Reconceptualizing Social Support and Its Relationship to Child Neglect

Social Service Review

Volumn 71, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 421-440

  Beeman, Sandra K ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039955012     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/604264     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Sidney Cobb, "Social Support as a Moderator of Life Stress," Psychosomatic Medicine 38, no. 5 (September-October 1976): 300-314; Benjamin Gottlieb, "Social Networks and Social Support in Community Mental Health," in Social Networks and Social Support, ed. B. Gottlieb (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1981), pp. 11-42; Carol Stack, All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community (New York: Harper, 1974).
2. Sidney Cobb, "Social Support as a Moderator of Life Stress," Psychosomatic Medicine 38, no. 5 (September-October 1976): 300-314; Benjamin Gottlieb, "Social Networks and Social Support in Community Mental Health," in Social Networks and Social Support, ed. B. Gottlieb (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1981), pp. 11-42; Carol Stack, All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community (New York: Harper, 1974).
3. Sidney Cobb, "Social Support as a Moderator of Life Stress," Psychosomatic Medicine 38, no. 5 (September-October 1976): 300-314; Benjamin Gottlieb, "Social Networks and Social Support in Community Mental Health," in Social Networks and Social Support, ed. B. Gottlieb (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1981), pp. 11-42; Carol Stack, All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community (New York: Harper, 1974).
4. Carol H. Meyer, "Editorial: Social Support and Social Workers: Collaboration or Conflict," Social Work 30, no. 4 (July-August 1985): 291; James Garbarino, "Social Support Networks: Rx for the Helping Professions," in Social Support Networks in the Human Services, ed. J. K. Whittaker and J. Garbarino (New York: Aldine, 1983), pp. 3-28; Elizabeth M. Tracy and James K. Whittaker, "The Evidence Base for Social Support Interventions in Child and Family Practice: Emerging Issues for Research and Practice," Children and Youth Services Review 9 (1987): 249-70.
5. Carol H. Meyer, "Editorial: Social Support and Social Workers: Collaboration or Conflict," Social Work 30, no. 4 (July-August 1985): 291; James Garbarino, "Social Support Networks: Rx for the Helping Professions," in Social Support Networks in the Human Services, ed. J. K. Whittaker and J. Garbarino (New York: Aldine, 1983), pp. 3-28; Elizabeth M. Tracy and James K. Whittaker, "The Evidence Base for Social Support Interventions in Child and Family Practice: Emerging Issues for Research and Practice," Children and Youth Services Review 9 (1987): 249-70.
6. Carol H. Meyer, "Editorial: Social Support and Social Workers: Collaboration or Conflict," Social Work 30, no. 4 (July-August 1985): 291; James Garbarino, "Social Support Networks: Rx for the Helping Professions," in Social Support Networks in the Human Services, ed. J. K. Whittaker and J. Garbarino (New York: Aldine, 1983), pp. 3-28; Elizabeth M. Tracy and James K. Whittaker, "The Evidence Base for Social Support Interventions in Child and Family Practice: Emerging Issues for Research and Practice," Children and Youth Services Review 9 (1987): 249-70.
7. Meyer (n. 2 above); Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61, no. 1 (March 1987): 19-31; Harry Specht, "Social Support, Social Networks, Social Exchange, and Social Work Practice," Social Service Review 60, no. 2 (June 1986): 218-40; Calvin Streeter and Cynthia Franklin, "Defining and Measuring Social Support: Guidelines for Social Work Practitioners," Research on Social Work Practice 2 (1992): 81-98; Darlyne Bailey, Donald M. Wolfe, and Christopher R. Wolfe, "With a Little Help from Our Friends: Social Support as a Source of Well-Being and of Coping with Stress," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 20 (1993): 126-52; Jack M. Richman, Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, and Charles J. Hardy, "The Social Support Survey: A Validation Study of a Clinical Measure of the Social Support Process," Research on Social Work Practice 3, no. 3 (July 1993): 288-311.
8. Meyer (n. 2 above); Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61, no. 1 (March 1987): 19-31; Harry Specht, "Social Support, Social Networks, Social Exchange, and Social Work Practice," Social Service Review 60, no. 2 (June 1986): 218-40; Calvin Streeter and Cynthia Franklin, "Defining and Measuring Social Support: Guidelines for Social Work Practitioners," Research on Social Work Practice 2 (1992): 81-98; Darlyne Bailey, Donald M. Wolfe, and Christopher R. Wolfe, "With a Little Help from Our Friends: Social Support as a Source of Well-Being and of Coping with Stress," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 20 (1993): 126-52; Jack M. Richman, Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, and Charles J. Hardy, "The Social Support Survey: A Validation Study of a Clinical Measure of the Social Support Process," Research on Social Work Practice 3, no. 3 (July 1993): 288-311.
