented at a conference on 'The Current Status of Jerusalem and the Future of the Peace Process', organized by the International Campaign for Jerusalem, London, 15-16 June 1995).
37. M. Klein, Arab Positions on Jerusalem (Jerusalem, 1990); Hanna Siniora (editor-in-chief, Al-Fajr), personal communication, Palo Alto, CA, 28-9 April 1992; C. Albin, The Conflict Over Jerusalem: Some Palestinian Responses to Concepts of Dispute Resolution (Jerusalem, 1990).
38. M. Klein, Arab Positions on Jerusalem (Jerusalem, 1990); Hanna Siniora (editor-in-chief, Al-Fajr), personal communication, Palo Alto, CA, 28-9 April 1992; C. Albin, The Conflict Over Jerusalem: Some Palestinian Responses to Concepts of Dispute Resolution (Jerusalem, 1990).
39. M. Klein, Arab Positions on Jerusalem (Jerusalem, 1990); Hanna Siniora (editor-in-chief, Al-Fajr), personal communication, Palo Alto, CA, 28-9 April 1992; C. Albin, The Conflict Over Jerusalem: Some Palestinian Responses to Concepts of Dispute Resolution (Jerusalem, 1990).
40. F. Husseini, 'The Implications for the Future of the Peace Process: A View from Jerusalem' (speech at a conference on 'The Current Status of Jerusalem and the Future of the Peace Process', organized by the International Campaign for Jerusalem, London, 15-16 June 1995).
41. Dr Lotte Salzberger (Chairman of Board of Directors, Jerusalem Association for Neighbourhood Self-Management, and former Deputy Mayor for Education and Public Health), interview by author, Jerusalem, 5 November 1990; S. Nusseibeh, 'Whose Jerusalem?', interview with Dr Sari Nusseibeh, New Outlook, Jan./Feb. 1990, pp. 19-21.
42. Ibrahim Dakkak (Director of the Arab Thought Forum, East Jerusalem), interview by author, Jerusalem, 31 October 1990.
43. In a poll of the Palestinian community in Jerusalem in 1987-9, about 50 per cent of the Palestinian educated or professional 'élite' and 25 per cent of the 'public at large' expressed preference for an open-city solution. About 11 per cent of the Palestinian élite and 50 per cent of the public supported a 'redivision' of the city into East and West Jerusalem, without specifying whether this political redivision would include physical division. A. Ashkenasi, 'Palestinian Views about Jerusalem', (Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Policy Studies, No. 30, 1989), and ' Opinion trends among Jerusalem Palestinians' (Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Policy Studies, No. 36, 1990).
44. In a poll of the Palestinian community in Jerusalem in 1987-9, about 50 per cent of the Palestinian educated or professional 'élite' and 25 per cent of the 'public at large' expressed preference for an open-city solution. About 11 per cent of the Palestinian élite and 50 per cent of the public supported a 'redivision' of the city into East and West Jerusalem, without specifying whether this political redivision would include physical division. A. Ashkenasi, 'Palestinian Views about Jerusalem', (Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Policy Studies, No. 30, 1989), and ' Opinion trends among Jerusalem Palestinians' (Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Policy Studies, No. 36, 1990).
45. M. Brecher, 'Jerusalem: Israel's Political Decisions, 1947-1977', Middle East Journal, 32 (1978), pp. 13-34.
46. O. Ahimeir (ed.), Jerusalem - Aspects of Law, 2nd rev. edn (Jerusalem, 1983).
47. Quigley, 'Jerusalem in International Law'.
48. Ahimeir (ed.), Jerusalem - Aspects of Law, p. 50.
49. Benziman, 'Israeli Policy in East Jerusalem'.
50. I. Lustick, 'Reinventing Jerusalem', Foreign Policy, Winter 1994.
51. I am grateful to Moshe Amirav for sharing ideas in these areas.
52. The Economist, 6 May 1995, p. 71; Challenge (Israel), 27 (Sept-Oct. 1994), pp. 26-7. The Jewish settlement plan in Har Homa was the first new and large one to be approved since the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993.
53. The Economist, 6 May 1995, p. 71; Challenge (Israel), 27 (Sept-Oct. 1994), pp. 26-7. The Jewish settlement plan in Har Homa was the first new and large one to be approved since the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993.
54. S. Yerushalmi, 'The Battle for Jerusalem', Ma'ariv (Israel), 19 May 1995, tr. in Middle East International, 502 (9 June 1995), p. 21; Middle East International, 6 Sept. 1996, p. 17.
55. S. Yerushalmi, 'The Battle for Jerusalem', Ma'ariv (Israel), 19 May 1995, tr. in Middle East International, 502 (9 June 1995), p. 21; Middle East International, 6 Sept. 1996, p. 17.
