IR theory after the Cold War

Review of International Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 83-100

  SØrensen, Georg ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039988651     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0260210598000837     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. See, for example, Joseph M. Grieco, 'Realist International Theory and the Study of World Polities', in M.W. Doyle and G.J. Ikenberry (eds.), New Thinking in International Relations Theory (Boulder, 1997), pp. 163-202; Michael E. Brown et al. (eds.), The Perils of Anarchy. Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge, MA, 1995); John A. Vasquez, 'The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs: An Appraisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz's Balancing Proposition', and the responses by Kenneth Waltz, Thomas Christensen, and Jack Snyder, Colin and Miriam Fendius Elman, Randall Schweller and Stephen Walt, American Political Science Review, 4 (1997), pp. 899-935.
2. See, for example, Joseph M. Grieco, 'Realist International Theory and the Study of World Polities', in M.W. Doyle and G.J. Ikenberry (eds.), New Thinking in International Relations Theory (Boulder, 1997), pp. 163-202; Michael E. Brown et al. (eds.), The Perils of Anarchy. Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge, MA, 1995); John A. Vasquez, 'The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs: An Appraisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz's Balancing Proposition', and the responses by Kenneth Waltz, Thomas Christensen, and Jack Snyder, Colin and Miriam Fendius Elman, Randall Schweller and Stephen Walt, American Political Science Review, 4 (1997), pp. 899-935.
3. See, for example, Joseph M. Grieco, 'Realist International Theory and the Study of World Polities', in M.W. Doyle and G.J. Ikenberry (eds.), New Thinking in International Relations Theory (Boulder, 1997), pp. 163-202; Michael E. Brown et al. (eds.), The Perils of Anarchy. Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge, MA, 1995); John A. Vasquez, 'The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs: An Appraisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz's Balancing Proposition', and the responses by Kenneth Waltz, Thomas Christensen, and Jack Snyder, Colin and Miriam Fendius Elman, Randall Schweller and Stephen Walt, American Political Science Review, 4 (1997), pp. 899-935.
4. See, for example, Joseph M. Grieco, 'Realist International Theory and the Study of World Polities', in M.W. Doyle and G.J. Ikenberry (eds.), New Thinking in International Relations Theory (Boulder, 1997), pp. 163-202; Michael E. Brown et al. (eds.), The Perils of Anarchy. Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge, MA, 1995); John A. Vasquez, 'The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs: An Appraisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz's Balancing Proposition', and the responses by Kenneth Waltz, Thomas Christensen, and Jack Snyder, Colin and Miriam Fendius Elman, Randall Schweller and Stephen Walt, American Political Science Review, 4 (1997), pp. 899-935.
5. Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace. Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, 1993); Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York/London, 1997); Henry R. Nau, 'Democracy and the National Interest: An American Foreign Policy for the Twenty-First Century', paper for SSRC Conference on U.S. Promotion of Democracy, Washington 1997; Joseph S. Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York, 1990); Robert O. Keohane, 'Hobbes's Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics: Sovereignty in International Society', in H-H. Holm and G. Sørensen (eds.), Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War (Boulder, 1995), pp. 165-87.
6. Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace. Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, 1993); Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York/London, 1997); Henry R. Nau, 'Democracy and the National Interest: An American Foreign Policy for the Twenty-First Century', paper for SSRC Conference on U.S. Promotion of Democracy, Washington 1997; Joseph S. Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York, 1990); Robert O. Keohane, 'Hobbes's Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics: Sovereignty in International Society', in H-H. Holm and G. Sørensen (eds.), Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War (Boulder, 1995), pp. 165-87.
7. Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace. Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, 1993); Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York/London, 1997); Henry R. Nau, 'Democracy and the National Interest: An American Foreign Policy for the Twenty-First Century', paper for SSRC Conference on U.S. Promotion of Democracy, Washington 1997; Joseph S. Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York, 1990); Robert O. Keohane, 'Hobbes's Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics: Sovereignty in International Society', in H-H. Holm and G. Sørensen (eds.), Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War (Boulder, 1995), pp. 165-87.
8. Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace. Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, 1993); Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York/London, 1997); Henry R. Nau, 'Democracy and the National Interest: An American Foreign Policy for the Twenty-First Century', paper for SSRC Conference on U.S. Promotion of Democracy, Washington 1997; Joseph S. Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York, 1990); Robert O. Keohane, 'Hobbes's Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics: Sovereignty in International Society', in H-H. Holm and G. Sørensen (eds.), Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War (Boulder, 1995), pp. 165-87.
9. Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace. Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, 1993); Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York/London, 1997); Henry R. Nau, 'Democracy and the National Interest: An American Foreign Policy for the Twenty-First Century', paper for SSRC Conference on U.S. Promotion of Democracy, Washington 1997; Joseph S. Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York, 1990); Robert O. Keohane, 'Hobbes's Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics: Sovereignty in International Society', in H-H. Holm and G. Sørensen (eds.), Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War (Boulder, 1995), pp. 165-87.
10. Robert H. Jackson, 'International Community beyond the Cold War', in G.M. Lyons and M. Mastanduno (eds.), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore/London, 1995), pp. 59-87; Robert H. Jackson, 'The Political Theory of International Society', in K. Booth and S. Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today (University Park, PA, 1995), pp. 110-29; Tim Dunne, 'The Social Construction of International Society', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1995).
11. Robert H. Jackson, 'International Community beyond the Cold War', in G.M. Lyons and M. Mastanduno (eds.), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore/London, 1995), pp. 59-87; Robert H. Jackson, 'The Political Theory of International Society', in K. Booth and S. Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today (University Park, PA, 1995), pp. 110-29; Tim Dunne, 'The Social Construction of International Society', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1995).
12. Robert H. Jackson, 'International Community beyond the Cold War', in G.M. Lyons and M. Mastanduno (eds.), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore/London, 1995), pp. 59-87; Robert H. Jackson, 'The Political Theory of International Society', in K. Booth and S. Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today (University Park, PA, 1995), pp. 110-29; Tim Dunne, 'The Social Construction of International Society', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1995).
13. Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey D. Underhill (eds.), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (London, 1994); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State. The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge, 1996); Philip G. Cerny, 'Plurilateralism: Structural Differentiation and Functional Conflict in the Post-Cold War World Order', Millennium, 1 (1993), pp. 27-51.
14. Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey D. Underhill (eds.), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (London, 1994); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State. The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge, 1996); Philip G. Cerny, 'Plurilateralism: Structural Differentiation and Functional Conflict in the Post-Cold War World Order', Millennium, 1 (1993), pp. 27-51.
15. Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey D. Underhill (eds.), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (London, 1994); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State. The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge, 1996); Philip G. Cerny, 'Plurilateralism: Structural Differentiation and Functional Conflict in the Post-Cold War World Order', Millennium, 1 (1993), pp. 27-51.
16. See, for example, Robert H. Jackson and Georg Sørensen, International Relations: Introduction to a Discipline (Oxford, forthcoming 1999).
17. E.g., Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism & Beyond (Cambridge, 1996).
18. Hedley Bull, 'International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach', in K. Knorr and J. Rosenau (eds.), Contending Approaches to International Politics (Princeton, 1969).
19. J.-F. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Manchester, 1984), p. xxiv.
20. Steve Smith, 'New Approaches to International Theory', in J. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics. An Introduction to International Relations (Oxford, 1997), p. 67.
21. Ibid.
22. E.g., Richard K. Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', in R.O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York, 1986), pp. 255-301; R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, 1993); R.B.J. Walker, 'International Relations and the Concept of the Political', in Booth and Smith, International Relations Today, pp. 306-28. There are other positivist positions than neorealism, of course, and Kenneth Waltz is not the sole standard bearer of neorealism. But for lack of space, I focus on the critique of Waltz.
23. E.g., Richard K. Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', in R.O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York, 1986), pp. 255-301; R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, 1993); R.B.J. Walker, 'International Relations and the Concept of the Political', in Booth and Smith, International Relations Today, pp. 306-28. There are other positivist positions than neorealism, of course, and Kenneth Waltz is not the sole standard bearer of neorealism. But for lack of space, I focus on the critique of Waltz.