9. Meyer (n. 2 above); Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61, no. 1 (March 1987): 19-31; Harry Specht, "Social Support, Social Networks, Social Exchange, and Social Work Practice," Social Service Review 60, no. 2 (June 1986): 218-40; Calvin Streeter and Cynthia Franklin, "Defining and Measuring Social Support: Guidelines for Social Work Practitioners," Research on Social Work Practice 2 (1992): 81-98; Darlyne Bailey, Donald M. Wolfe, and Christopher R. Wolfe, "With a Little Help from Our Friends: Social Support as a Source of Well-Being and of Coping with Stress," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 20 (1993): 126-52; Jack M. Richman, Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, and Charles J. Hardy, "The Social Support Survey: A Validation Study of a Clinical Measure of the Social Support Process," Research on Social Work Practice 3, no. 3 (July 1993): 288-311.
10. Meyer (n. 2 above); Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61, no. 1 (March 1987): 19-31; Harry Specht, "Social Support, Social Networks, Social Exchange, and Social Work Practice," Social Service Review 60, no. 2 (June 1986): 218-40; Calvin Streeter and Cynthia Franklin, "Defining and Measuring Social Support: Guidelines for Social Work Practitioners," Research on Social Work Practice 2 (1992): 81-98; Darlyne Bailey, Donald M. Wolfe, and Christopher R. Wolfe, "With a Little Help from Our Friends: Social Support as a Source of Well-Being and of Coping with Stress," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 20 (1993): 126-52; Jack M. Richman, Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, and Charles J. Hardy, "The Social Support Survey: A Validation Study of a Clinical Measure of the Social Support Process," Research on Social Work Practice 3, no. 3 (July 1993): 288-311.
11. Meyer (n. 2 above); Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61, no. 1 (March 1987): 19-31; Harry Specht, "Social Support, Social Networks, Social Exchange, and Social Work Practice," Social Service Review 60, no. 2 (June 1986): 218-40; Calvin Streeter and Cynthia Franklin, "Defining and Measuring Social Support: Guidelines for Social Work Practitioners," Research on Social Work Practice 2 (1992): 81-98; Darlyne Bailey, Donald M. Wolfe, and Christopher R. Wolfe, "With a Little Help from Our Friends: Social Support as a Source of Well-Being and of Coping with Stress," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 20 (1993): 126-52; Jack M. Richman, Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, and Charles J. Hardy, "The Social Support Survey: A Validation Study of a Clinical Measure of the Social Support Process," Research on Social Work Practice 3, no. 3 (July 1993): 288-311.
12. Janet L. Miller and James K. Whittaker, "Social Services and Social Support: Blended Programs for Families at Risk of Child Maltreatment," Child Welfare 67, no. 2 (March-April 1988): 161-74; Tracy and Whittaker (n. 2 above); Anthony N. Maluccio, "Research Perspectives on Social Support Systems for Families and Children," Journal of Applied Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1989): 269-92; Ross A. Thompson, Preventing Child Maltreatment through Social Support: A Critical Analysis (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995); Jay Belsky, "The Determinants of Parenting: A Process Model," Child Development 55 (1984): 83-96; James Garbarino, "The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research, "Journal of Marriage and the Family 39, no. 4 (November 1977): 721-35; Moncrieff Cochran, Mary Larner, David Riley, Lars Gunnarsson, and Charles R. Henderson, Jr., Extending Families: The Social Networks of Parents and Their Children (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Stack (n. 1 above); M. Delgado and D. Humm-Delgado, "Natural Support Systems: Source of Strength in Hispanic Communities," Social Work 27, no. 1 (January 1982): 83-87.
13. Janet L. Miller and James K. Whittaker, "Social Services and Social Support: Blended Programs for Families at Risk of Child Maltreatment," Child Welfare 67, no. 2 (March-April 1988): 161-74; Tracy and Whittaker (n. 2 above); Anthony N. Maluccio, "Research Perspectives on Social Support Systems for Families and Children," Journal of Applied Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1989): 269-92; Ross A. Thompson, Preventing Child Maltreatment through Social Support: A Critical Analysis (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995); Jay Belsky, "The Determinants of Parenting: A Process Model," Child Development 55 (1984): 83-96; James Garbarino, "The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research, "Journal of Marriage and the Family 39, no. 4 (November 1977): 721-35; Moncrieff Cochran, Mary Larner, David Riley, Lars Gunnarsson, and Charles R. Henderson, Jr., Extending Families: The Social Networks of Parents and Their Children (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Stack (n. 1 above); M. Delgado and D. Humm-Delgado, "Natural Support Systems: Source of Strength in Hispanic Communities," Social Work 27, no. 1 (January 1982): 83-87.
