The performance of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Egyptian syndicates: An alternative formula for reform?

Middle East Journal

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 551-561

  Fahmy, Ninette S ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039993668     PISSN: 00263141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. 'Abd al-'Ati' Ahmad, Al-Haraka al-Islamiyya fi Misr wa Qadiyya al-Tahawwul al-Dimuqrati (Cairo: Al-Ahram Center for Translation and Publication, 1995), p. 252.
2. These committees were established by the Muslim Brotherhood's members in all the syndicates. The aim of these committees is to build support, through conferences and public lectures, for shari'a (Islamic law) as the system of law in Egypt.
3. Ahmad, Al-Haraka al-Islamiyya fi Misr wa Qadiyya al-Tahawwul al-Dimuqrati, p. 253.
4. Ibid.
5. Robert Bianchi, Unruly Corporatism, Associational Life in Twentieth-Century Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 114.
6. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1995 (The Arab Strategic Report for 1995) (Cairo: Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 1996), p. 434.
7. Ibid.
8. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1992 (The Arab Strategic Report for 1992) (Cairo: Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 1993), p. 334.
9. Interview with Usama 'Asfur, Cairo. April 1997.
10. Ahmad, Al-Haraka al-Islamiyya fi Misr wa Qadiyya al-Tahawwul al-Dimuqrati, p. 254.
11. See, for example, ibid., p. 245.
12. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1995, pp. 432-33.
13. Ahmad, Al-Haraka al-Islamiyya fi Misr wa Qadiyya al-Tahawwul al-Dimuqrati, p. 246.
14. Hisham Mubarak, "What Does the Gama'a Islamiyya Want? An Interview with Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim," in Joel Beinin and Joe Stork, Political Islam, Essays from Middle East Report (New York: I.B. Tauris, 1997), pp. 316-17.
15. Ahmad, Al-Haraka al-Islamiyya fi Misr wa Qadiyya al-Tahawwul al-Dimuqrati, p. 246.
16. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1992, p. 333.
17. Donald Reid, "The National Bar Association and Egyptian Politics, 1912-1954," The International Journal of African Historical Studies 7, no. 1 (1974), p. 640.
18. Donald Reid, "The Rise of Professions and Professional Organizations in Modern Egypt," Comparative Studies in Society and History 16, (1974), p. 55.
19. Bianchi, Unruly Corporatism, Associational Life in Twentieth-Century Egypt, p. 93.
20. Ibid., pp. 102-104.
21. This occurred in the Lawyers Syndicate elections of November 1966 and in the Journalists Syndicate elections of March 1981. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1992, p. 333.
22. This occurred both in the Journalists Syndicate and the Engineers Syndicate at the beginning and end of the 1960s. Ibid.
23. For example, extension was enforced in the Lawyers Syndicate when the council's term was extended to four years, and in the Engineers Syndicate. Remission occurred in the Journalists Syndicate.
24. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1992, p. 333.
25. Ibid., pp. 331-33.
26. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1989 (The Arab Strategic Report for 1989) (Cairo: Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 1990), p. 465.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 493.
30. Interview with Usama 'Asfur, Cairo, April 1997.
31. Amani Qandil, "Al-Jara'im al-Iqtisadiyya al-Mustahdatha fi al-Niqabat al-Mihaniyya" (The Economic Crimes that Take Place in the Professional Syndicates), paper presented at the National Center for Social and Political Studies, the 18th International Conference for Analytical Studies and Calculations and Social and Population Research (Cairo: Al-Shu'ubiyya al-Ijtima'iyya, 1992), pp. 19-20.
32. Ibid.
33. For example, in the Lawyers Syndicate, neither the 1989 elections results, nor the court order assigning a temporary committee to govern the syndicate was respected by the competing parties. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1989, p. 465. Also, in 1988, in an attempt to resolve the conflict in the Commercial Employees Syndicate between two candidates for the presidency, the council decided to reschedule elections and open them to all candidates, in order to resolve the problem democratically. However, one of the candidates managed to secure a court order denying the right of the syndicate's council to re-open the elections. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji ai-'Arabi li Sanat 1988, p. 499.
34. For example, in the Lawyers Syndicate, neither the 1989 elections results, nor the court order assigning a temporary committee to govern the syndicate was respected by the competing parties. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1989, p. 465. Also, in 1988, in an attempt to resolve the conflict in the Commercial Employees Syndicate between two candidates for the presidency, the council decided to reschedule elections and open them to all candidates, in order to resolve the problem democratically. However, one of the candidates managed to secure a court order denying the right of the syndicate's council to re-open the elections. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji ai-'Arabi li Sanat 1988, p. 499.
35. For the corruption in the Engineers Syndicate, see Qandil, "Al-Jara'im al-Iqtisadiyya al-Mustahdatha fi al-Niqabat al-Mihaniyya." Information about the corruption in the Lawyers Syndicate was given to the author in an interview with Usama 'Asfur, Cairo, April 1997.
36. Al-Taqrir al-Istratiji al-'Arabi li Sanat 1989, p. 467.
37. Amani Qandil, "Al-Jama' at al-Mihaniyya wa al-Musharaka al-Siyasiyya" (Professional Groups and Political Participation), a report presented at the Symposium for Political Participation in Egypt (Cairo: The Arab Center for Research, 1992), p. 24.
38. Amani Qandil, "Taqyyim A'da' al-Islamiyyin fi al-Niqabat al-Mihaniyya" (Evaluation of the Islamist Members in the Professional Syndicates), a report presented to the 5th Franco-Egyptian Symposium entitled "The Phenomenon of Political Violence" (Cairo: The Research Center for Political Studies, University of Cairo, 1993), p. 28.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., p. 26.
41. Ruz al-Yusuf (Cairo), 20 February 1995.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Al-Ahali (Cairo), 22 December 1993.
47. Ahmad, Al-Harakat al-Islamiyya fi Misr wa Qadiyya al-Tahawwul al-Dimuqrati, p. 264.
48. Al-Ahali, 15 March 1995.
49. Ibid.
50. Qandil, "Taqyyim A'da' al-Islamiyyin fi al-Niqabat al-Mihaniyya."
51. Al-Ahali, 23 August 1995.
52. Al-Wasat (Cairo), 26 December 1994.
53. They used this slogan in both syndicate and parliamentary elections. It was meant to show that the Muslim Brothers were honest as opposed to the corrupted secular trend.
54. The Central Auditing Agency is an independent official agency that inspects any allegation of corruption, whether inside or outside government institutions.
55. Al-Mussawwar (Cairo), 17 March 1995. Figures were converted from Egyptian pounds by the author.
56. Ibid. Figures were converted from Egyptian pounds by the author.
57. Al-Mussawwar, 3 March 1995. Figures were converted from Egyptian pounds by the author.
58. Ibid. Figures were converted from Egyptian pounds by the author.