24. E.g., Richard K. Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', in R.O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York, 1986), pp. 255-301; R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, 1993); R.B.J. Walker, 'International Relations and the Concept of the Political', in Booth and Smith, International Relations Today, pp. 306-28. There are other positivist positions than neorealism, of course, and Kenneth Waltz is not the sole standard bearer of neorealism. But for lack of space, I focus on the critique of Waltz.
25. Kenneth N. Waltz, 'The Emerging Structure of International Politics', in Brown, Lynn-Jones, and Miller, The Perils of Anarchy, p. 75.
26. See for example, Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', p. 289, and Walker, Inside/Outside, p. 123.
27. See for example, Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', p. 289, and Walker, Inside/Outside, p. 123.
28. Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', p. 291.
29. Walker, 'International Relations and the Concept of the Political', p. 309. It is fair to add that reflections on change are not strange to all positivist, systemic theory. See, for example, Ole R. Holsti, Randolph M. Siverson, and Alexander George (eds.), Change in the International System (Boulder, 1980).
30. Walker, 'International Relations and the Concept of the Political', p. 309. It is fair to add that reflections on change are not strange to all positivist, systemic theory. See, for example, Ole R. Holsti, Randolph M. Siverson, and Alexander George (eds.), Change in the International System (Boulder, 1980).
31. Walker, Inside/Outside, p. 120.
32. Smith, 'New Approaches to International Theory', p. 181.
33. Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations (Oxford, 1990); Steve Smith, 'Positivism and Beyond', in Smith, Booth, and Zalewski, International Theory: Positivism & Beyond, pp. 11-47; Smith, 'New Approaches to International Theory'; Steve Smith, 'Epistemology, Postmodernism and International Relations Theory', Journal of Peace Research, 3 (1997), pp. 330-37.
34. Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations (Oxford, 1990); Steve Smith, 'Positivism and Beyond', in Smith, Booth, and Zalewski, International Theory: Positivism & Beyond, pp. 11-47; Smith, 'New Approaches to International Theory'; Steve Smith, 'Epistemology, Postmodernism and International Relations Theory', Journal of Peace Research, 3 (1997), pp. 330-37.
35. Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations (Oxford, 1990); Steve Smith, 'Positivism and Beyond', in Smith, Booth, and Zalewski, International Theory: Positivism & Beyond, pp. 11-47; Smith, 'New Approaches to International Theory'; Steve Smith, 'Epistemology, Postmodernism and International Relations Theory', Journal of Peace Research, 3 (1997), pp. 330-37.
36. Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations (Oxford, 1990); Steve Smith, 'Positivism and Beyond', in Smith, Booth, and Zalewski, International Theory: Positivism & Beyond, pp. 11-47; Smith, 'New Approaches to International Theory'; Steve Smith, 'Epistemology, Postmodernism and International Relations Theory', Journal of Peace Research, 3 (1997), pp. 330-37.
37. Smith, 'New Approaches to International Theory', p. 186.
38. Tendencies in that direction can be found, for example, in Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re) Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, 1994); Roland Bleiker, 'Forget 'IR' Theory', paper for the Second Pan-European Conference on International Relations, Paris, 13-16 September 1995; Roger D. Spegele, 'Political Realism and the Remembrance of Relativism', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 211-36.
39. Tendencies in that direction can be found, for example, in Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re) Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, 1994); Roland Bleiker, 'Forget 'IR' Theory', paper for the Second Pan-European Conference on International Relations, Paris, 13-16 September 1995; Roger D. Spegele, 'Political Realism and the Remembrance of Relativism', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 211-36.
40. Tendencies in that direction can be found, for example, in Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re) Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, 1994); Roland Bleiker, 'Forget 'IR' Theory', paper for the Second Pan-European Conference on International Relations, Paris, 13-16 September 1995; Roger D. Spegele, 'Political Realism and the Remembrance of Relativism', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 211-36.
41. As explained in Curt Sørensen, Marxismen og den Sociale Orden (Marxism and the Social Order) (Kongerslev, 1976), p. 62.
42. Robert W. Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', in R.W. Cox with T.J. Sinclair, Approaches to World Order (London, 1996), pp. 85-124, quote from p. 88.