14. Janet L. Miller and James K. Whittaker, "Social Services and Social Support: Blended Programs for Families at Risk of Child Maltreatment," Child Welfare 67, no. 2 (March-April 1988): 161-74; Tracy and Whittaker (n. 2 above); Anthony N. Maluccio, "Research Perspectives on Social Support Systems for Families and Children," Journal of Applied Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1989): 269-92; Ross A. Thompson, Preventing Child Maltreatment through Social Support: A Critical Analysis (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995); Jay Belsky, "The Determinants of Parenting: A Process Model," Child Development 55 (1984): 83-96; James Garbarino, "The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research, "Journal of Marriage and the Family 39, no. 4 (November 1977): 721-35; Moncrieff Cochran, Mary Larner, David Riley, Lars Gunnarsson, and Charles R. Henderson, Jr., Extending Families: The Social Networks of Parents and Their Children (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Stack (n. 1 above); M. Delgado and D. Humm-Delgado, "Natural Support Systems: Source of Strength in Hispanic Communities," Social Work 27, no. 1 (January 1982): 83-87.
15. Janet L. Miller and James K. Whittaker, "Social Services and Social Support: Blended Programs for Families at Risk of Child Maltreatment," Child Welfare 67, no. 2 (March-April 1988): 161-74; Tracy and Whittaker (n. 2 above); Anthony N. Maluccio, "Research Perspectives on Social Support Systems for Families and Children," Journal of Applied Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1989): 269-92; Ross A. Thompson, Preventing Child Maltreatment through Social Support: A Critical Analysis (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995); Jay Belsky, "The Determinants of Parenting: A Process Model," Child Development 55 (1984): 83-96; James Garbarino, "The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research, "Journal of Marriage and the Family 39, no. 4 (November 1977): 721-35; Moncrieff Cochran, Mary Larner, David Riley, Lars Gunnarsson, and Charles R. Henderson, Jr., Extending Families: The Social Networks of Parents and Their Children (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Stack (n. 1 above); M. Delgado and D. Humm-Delgado, "Natural Support Systems: Source of Strength in Hispanic Communities," Social Work 27, no. 1 (January 1982): 83-87.
16. Janet L. Miller and James K. Whittaker, "Social Services and Social Support: Blended Programs for Families at Risk of Child Maltreatment," Child Welfare 67, no. 2 (March-April 1988): 161-74; Tracy and Whittaker (n. 2 above); Anthony N. Maluccio, "Research Perspectives on Social Support Systems for Families and Children," Journal of Applied Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1989): 269-92; Ross A. Thompson, Preventing Child Maltreatment through Social Support: A Critical Analysis (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995); Jay Belsky, "The Determinants of Parenting: A Process Model," Child Development 55 (1984): 83-96; James Garbarino, "The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research, "Journal of Marriage and the Family 39, no. 4 (November 1977): 721-35; Moncrieff Cochran, Mary Larner, David Riley, Lars Gunnarsson, and Charles R. Henderson, Jr., Extending Families: The Social Networks of Parents and Their Children (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Stack (n. 1 above); M. Delgado and D. Humm-Delgado, "Natural Support Systems: Source of Strength in Hispanic Communities," Social Work 27, no. 1 (January 1982): 83-87.
17. Janet L. Miller and James K. Whittaker, "Social Services and Social Support: Blended Programs for Families at Risk of Child Maltreatment," Child Welfare 67, no. 2 (March-April 1988): 161-74; Tracy and Whittaker (n. 2 above); Anthony N. Maluccio, "Research Perspectives on Social Support Systems for Families and Children," Journal of Applied Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1989): 269-92; Ross A. Thompson, Preventing Child Maltreatment through Social Support: A Critical Analysis (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995); Jay Belsky, "The Determinants of Parenting: A Process Model," Child Development 55 (1984): 83-96; James Garbarino, "The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research, "Journal of Marriage and the Family 39, no. 4 (November 1977): 721-35; Moncrieff Cochran, Mary Larner, David Riley, Lars Gunnarsson, and Charles R. Henderson, Jr., Extending Families: The Social Networks of Parents and Their Children (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Stack (n. 1 above); M. Delgado and D. Humm-Delgado, "Natural Support Systems: Source of Strength in Hispanic Communities," Social Work 27, no. 1 (January 1982): 83-87.