56. S. Yerushalmi, 'The Battle for Jerusalem', Ma'ariv (Israel), 19 May 1995, tr. in Middle East International, 502 (9 June 1995), p. 21; Middle East International, 6 Sept. 1996, p. 17.
57. M. Dumper, 'Israeli Settlement in the Old City of Jerusalem', Journal of Palestine Studies, 21:4 (1992), pp. 32-53, analyzes this form of settlement within the Old City.
58. Kollek, 'Jews Cannot Be Exclusive Masters'.
59. Jan de Jong suggests that this area would extend to Jericho in the east, to Hebron in the south, almost halfway to Tel Aviv in the west and beyond Ramallah in the north. Jan de Jong, 'The Secret Map of Jerusalem' (paper delivered at a conference on 'The Current Status of Jerusalem and the Future of the Peace Process', organized by the International Campaign for Jerusalem, London, 15-16 June 1995).
60. This distinction became prominent in the US-Israel dispute in the early 1990s over the settlement of Soviet Jewish immigrants in East Jerusalem. US Secretary of State James Baker in the spring of 1992 linked an offer of $10 billion in American loan guarantees (in addition to the $3 billion in annual US aid to Israel) to a complete freeze on all new settlement activity by the Israeli Government in the occupied territories, including East Jerusalem. Any money spent on completing settlements already under construction would lead to a reduction in the loan guarantees by the same amount. Despite Israel's dependence on this aid to absorb Soviet immigration, Prime Minister Shamir refused to yield to the conditions. In June 1992, however, the new Rabin government hurried to announce a freeze on new 'political' settlements. President Bush then agreed to grant the loan guarantees, although Rabin pledged to continue Jewish 'security' settlements in and around Jerusalem, in the Golan Heights, and in the Jordan Valley (International Herald Tribune, 14 and 20-23 July 1992).
61. Schmelz, Modern Jerusalem's Demographic Evolution.
62. Moshe Amirav (at the time CRM-Shinui representative on the Jerusalem Municipal Council and Secretary-General of the Shinui Party), personal communication, Palo Alto, CA, 27-28 April 1992.
63. M. Amirav, 'This Policy is a Bear Hug which could Kill', Jerusalem Post, 21 Jan. 1992.
64. In the early 1990s the number of Jewish settlers in the West Bank, excluding East Jerusalem, was estimated to be 85,000; in the Golan Heights, 12,000; and in the Gaza Strip, 5,000. Foundation for Middle East Peace, Report on Israeli Settlement in the Occupied Territories (Washington, DC, 1991/2), p. 1.
65. Having shrunk steadily in the post-1946 period to the point of near-extinction by 1967, the city's Christian community increased only slightly to constitute 2.6 per cent of the total population in 1994.
66. M. Choshen and S. Greenbaum (eds.), Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem, No. 9, 1990 (Jerusalem, 1992).
67. Statistics from Israel Information Centre and Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel Today (Jerusalem, 1995). See also Choshen and Greenbaum (eds.), Statistical Yearbook 1990. The overall population of Jerusalem more than doubled in the period 1967-94, to about 567,200 inhabitants in 1994.
68. Statistics from Israel Information Centre and Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel Today (Jerusalem, 1995). See also Choshen and Greenbaum (eds.), Statistical Yearbook 1990. The overall population of Jerusalem more than doubled in the period 1967-94, to about 567,200 inhabitants in 1994.
69. Kimhi, Reichman and Schweid, Arab Settlement.
70. I. Kimhi, '"Must I Forget Thee, O Jerusalem?" More Young, Non-Religious, and Better Educated Israelis Are Leaving the City', Israel Studies, Spring 1988, pp. 3-7.
71. M. Choshen and S. Greenbaum (eds.), Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem, No. 8. 1989 (Jerusalem, 1991), pp. 108-9.
72. B. Hyman, I. Kimhi and J. Savitzky, Jerusalem in Transition: Urban Growth and Change, 1970s-1980s (Jerusalem, 1985).
73. T. Kollek, 'Sharing United Jerusalem', Foreign Affairs, Winter 1988/9, pp. 156-68; T. Kollek, 'Jerusalem - Today and Tomorrow', in Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems and Prospects, p. 15.
74. T. Kollek, 'Sharing United Jerusalem', Foreign Affairs, Winter 1988/9, pp. 156-68; T. Kollek, 'Jerusalem - Today and Tomorrow', in Kramer (ed.), Jerusalem: Problems and Prospects, p. 15.