43. Ibid., p. 89.
44. Smith, 'Epistemology, Postmodernism and International Relations Theory', p. 332.
45. The difficult part is, of course, establishing precisely what those common standards shall be, and post-positivists often complain that the other side wants them to 'do more of the moving' on the continuum between positivism and post-positivism. The quote is from J. Ann Tickner, 'Continuing the Conversation ...', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), p. 209.
46. Sørensen, Marxismen og den Sociale Orden, pp. 68-73.
47. Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders . . .', p. 90.
48. The post-positivist counterclaim is that the grounds for proposing change are to do with normative judgements anyway. Many post-positivists are very concerned with change, and are often involved in normative projects. Post-positivists 'simply reject the notion that there is any clear epistemological warrant for these [normative] choices'. I owe this point to a conversation with Steve Smith.
49. Arnold Brecht, Man and His Government (New York, 1963), pp. 113-16.
50. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York, 1964), p. 88.
51. As developed in detail in Sørensen, Marxismen og den Sociale Orden.
52. David Easton, The Political System (New York, 1953), pp. 52-55.
53. Kenneth N. Waltz, 'Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics', in Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics, p. 331.
54. See John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (London, 1998); see also Robert O. Keohane, 'Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), pp. 193-99; and Ole Waever, 'The Rise and Fall of the Interparadigm Debate', in Smith, Booth, and Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, pp. 149-86. For a sceptical view of the 'middle ground' idea, see J. Ann Tickner, 'Continuing the Conversation . . .', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), pp. 205-10.
55. See John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (London, 1998); see also Robert O. Keohane, 'Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), pp. 193-99; and Ole Waever, 'The Rise and Fall of the Interparadigm Debate', in Smith, Booth, and Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, pp. 149-86. For a sceptical view of the 'middle ground' idea, see J. Ann Tickner, 'Continuing the Conversation . . .', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), pp. 205-10.
56. See John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (London, 1998); see also Robert O. Keohane, 'Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), pp. 193-99; and Ole Waever, 'The Rise and Fall of the Interparadigm Debate', in Smith, Booth, and Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, pp. 149-86. For a sceptical view of the 'middle ground' idea, see J. Ann Tickner, 'Continuing the Conversation . . .', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), pp. 205-10.
57. See John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (London, 1998); see also Robert O. Keohane, 'Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), pp. 193-99; and Ole Waever, 'The Rise and Fall of the Interparadigm Debate', in Smith, Booth, and Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, pp. 149-86. For a sceptical view of the 'middle ground' idea, see J. Ann Tickner, 'Continuing the Conversation . . .', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), pp. 205-10.
58. Kal Holsti, 'Along the Road of International Theory in the Next Millennium: Three Travelogues', paper for the joint Japan Association of International Relations-International Studies Association Conference, Makuhari, Japan (1996), p. 5. See also Spegele, 'Political Realism and the Remembrance of Relativism ...', p. 213.
59. Kal Holsti, 'Along the Road of International Theory in the Next Millennium: Three Travelogues', paper for the joint Japan Association of International Relations-International Studies Association Conference, Makuhari, Japan (1996), p. 5. See also Spegele, 'Political Realism and the Remembrance of Relativism ...', p. 213.
60. See Thomas Risse, '"Let's Talk!" Insights from the German Debate on Communicative Behavior and International Relations', paper for the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington DC (1997), p. 8.
61. For this point, see Risse's paper and also: Michel Foucault, 'Politics and the Study of Discourse', pp. 53-72 in G. Burchell et al. (eds.), The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality (London, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Der Philosophische Diskurs der Moderne (Frankfurt, 1985); Nancy Love, 'Foucault and Habermas on Discourse and Modernity', Polity, 22 (1989), pp. 269-73.
62. For this point, see Risse's paper and also: Michel Foucault, 'Politics and the Study of Discourse', pp. 53-72 in G. Burchell et al. (eds.), The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality (London, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Der Philosophische Diskurs der Moderne (Frankfurt, 1985); Nancy Love, 'Foucault and Habermas on Discourse and Modernity', Polity, 22 (1989), pp. 269-73.
63. For this point, see Risse's paper and also: Michel Foucault, 'Politics and the Study of Discourse', pp. 53-72 in G. Burchell et al. (eds.), The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality (London, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Der Philosophische Diskurs der Moderne (Frankfurt, 1985); Nancy Love, 'Foucault and Habermas on Discourse and Modernity', Polity, 22 (1989), pp. 269-73.