18. Janet L. Miller and James K. Whittaker, "Social Services and Social Support: Blended Programs for Families at Risk of Child Maltreatment," Child Welfare 67, no. 2 (March-April 1988): 161-74; Tracy and Whittaker (n. 2 above); Anthony N. Maluccio, "Research Perspectives on Social Support Systems for Families and Children," Journal of Applied Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1989): 269-92; Ross A. Thompson, Preventing Child Maltreatment through Social Support: A Critical Analysis (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995); Jay Belsky, "The Determinants of Parenting: A Process Model," Child Development 55 (1984): 83-96; James Garbarino, "The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research, "Journal of Marriage and the Family 39, no. 4 (November 1977): 721-35; Moncrieff Cochran, Mary Larner, David Riley, Lars Gunnarsson, and Charles R. Henderson, Jr., Extending Families: The Social Networks of Parents and Their Children (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Stack (n. 1 above); M. Delgado and D. Humm-Delgado, "Natural Support Systems: Source of Strength in Hispanic Communities," Social Work 27, no. 1 (January 1982): 83-87.
19. Gottlieb, ed. (n. 1 above); Manuel Barrera, Jr., "Distinctions between Social Support Concepts, Measures, and Models," American Journal of Community Psychology 14, no. 4 (1986): 413-45; Sheldon Cohen and Thomas Ashby Wills, "Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis," Psychological Bulletin 98, no. 2 (1985): 310-57; Barbara R. Sarason, Irwin G. Sarason, and Gregory R. Pierce, eds., Social Support: An Interactional View (New York: Wiley, 1990).
20. Gottlieb, ed. (n. 1 above); Manuel Barrera, Jr., "Distinctions between Social Support Concepts, Measures, and Models," American Journal of Community Psychology 14, no. 4 (1986): 413-45; Sheldon Cohen and Thomas Ashby Wills, "Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis," Psychological Bulletin 98, no. 2 (1985): 310-57; Barbara R. Sarason, Irwin G. Sarason, and Gregory R. Pierce, eds., Social Support: An Interactional View (New York: Wiley, 1990).
21. Gottlieb, ed. (n. 1 above); Manuel Barrera, Jr., "Distinctions between Social Support Concepts, Measures, and Models," American Journal of Community Psychology 14, no. 4 (1986): 413-45; Sheldon Cohen and Thomas Ashby Wills, "Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis," Psychological Bulletin 98, no. 2 (1985): 310-57; Barbara R. Sarason, Irwin G. Sarason, and Gregory R. Pierce, eds., Social Support: An Interactional View (New York: Wiley, 1990).
22. Schilling (n. 3 above); Specht (n. 3 above); Streeter and Franklin (n. 3 above).
23. Barrera (n. 5 above); Barry Wellman, "Applying Social Network Analysis to the Study of Support," in Gottlieb, ed. (n. 1 above), pp. 171-200; Moncrieff Cochran and Jane Brassard, "Child Development and Personal Social Networks," Child Development 50 (1979): 601-16; J. Clyde Mitchell, "The Concept and Use of Social Networks," in Social Networks in Urban Situations, ed. J. C. Mitchell (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969), pp. 1-50; Urie Brofenbrenner, The Experimental Ecology of Human Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979).
24. Barrera (n. 5 above); Barry Wellman, "Applying Social Network Analysis to the Study of Support," in Gottlieb, ed. (n. 1 above), pp. 171-200; Moncrieff Cochran and Jane Brassard, "Child Development and Personal Social Networks," Child Development 50 (1979): 601-16; J. Clyde Mitchell, "The Concept and Use of Social Networks," in Social Networks in Urban Situations, ed. J. C. Mitchell (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969), pp. 1-50; Urie Brofenbrenner, The Experimental Ecology of Human Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979).
25. Barrera (n. 5 above); Barry Wellman, "Applying Social Network Analysis to the Study of Support," in Gottlieb, ed. (n. 1 above), pp. 171-200; Moncrieff Cochran and Jane Brassard, "Child Development and Personal Social Networks," Child Development 50 (1979): 601-16; J. Clyde Mitchell, "The Concept and Use of Social Networks," in Social Networks in Urban Situations, ed. J. C. Mitchell (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969), pp. 1-50; Urie Brofenbrenner, The Experimental Ecology of Human Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979).
