Requirements and techniques for measuring the musical spectrum of the clarinet

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Volumn 78, Issue 5, 1985, Pages 1475-1498

  Larson, C O ^b  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RIVER FALLS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039960202     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: NA     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.392784     Document Type: Article

References (81)

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3. C. S. McGinnis, H. Hawkins, and N. Sher, “An experimental study of the tone quality of the Boehm clarinet,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 14, 228–237 (1943).
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5. E. Yost, Akustische und Pyschometrische Untersuchung an Klarinetten-klangen (Arno Volk Verlag, Köln, 1967), p. 12 ff.
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16. We are indebted to Thomas Kicher for quantitative examples of athlete's consistency observed by him in the course of research on materials for sports equipment.
17. A. H. Benade, Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics (Oxford U. P., New York, 1976), p. 417.
18. Reference 17, Sec. 20.8, p. 418; Fig. 22.1, p. 466; Fig. 22.2, p. 468; Digression, p. 469.
19. Reference 17, Chap. 12.
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21. See, however, M. McIntyre and J. Woodhouse, “The acoustics of stringed musical instruments,” Interdiscip. Sci. Rev. 3, 157–173 (1978).
22. For example, it was used in the experiments discussed in Ref. 17, Sec. 20.8, p. 419.
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25. Reference 17, statement 10, p. 439; statement 5, p. 445; see, also, p. 461 to the end of Sec. 21.5; Ex. 6, p. 463.
26. Reference 20, p. 38.
27. S. C. Thompson, “The effect of the reed resonance on the woodwind tone production,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 1290–1307 (1979).
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29. Reference 17, Fig. 21.3, p. 435; Sec. 21.4, p. 449; Sec. 22.4, p. 481; and most particularly, Sec. 22.5, p. 485.
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32. Reference 31, pp. 340 and 381.
33. Reference 31, pp. 582 and 595.
34. H. Kuttruff, Room Acoustics (Applied Science, London, 1973), p. 49.
35. Reference 34, p. 88.
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38. D. Lubman, “Precision of reverberant sound power measurements,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 523–533 (1974).
39. Reference 34, p. 65.
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42. H. G. Andres, “Schwankung von Rauschpegeln in Räumen,” Acustica 16, 279-294 (1966); see, also, W. Reichardt and H. Niese, “Die Addition der Schallerregungen in den Einzelnen Frequenzgruppen bei impulsiven Geräuschen,” Acustica 16, 294–304 (1966).
43. R. K. Cook, R. V. Waterhouse, R. D. Berendt, S. Edelman, and M. C. Thompson, “Measurement of correlation coefficients in reverberant sound fields,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 27, 1072–1077 (1955).
44. R. V. Waterhouse, “Radiation impedance of a source near reflectors,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1144–1151 (1963).
45. Reference 31, p. 595 ff.
46. Reference 34, p. 71 ff.
47. E. K. Dunens and R. F. Lambert, “Impulsive sound-level response statistics in a reverberant enclosure,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 1524–1532 (1977).
48. M. R. Schroeder, “Complimentarity of sound buildup and decay,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 549–551 (1966).
49. Reference 17, Sec. 11.7, p. 184.
50. G. Naffah, “A study of tone-burst onset and decay envelopes in relation to the steady state signal level at any point in a room,” Senior thesis project, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 1981.
51. M. R. Schroeder, “Eigenfrequenzstatistik in Räumen,” Acustica 4, 504-516(1954).
52. Reference 31, p. 565 ff.
53. M. R. Schroeder, “Determination of the geometry of the human vocal tract by acoustic measurements,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41, 1002–1010 (1967).
54. Reference 17, Sec. 11.5, p. 181.
55. I. M. Lindevald and A. H. Benade, “Volume perturbers as possible sound field randomizers in room-average spectrum measurement procedures,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 72, S63 (1982).
56. See Ref. 38.
57. Reference 34, p. 70 indicates the nature of a very similar calculation.
58. Reference 30, Sec. 10.
59. A. H. Benade and S. Kouzoupis, “Semi-empirical formula for the clarinet spectrum,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 75, S17 (1984); see also Ref. 81.
60. See the discussion of Figs. 1 and 5 referring to the flute and oboe in Ref. 30. Similar evidences of stability are available for the trumpet, violin, saxophone, bassoon, and tuba.
61. Reference 17, Sec. 11.6, p. 183; Sec. 12.3, p. 205; Sec. 12.4, p. 210; Sec. 24.5, p. 547.
62. Reference 30, Secs. V and VII.
63. I. M. Lindevald and A. H. Benade, “Loudness matching in the sound field of a room,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 73, S85 (1983).
64. I. M. Lindevald and A. H. Benade, “Loudness discrimination in the sound field of a room,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 75, S46 (1984).
65. I. M. Lindevald and A. H. Benade, “Two-ear correlation in the statistical sound fields of rooms,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 30,1044 (1985); also submitted to JASA.
66. Reference 17, Chaps. 20–22.
67. A thorough review of the problem (with emphasis on the time domain formulation) is given in M. E. McIntyre, R. T. Schumacher, and J. Woodhouse, “On the oscillations of musical instruments,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 1325-1345 (1983).
68. “An extension of the present formulation to include effects due to the player's own windway is outlined in A. H. Benade, “Air column, reed, and player's windway interaction in musical instruments,” Paper 35 in Vocal Fold Physiology, Biomechanics, Acoustics, and Phonatory Control, edited by I. R. Titze and R. C. Scherer (Denver Center for the Performing Arts, Denver, 1985).
69. See, however, J. Backus,The effect of the player's vocal tract on woodwind instrument tone,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78,17-20 (1985).
70. W.E. Worman, “Self-sustained nonlinear oscillations of medium amplitude in clarinetlike systems,” Ph.D. thesis (Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 1971).
71. Reference 27.
72. Reference 17, Sec. 21.3, p. 439; See, also, Ref. 68.
73. Reference 17, Fig. 21.6, p. 443.
74. Reference 28, Sec. III.
75. ITT Reference Data for Radio Engineers (Sams, New York, 1977), 6th ed., Chap. 24.
76. Reference 28, Eq. 38.
77. D. H. Keefe, “Theory of the single woodwind tone hole,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 676–687 (1982).
78. D. H. Keefe, “Experiments on the single woodwind tone hole,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 688–699 (1982).
79. Reference 28, Sec. VII.
80. Reference 30, Fig. 8. The angular distribution given in Ref. 2, p. 233 is incorrect.
81. S. N. Kouzoupis, “Systematic model for the clarinet spectrum,” MS thesis, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (1985).