Making progress in Northern Ireland? Evidence from recent elections

Government and Opposition

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 372-393

  Knox, Colin ^a   Carmichael, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040005895     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1998.tb00457.x     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland, Local Government Division, District Council (NI) Rate Statistics Tables, 1997-98, Belfast, Department of the Environment (NI), 1997.
2. J. McGarry and B.O'Leary, Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images, Oxford, Blackwell, 1995; J. Whyte, 'How much discrimination was there under the Unionist Regime 1921-68?', in T. Gallagher and J. O'Connell (eds) Contemporary Irish Studies: 1-35, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1983; J. Whyte, Interpreting Northern Ireland, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990.
3. J. McGarry and B.O'Leary, Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images, Oxford, Blackwell, 1995; J. Whyte, 'How much discrimination was there under the Unionist Regime 1921-68?', in T. Gallagher and J. O'Connell (eds) Contemporary Irish Studies: 1-35, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1983; J. Whyte, Interpreting Northern Ireland, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990.
4. J. McGarry and B.O'Leary, Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images, Oxford, Blackwell, 1995; J. Whyte, 'How much discrimination was there under the Unionist Regime 1921-68?', in T. Gallagher and J. O'Connell (eds) Contemporary Irish Studies: 1-35, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1983; J. Whyte, Interpreting Northern Ireland, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990.
5. The Secretary of State, the Rt Hon Dr Marjorie Mowlam MP was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland on 3 May 1997. She has direction and control of the Northern Ireland Office whose responsibilities include political, constitutional, security and criminal justice matters; and of six Northern Ireland departments -agriculture, economic development, education, environment, finance and personnel, and health and social security. The Secretary of State is assisted by four junior ministers (Paul Murphy, Adam Ingram, Tony Worthington and Lord Dubs) who have day-to-day responsibility for particular areas of work. The Secretary of State and her colleagues are answerable to Parliament in London for the discharge of their functions.
6. Talks between the main constitutional parties were brokered by the then Secretary of State (Peter Brooke) and commenced in March 1991. They proceeded in three 'strands' (British government and main NI parties; relationship between the people of Ireland; and the relationship between the British and Irish governments). The talks closed in November 1992 without agreement but a series of bilateral discussions with constitutional parties began in September 1993.
7. The three principles were: - show a willingness in principle to disarm progressively; - develop a common practical understanding of the modalities, i.e. to say what decommissioning actually entails; - in order to test the practical arrangements, and to demonstrate good faith, decommission some arms as a tangible confidence-building measure and to signal the start of the process.
8. M. Connolly and C. Knox, 'Recent Political Difficulties of Local Government in Northern Ireland', Policy and Politics, 16:2 (1988), pp. 89-97; C. Knox, 'Sinn Fein and Local Elections: The Government's Response in Northern Ireland', Parliamentary Affairs, 43:4 (1990), pp. 448-63; C. Knox, 'The 1989 Local Elections in Northern Ireland', Irish Political Studies, 5 (1990), pp. 77-84.
9. M. Connolly and C. Knox, 'Recent Political Difficulties of Local Government in Northern Ireland', Policy and Politics, 16:2 (1988), pp. 89-97; C. Knox, 'Sinn Fein and Local Elections: The Government's Response in Northern Ireland', Parliamentary Affairs, 43:4 (1990), pp. 448-63; C. Knox, 'The 1989 Local Elections in Northern Ireland', Irish Political Studies, 5 (1990), pp. 77-84.
10. M. Connolly and C. Knox, 'Recent Political Difficulties of Local Government in Northern Ireland', Policy and Politics, 16:2 (1988), pp. 89-97; C. Knox, 'Sinn Fein and Local Elections: The Government's Response in Northern Ireland', Parliamentary Affairs, 43:4 (1990), pp. 448-63; C. Knox, 'The 1989 Local Elections in Northern Ireland', Irish Political Studies, 5 (1990), pp. 77-84.
11. This term evolved in deference to Unionist sensitivities over the use of the words 'power-sharing'. Dungannon District Council is credited with leading the way in rotating the council chair between the two main political parties, the SDLP and UUP, although some councils (mainly nationalist-controlled) claim to have been doing this for years in a less high-profile manner.
12. Local government in Northern Ireland has not been the subject of rates reform experienced by councils in Great Britain in the late 1980s which heralded the much criticized community charge and subsequent council tax. For a detailed description of the comparison between Northern Ireland local government finance and the rest of the United Kingdom see R. R. Barnett and C. Knox, 'Accountability and Local Budgetary Policy: Unitary Principles?', Policy and Politics, 20:4 (1992), pp. 265-76.
13. C. Knox, 'Local Government in Northern Ireland?, Ulster Papers in Public Policy and Management, No. 62, 1996.
14. CCRU is a dedicated unit within the Central Secretariat of the Northern Ireland Office charged with formulating, reviewing and challenging policy throughout the government system with the aim of improving community relations.
15. J. Hughes and C. Knox, 'For Better or Worse? Community Relations in Northern Ireland', Peace and Change, 22:3 (1997), pp. 330-55.
16. This system of voting emerged when the main political parties failed to agree on the type of electoral system to be used for the new Forum. The government therefore decided on a list system (but on a constituency basis) supplemented by NI-wide party preference. Five representatives were elected from each of the eighteen parliamentary constituencies, but not by PR/STV. Voters cast a single vote for the party of their choice on the ballot paper and party representatives were elected in each constituency in proportion to a party's vote. In each constituency, parties nominated, in advance, a list of named candidates who would constitute their representatives if elected. The votes cast for each party were also aggregated across Northern Ireland and the ten most successful parties, in addition, secured two elected representatives from candidates nominated for this purpose in advance.
17. S. Elliott, 'Changes', Fortnight, 9-10 June 1997.
18. P. Carmichael, 'The 1993 Local Government Elections in Northern Ireland', Irish Political Studies, 9 (1994), pp. 141-7.
19. Belfast City Council has a population (1995) of 296,300 and an estimated net expenditure (1997/98) of £61.5m. This compares with Lisburn Borough Council, the second largest council, whose population is 103,600 and expenditure of £10.5m. Moyle District Council is the smallest local authority with a population of 14,800 and expenditure of £1.95m.
20. Those councils currently (1997/98) engaged in responsibility sharing are: Armagh (SDLP:UU), Belfast (SDLP:UU), Derry (SDLP:DUP), Limavady (SDLP:UU), Lisburn (UU:SDLP), Down (SDLP:UU), Dungannon (SDLP:UU), Fermanagh (Ind.Nat:DUP), Magherafelt (SF:UU), Moyle (SDLP:UU), Newry and Mourne (SDLP:UU) and Omagh (SDLP:UU).
21. R Eames, 'Ruthless Loyalists', Belfast Newsletter, 18 January 1993.
22. In 1969, the Northern Ireland government commissioned a report by Sir Patrick Macrory to examine the future of local government in the province. Macrory called for a restructuring of Northern Ireland's system of local government with the introduction of a new single tier of district councils to discharge essentially prosaic functions such as leisure services, civic and environmental services. Whilst the first stage of Macrory was implemented in 1973, with 26 new districts, implementation of the full proposals was quickly overtaken by the deteriorating political situation. The imposition of Direct Rule (from 1972) effectively stymied the bulk of Macrory's proposals.
23. P. Sweeney, Achieving a More Participative and Inclusive Form of Democracy in Northern Ireland', Review of Northern Ireland Administrative Arrangements, Belfast, Chief Executives' Forum/Joseph Rowntree, 1997.