26. Barrera (n. 5 above); Barry Wellman, "Applying Social Network Analysis to the Study of Support," in Gottlieb, ed. (n. 1 above), pp. 171-200; Moncrieff Cochran and Jane Brassard, "Child Development and Personal Social Networks," Child Development 50 (1979): 601-16; J. Clyde Mitchell, "The Concept and Use of Social Networks," in Social Networks in Urban Situations, ed. J. C. Mitchell (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969), pp. 1-50; Urie Brofenbrenner, The Experimental Ecology of Human Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979).
27. Barrera (n. 5 above).
28. Several studies that examined the correlations between the three social support concepts are summarized in Barrera (n. 5 above). An example of research that combines the three social support concepts into one indicator of network strength is James M. Gaudin and Leonard Pollane's "Social Networks, Stress, and Child Abuse," Children and Youth Services Review 5 (1983): 91-102.
29. Wellman (n. 7 above).
30. Mitchell (n. 7 above).
31. Cochran and Brassard (n. 7 above); Mitchell (n. 7 above).
32. Sandra K. Beeman, "Maximizing Credibility and Accountability in Qualitative Data Collection and Data Analysis: A Social Work Research Case Example," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 22, no. 4 (December 1995): 99-114.
33. Sandra K. Beeman, "Social Network Structure and Interaction among Neglecting and Nonneglecting Mothers" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, School of Social Service Administration, 1993); Elizabeth Seagull, "Social Support and Child Maltreatment: A Review of the Evidence," Child Abuse and Neglect 11 (1987): 41-52.
34. Sandra K. Beeman, "Social Network Structure and Interaction among Neglecting and Nonneglecting Mothers" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, School of Social Service Administration, 1993); Elizabeth Seagull, "Social Support and Child Maltreatment: A Review of the Evidence," Child Abuse and Neglect 11 (1987): 41-52.
35. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
36. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
37. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
38. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
39. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
40. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
41. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
42. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
43. Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Andrew Billingsley, "Child Neglect among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49, no. 4 (April 1970): 196-204; E. J. Merrill, Protecting the Battered Child (Denver: American Humane Association, Children's Division, 1962); Leontine Young, Wednesday's Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); R. Parke and C. Collmer, "Child Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), pp. 509-90; Norman A. Polansky, Mary Ann Chalmers, David P. Williams, and Elizabeth Werthan Buttenwieser, Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); James Garbarino, "A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers," Child Development 47 (1976): 178-85; James Garbarino and Ann Crouter, "Defining the Community Context for Parent-Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 49 (1978): 604-16; James Garbarino and Deborah Sherman, "High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment," Child Development 51 (1980): 188-98; Isabel Wolock and Bernard Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53 (June 1979): 175-94.
44. Sara J. Corse, Kathleen Schmid, and Penelope K. Trickett, "Social Network Characteristics of Mothers in Abusing and Nonabusing Families and Their Relationships to Parenting Beliefs," Journal of Community Psychology 18 (1990): 44-59.
45. Gaudin and Pollane (n. 9 above). Similar findings comparing neglecting and nonneglecting mothers are reported in James M. Gaudin, Norman A. Polansky, Allie C. Kilpatrick, and Paula Shikon, "Loneliness, Depression, Stress, and Social Supports in Neglectful Families," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 63, no. 4 (October 1993): 597-605.
46. Patricia M. Crittenden, "Social Networks, Quality of Child Rearing, and Child Development," Child Development 56 (1985): 1299-313.
47. Elizabeth Tracy, "Identifying Social Support Resources of At-Risk Families," Social Work 35, no. 3 (May 1990): 252-58.
48. In his recent book, Thompson (n. 4 above) outlines the critical need for the development of knowledge about social support and child maltreatment, particularly research that differentiates between maltreatment subpopulations and research about the nature of social network interactions.
49. A detailed description of data collection and analysis procedures is presented in Beeman, "Maximizing Credibility and Accountability" (n. 13 above).
50. Michael Quinn Patton, Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, 2d ed. (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1990).
51. Robert L. Hampton, "Child Abuse in the African American Community," in Child Welfare: An Africentric Perspective, ed. J. E. Everett, S. S. Chipungu, and B. R. Leashore (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1991), pp. 220-46; Patrick Curtis, Jennifer Boyd, Mary Liepold, and Michael Petit, Child Abuse and Neglect: A Look at the States, The CWLA Stat Book (Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America Press, 1995).