64. See, for example, John Mearsheimer, 'A Realist Reply', International Security, 20 (1995), p. See also John Mearsheimer, 'The False Promise of International Institutions', International Security 19 (1994/5), pp. 5-49.
65. See, for example, John Mearsheimer, 'A Realist Reply', International Security, 20 (1995), p. See also John Mearsheimer, 'The False Promise of International Institutions', International Security 19 (1994/5), pp. 5-49.
66. Steve Smith, 'The Self-Images of a Discipline: A Genealogy of International Relations Theory', in Ken Booth and Steve Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today, p. 27.
67. See, for example, Emanuel Adler, 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Polities', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1997), pp. 319-64. Adler argues that social constructivism seizes a middle ground in both epistemological and ontological terms.
68. There are very large literatures connected with these two positions; they cannot be introduced here. The most recent comprehensive statement by Cox is Approaches to World Order; the influential articles by Wendt include: 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987), pp. 335-50; 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), pp. 384-96, and 'Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power polities', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425. Recent overviews of the literatures connected with the positions are: Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory', World Politics, 50 (1998), pp. 324-48; Robert J. O'Brien, 'International Relations and International Political Economy: Apprentice as Teacher?', in John McMillan and Andrew Linklater (eds.), New Directions in International Relations (London, 1995).
69. There are very large literatures connected with these two positions; they cannot be introduced here. The most recent comprehensive statement by Cox is Approaches to World Order; the influential articles by Wendt include: 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987), pp. 335-50; 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), pp. 384-96, and 'Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power polities', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425. Recent overviews of the literatures connected with the positions are: Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory', World Politics, 50 (1998), pp. 324-48; Robert J. O'Brien, 'International Relations and International Political Economy: Apprentice as Teacher?', in John McMillan and Andrew Linklater (eds.), New Directions in International Relations (London, 1995).
70. There are very large literatures connected with these two positions; they cannot be introduced here. The most recent comprehensive statement by Cox is Approaches to World Order; the influential articles by Wendt include: 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987), pp. 335-50; 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), pp. 384-96, and 'Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power polities', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425. Recent overviews of the literatures connected with the positions are: Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory', World Politics, 50 (1998), pp. 324-48; Robert J. O'Brien, 'International Relations and International Political Economy: Apprentice as Teacher?', in John McMillan and Andrew Linklater (eds.), New Directions in International Relations (London, 1995).
71. There are very large literatures connected with these two positions; they cannot be introduced here. The most recent comprehensive statement by Cox is Approaches to World Order; the influential articles by Wendt include: 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987), pp. 335-50; 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), pp. 384-96, and 'Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power polities', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425. Recent overviews of the literatures connected with the positions are: Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory', World Politics, 50 (1998), pp. 324-48; Robert J. O'Brien, 'International Relations and International Political Economy: Apprentice as Teacher?', in John McMillan and Andrew Linklater (eds.), New Directions in International Relations (London, 1995).
72. There are very large literatures connected with these two positions; they cannot be introduced here. The most recent comprehensive statement by Cox is Approaches to World Order; the influential articles by Wendt include: 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987), pp. 335-50; 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), pp. 384-96, and 'Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power polities', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425. Recent overviews of the literatures connected with the positions are: Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory', World Politics, 50 (1998), pp. 324-48; Robert J. O'Brien, 'International Relations and International Political Economy: Apprentice as Teacher?', in John McMillan and Andrew Linklater (eds.), New Directions in International Relations (London, 1995).
73. There are very large literatures connected with these two positions; they cannot be introduced here. The most recent comprehensive statement by Cox is Approaches to World Order; the influential articles by Wendt include: 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987), pp. 335-50; 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), pp. 384-96, and 'Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power polities', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425. Recent overviews of the literatures connected with the positions are: Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory', World Politics, 50 (1998), pp. 324-48; Robert J. O'Brien, 'International Relations and International Political Economy: Apprentice as Teacher?', in John McMillan and Andrew Linklater (eds.), New Directions in International Relations (London, 1995).