75. Municipal powers would usually be divided between elected borough councils and the city council of a 'roof' municipality for Greater Jerusalem with proportional representation. Arabs would exercise broad autonomy in social, cultural and educational affairs in those boroughs in which they formed a majority (see, e.g., S. Cohen, Jerusalem, Bridging the Four Walls: A Geopolitical Perspective (New York, 1977). In 1976 the Israeli Mapam Party leader Yaakov Hazan proposed a plan whereby greater Jerusalem would be divided into boroughs and the Old City become a 'City of Peace' run by a committee representing the three faiths.
76. A. Chessin, interview; Emanuel Sisman (Labour Party Member of Knesset and Chairman of One Jerusalem party), interview by author, Jerusalem, 9 Jan. 1991.
77. G. Padon, interview.
78. Teddy Kollek has recognized this himself. See interview with Teddy Kollek in Ma'ariv (Israel), 10 Oct. 1990.
79. Ashkenasi, 'Palestinian Views', and 'Opinion Trends'.
80. Press briefing by Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Yossi Beilin, on the establishment of diplomatic relations between Israel and the Holy See, Jerusalem, 15 June 1994.
81. Abraham Rabinovich (feature writer, Jerusalem Post), interview by author, Jerusalem, 9 Nov. 1990.
82. Z. Schiff and E. Ya'ari, Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising - Israel's Third Front (New York, 1990).
83. See, e.g., I. Zilberman, 'The Palestinian Uprising (Intifada) in Jerusalem' (Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Oct. 1988); Schiff and Ya'ari, Intifada; and G. Aronson, Israel, Palestinians and the Intifada: Creating Facts on the West Bank (London, 1990).
84. See, e.g., I. Zilberman, 'The Palestinian Uprising (Intifada) in Jerusalem' (Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Oct. 1988); Schiff and Ya'ari, Intifada; and G. Aronson, Israel, Palestinians and the Intifada: Creating Facts on the West Bank (London, 1990).
85. See, e.g., I. Zilberman, 'The Palestinian Uprising (Intifada) in Jerusalem' (Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Oct. 1988); Schiff and Ya'ari, Intifada; and G. Aronson, Israel, Palestinians and the Intifada: Creating Facts on the West Bank (London, 1990).
86. M. Amirav, personal communication.
87. Nusseibeh, 'Whose Jerusalem?'
88. M. Benvenisti, 'A Torn City', in M. Benvenisti, The Shepherds' War Collected Essays (1981-1989) (Jerusalem, 1989), p. 35.
89. In a poll of Israeli Jews conducted in 1991, about 87% felt that Israel must keep all of East Jerusalem and 10% that Israel could withdraw from at least part of East Jerusalem in the context of a final peace. About 19%. found international recognition of the Jewish areas of Jerusalem as Israel's capital preferable to controlling all of Jerusalem without international recognition, and 72% thought the reverse. By contrast, about 54% were willing to support an Israeli withdrawal from at least part of the West Bank. The poll was conducted in August 1991 by Public Opinion Research of Israel. Results reported in United States Information Agency Research Memorandum, 27 Sept. 1991, Washington, DC.
90. M. Romann, 'Space and the Dialectics of Daily Relations in Jerusalem' (paper presented at a conference on 'Society and Politics in Present-day Jerusalem', Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 14-17 June 1992).
91. Statement made by Yasser Arafat in an interview on Israeli state television, 12 Aug. 1996.
92. Interview with Terje Larsen on BBC TV programme Panorama, 21 Oct. 1996.
93. Nusseibeh, 'Whose Jerusalem?'; M. Heller and S. Nusseibeh, No Trumpets, No Drums: A Two-state Settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (New York, 1991).
94. Nusseibeh, 'Whose Jerusalem?'; M. Heller and S. Nusseibeh, No Trumpets, No Drums: A Two-state Settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (New York, 1991).
95. J. Kellerman. 'Jerusalem Must Be Unified Again', Jerusalem Post, 15 Aug. 1990.
96. Lustick, 'Reinventing Jerusalem'.
97. A. S. Khalidi, interview; E. Said, Peace and Its Discontents (London, 1995); H. Ashrawi, This Side of Peace: A Personal Account (New York, 1995).
98. A. S. Khalidi, interview; E. Said, Peace and Its Discontents (London, 1995); H. Ashrawi, This Side of Peace: A Personal Account (New York, 1995).
99. More detailed discussions on this point can be found in C. Albin, The Conflict Over Jerusalem: Some Palestinian Responses to Concepts of Dispute Resolution (Jerusalem, 1990), and 'Negotiating Intractable Conflicts', Cooperation and Conflict, 32:1 (1997).