74. As emphasized by Smith, 'The Self-Images of a Discipline'.
75. Insofar as such an entity as 'the scholarly community' exists nowadays! For reflections on this, see Holsti, 'Along the Road of International Theory . . .'.
76. See Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations (Cambridge, 1994), p. 113.
77. Georg Sørensen, 'Individual Security and National Security', Security Dialogue, 4 (1996), p. 374.
78. Jackson and Sørensen, International Relations: Introduction to a Discipline, ch. 1.
79. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge, 1993); Georg Sørensen, 'Individual Security and National Security'.
80. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge, 1993); Georg Sørensen, 'Individual Security and National Security'.
81. Robert W. Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory'.
82. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalisation in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge, 1996); Robert W. Cox, Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History (New York, 1987); Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache, States Against Markets. The Limits of Globalisation (London/New York, 1996); Jeremy Howell and Michelle Wood (1993), The Globalisation of Production and Technology (London/New York, 1993).
83. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalisation in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge, 1996); Robert W. Cox, Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History (New York, 1987); Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache, States Against Markets. The Limits of Globalisation (London/New York, 1996); Jeremy Howell and Michelle Wood (1993), The Globalisation of Production and Technology (London/New York, 1993).
84. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalisation in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge, 1996); Robert W. Cox, Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History (New York, 1987); Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache, States Against Markets. The Limits of Globalisation (London/New York, 1996); Jeremy Howell and Michelle Wood (1993), The Globalisation of Production and Technology (London/New York, 1993).
85. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalisation in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge, 1996); Robert W. Cox, Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History (New York, 1987); Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache, States Against Markets. The Limits of Globalisation (London/New York, 1996); Jeremy Howell and Michelle Wood (1993), The Globalisation of Production and Technology (London/New York, 1993).
86. Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London, 1992); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); Martin Albrow, The Global Age (Cambridge, 1996).
87. Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London, 1992); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); Martin Albrow, The Global Age (Cambridge, 1996).
88. Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London, 1992); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); Martin Albrow, The Global Age (Cambridge, 1996).
89. Robert Reich, The Work of Nations. Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World (London, 1990); Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation-state: The Rise of Regional Economies (London, 1995); John Stopford and Susan Strange with John S. Henley, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge, 1991).
90. Robert Reich, The Work of Nations. Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World (London, 1990); Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation-state: The Rise of Regional Economies (London, 1995); John Stopford and Susan Strange with John S. Henley, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge, 1991).
91. Robert Reich, The Work of Nations. Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World (London, 1990); Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation-state: The Rise of Regional Economies (London, 1995); John Stopford and Susan Strange with John S. Henley, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge, 1991).
92. Robert Reich, The Work of Nations. Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World (London, 1990); Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation-state: The Rise of Regional Economies (London, 1995); John Stopford and Susan Strange with John S. Henley, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge, 1991).
93. E.g. several contributions in Boyer and Drache, States Against Markets; Paul Hirst, 'The Global Economy - Myths and Realities', International Affairs, 3 (1997), pp. 409-25; Robert H. Jackson, 'Continuity and Change in the States System', in R.H. Jackson and A. James (eds.), States in a Changing World. A Contemporary Analysis (London, 1993).
94. E.g. several contributions in Boyer and Drache, States Against Markets; Paul Hirst, 'The Global Economy - Myths and Realities', International Affairs, 3 (1997), pp. 409-25; Robert H. Jackson, 'Continuity and Change in the States System', in R.H. Jackson and A. James (eds.), States in a Changing World. A Contemporary Analysis (London, 1993).
95. E.g. several contributions in Boyer and Drache, States Against Markets; Paul Hirst, 'The Global Economy - Myths and Realities', International Affairs, 3 (1997), pp. 409-25; Robert H. Jackson, 'Continuity and Change in the States System', in R.H. Jackson and A. James (eds.), States in a Changing World. A Contemporary Analysis (London, 1993).
96. Kari Levitt, 'Debt, Adjustment and Development: Looking to the 1990s', Economic and Political Weekly, July 21 (1990). Oil and a few strategic raw materials are exceptions from this trend.
97. Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder, 1998).