100. More detailed discussions on this point can be found in C. Albin, The Conflict Over Jerusalem: Some Palestinian Responses to Concepts of Dispute Resolution (Jerusalem, 1990), and 'Negotiating Intractable Conflicts', Cooperation and Conflict, 32:1 (1997).
101. In the time of King David, Jerusalem was limited to a single hilltop known as the City of David. During much of its history Jerusalem was the city within the Walls. During the first two decades of British rule Jewish and Arab residential neighbourhoods were founded west, south and north of the Walled City. In 1967 Jerusalem became three times bigger, as Israel included areas of the West Bank within the new borders of the city. Until then most Israelis naturally thought only of the Jewish western section as 'Jerusalem'. Monika Pollack (Dept of International Relations, Mapam Party), interview by author, Tel Aviv, 7 Jan. 1991; Rodny Sanders (Dept of Foreign Relations, Likud Party), interview by author, Tel Aviv, 6 Jan. 1991. Even recent proposals for Jerusalem define the essential space of the city very differently: it ranges from the Old City only and the pre-1967 municipal boundaries to today's municipal boundaries and a vast metropolitan area of varying scope. The lack of consensus on borders stems in part from the way in which different definitions may prejudice a political solution. For example, most of the international community is concerned that recognizing Jerusalem within any other than the pre-June 1967 boundaries may suggest acceptance of Israeli rule or Israeli-created facts on the ground in East Jerusalem.
102. Lustick, 'Reinventing Jerusalem', provides specific examples of this.
103. A number of imaginative proposals for Jerusalem manipulate the city boundaries to facilitate the creation of dual Israeli and Arab municipalities or sovereignties. See M. Hirsch, D. Housen-Couriel and R. Lapidoth, Whither Jerusalem? Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem (The Hague, 1995), and Albin, 'Negotiating Intractable Conflicts'.
104. A number of imaginative proposals for Jerusalem manipulate the city boundaries to facilitate the creation of dual Israeli and Arab municipalities or sovereignties. See M. Hirsch, D. Housen-Couriel and R. Lapidoth, Whither Jerusalem? Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem (The Hague, 1995), and Albin, 'Negotiating Intractable Conflicts'.
105. Apart from the proposals already mentioned, variations on such a solution are articulated by Said, 'Current Status of Jerusalem'; Israel/Palestine Centre for Research and Information, transcripts of meetings and documents of the Roundtable Forum on the Future of Jerusalem, particularly of 25 Nov. 1990, 7 Apr. 1991 ('The Joint Sovereignty Model') and 12 Jan. 1992; and Heller and Nusseibeh, No Trumpets.
106. Apart from the proposals already mentioned, variations on such a solution are articulated by Said, 'Current Status of Jerusalem'; Israel/Palestine Centre for Research and Information, transcripts of meetings and documents of the Roundtable Forum on the Future of Jerusalem, particularly of 25 Nov. 1990, 7 Apr. 1991 ('The Joint Sovereignty Model') and 12 Jan. 1992; and Heller and Nusseibeh, No Trumpets.
107. Apart from the proposals already mentioned, variations on such a solution are articulated by Said, 'Current Status of Jerusalem'; Israel/Palestine Centre for Research and Information, transcripts of meetings and documents of the Roundtable Forum on the Future of Jerusalem, particularly of 25 Nov. 1990, 7 Apr. 1991 ('The Joint Sovereignty Model') and 12 Jan. 1992; and Heller and Nusseibeh, No Trumpets.
108. Heller and Nusseibeh, No Trumpets; C. Albin, M. Amirav and H. Siniora, 'Jerusalem: Resolving the Unresolvable'(The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Research Project, Working Paper Series, No. 16, 1991/2, Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Arab Studies Society).
109. Heller and Nusseibeh, No Trumpets; C. Albin, M. Amirav and H. Siniora, 'Jerusalem: Resolving the Unresolvable'(The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Research Project, Working Paper Series, No. 16, 1991/2, Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Arab Studies Society).
110. 'Israeli and Palestinian Public Opinion on the Future of Jerusalem': results of two parallel public opinion polls on the future of Jerusalem conducted 22-8 May 1995 in Israel by Gallup Israel and in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem by the Data Research Centre of Bethlehem, on behalf of the Israel/Palestine Centre for Research and Information. A political adviser to former Israeli Prime Minister Shamir of the Likud Party has suggested that with substantial progress toward an Israeli-Arab settlement and an indication of 'responsible' Palestinian leadership, Palestinian sovereignty over the Palestinian areas of East Jerusalem may be feasible. Joseph Ben-Ahron (at the time Director General of the Prime Minister's Office and Senior Adviser on Political Affairs to then Prime Minister Shamir), interview by author, Jerusalem, 13 Jan. 1991.