98. Dieter Senghaas, The European Experience: A Historical Critique of Development Theory (Leamington Spa/Dover, 1985).
99. Kenneth N. Waltz, 'Theory of International Polities' (Reading, MA, 1979); see also Mark V. Zacher, 'The decaying pillars of the Westphalian Temple: Implications for International Order and Governance', in J.N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (eds.), Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 58-102.
100. Kenneth N. Waltz, 'Theory of International Polities' (Reading, MA, 1979); see also Mark V. Zacher, 'The decaying pillars of the Westphalian Temple: Implications for International Order and Governance', in J.N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (eds.), Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 58-102.
101. Janice Thompson and Stephen D. Krasner, 'Global Transactions and the Consolidation of Sovereignty', in E-O. Czempiel and J.N. Rosenau (eds.), Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s (Lexington, MA, 1989), pp. 195-221.
102. James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, 1990); Ohmae, The End of the Nation-state: The Rise of Regional Economies; Susan Strange, 'Wake up, Krasner! The World has Changed', Review of International Political Economy, 2 (1994), pp. 209-19; Zacher, 'The Decaying Pillars of the Westphalian Temple'.
103. James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, 1990); Ohmae, The End of the Nation-state: The Rise of Regional Economies; Susan Strange, 'Wake up, Krasner! The World has Changed', Review of International Political Economy, 2 (1994), pp. 209-19; Zacher, 'The Decaying Pillars of the Westphalian Temple'.
104. James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, 1990); Ohmae, The End of the Nation-state: The Rise of Regional Economies; Susan Strange, 'Wake up, Krasner! The World has Changed', Review of International Political Economy, 2 (1994), pp. 209-19; Zacher, 'The Decaying Pillars of the Westphalian Temple'.
105. James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, 1990); Ohmae, The End of the Nation-state: The Rise of Regional Economies; Susan Strange, 'Wake up, Krasner! The World has Changed', Review of International Political Economy, 2 (1994), pp. 209-19; Zacher, 'The Decaying Pillars of the Westphalian Temple'.
106. E.g., William H. McNeill, 'Winds of Change', Foreign Affairs, 69 (1990), pp. 162-72.
107. See Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity.
108. Georg Sørensen, 'An Analysis of Contemporary Statehood: Consequences for Conflict and Cooperation', Review of International Studies, 3 (1997), pp. 253-69.
109. Robert O. Keohane et al., After the Cold War. International Institutions and State Strategies in Europe 1989-91 (Cambridge, MA, 1993); Georg Sørensen, 'Det Liberale Fredsperspektiv i Teori of Praksis', GRUS, 53 (1997), pp. 7-27.
110. Robert O. Keohane et al., After the Cold War. International Institutions and State Strategies in Europe 1989-91 (Cambridge, MA, 1993); Georg Sørensen, 'Det Liberale Fredsperspektiv i Teori of Praksis', GRUS, 53 (1997), pp. 7-27.
111. As evidenced in leading North American journals, such as International Security, World Politics, International Organization and American Political Science Review.
112. The definition is a modified version of the one appearing in Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory'.
113. Waltz, 'The Emerging Structure of International Polities'.
114. An overview of the liberal arguments appears in Sørensen, 'Det Liberale Fredsperspektiv i Teori of Praksis'.
115. See Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power.
116. Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', p. 103.
117. Robert W. Cox, 'Global Restructuring. Making Sense of the Changing International Political Economy', in Stubbs and Underhill (eds.), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, pp. 45-60.
118. For an overview, see B. Hettne and A. Inotai, The New Regionalism (Helsinki, 1994).
119. For a similar view, see Miles Kahler, 'A World of Blocs: Facts and Factoids', World Policy Journal, 1 (1995), pp. 19-28.
120. Samuel Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations', Foreign Affairs, 3 (1993), pp. 22-50.
121. Jackson, 'The Political Theory of International Society'.
122. See Albrow, The Global Age.
123. Bull, 'International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach'.
124. E.g., Georg Sørensen, 'A Revised Paradigm for International Relations', Cooperation and Conflict (1991), pp. 85-116.
125. See, for example, Arend Lijphart, 'The Structure of the Theoretical Revolution in International Relations', International Studies Quarterly, 1 (1964), pp. 41-75.