52. Robert L. Hampton, "Child Abuse in the African American Community," in Child Welfare: An Africentric Perspective, ed. J. E. Everett, S. S. Chipungu, and B. R. Leashore (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1991), pp. 220-46; Patrick Curtis, Jennifer Boyd, Mary Liepold, and Michael Petit, Child Abuse and Neglect: A Look at the States, The CWLA Stat Book (Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America Press, 1995).
53. Sampling procedures are fully described in Beeman, "Social Network Structure and Interaction" (n. 14 above).
54. Beeman, "Maximizing Credibility and Accountability" (n. 13 above).
55. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1990); John Seidel, R. Kjolseth, and E. Seymour. The Ethnograph [computer program] (Corvallis, Oreg.: Qualis Research Associates, 1988).
56. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1990); John Seidel, R. Kjolseth, and E. Seymour. The Ethnograph [computer program] (Corvallis, Oreg.: Qualis Research Associates, 1988).
57. Mitchell (n. 7 above).
58. Ibid.; Barrera (n. 5 above).
59. Patton (n. 22 above) suggests the use of study respondents' own words in reporting the findings of qualitative research. All names used are pseudonyms.
60. Edwina S. Uehara and Sandra K. Beeman, "The Presence and Consequences of Negative Ties in the Social Networks of Low-Income African-American Mothers: Observations from Two Exploratory Studies" (University of Washington, School of Social Work, Seattle, 1996).
61. Although, as Specht (n. 3 above) points out, the relationship between well-being (or good functioning) and social support is likely interactive, high levels of social support lead to well-being, and well-being leads to higher levels of social interaction and social support.
62. Marion Lindblad-Goldberg and Joyce Lynn Dukes, "Social Support in Black, Low-Income, Single-Parent Families: Normative and Dysfunctional Patterns," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 55, no. 1 (January 1985): 42-58.
63. Crittenden (n. 18 above).
64. R. Jay Turner and William R. Avison, "AssessingRisk Factors for Problem Parenting: The Significance of Social Support," Journal of Marriage and the Family 47 (November 1985): 881-92.
65. Tracy and Whittaker (n. 2 above).
66. Although frameworks for social support interventions that include interpersonal skills training have been developed (see, e.g., Tracy and Whittaker [n. 2 above]; and James K. Whittaker and Elizabeth M. Tracy, "Social Network Intervention in Intensive Family-Based Preventive Services," Prevention in Human Services 9, no. 1 [1991]: 175-92), very few such programs have been described in the literature (some exceptions are Madeline L. Lovell and Cheryl A. Richey, "Implementing Agency-Based Social-Support Skill Training," Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 72 [November 1991]: 563-72; and Cheryl A. Richey, Madeline L. Lovell, and Kathy Reid, "Interpersonal Skill Training to Enhance Social Support among Women at Risk for Child Maltreatment," Children and Youth Services Review 13 [1991]: 41-59).
67. Although frameworks for social support interventions that include interpersonal skills training have been developed (see, e.g., Tracy and Whittaker [n. 2 above]; and James K. Whittaker and Elizabeth M. Tracy, "Social Network Intervention in Intensive Family-Based Preventive Services," Prevention in Human Services 9, no. 1 [1991]: 175-92), very few such programs have been described in the literature (some exceptions are Madeline L. Lovell and Cheryl A. Richey, "Implementing Agency-Based Social-Support Skill Training," Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 72 [November 1991]: 563-72; and Cheryl A. Richey, Madeline L. Lovell, and Kathy Reid, "Interpersonal Skill Training to Enhance Social Support among Women at Risk for Child Maltreatment," Children and Youth Services Review 13 [1991]: 41-59).
68. Although frameworks for social support interventions that include interpersonal skills training have been developed (see, e.g., Tracy and Whittaker [n. 2 above]; and James K. Whittaker and Elizabeth M. Tracy, "Social Network Intervention in Intensive Family-Based Preventive Services," Prevention in Human Services 9, no. 1 [1991]: 175-92), very few such programs have been described in the literature (some exceptions are Madeline L. Lovell and Cheryl A. Richey, "Implementing Agency-Based Social-Support Skill Training," Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 72 [November 1991]: 563-72; and Cheryl A. Richey, Madeline L. Lovell, and Kathy Reid, "Interpersonal Skill Training to Enhance Social Support among Women at Risk for Child Maltreatment," Children and Youth Services Review 13 [1991]: 41-59).
69. Although frameworks for social support interventions that include interpersonal skills training have been developed (see, e.g., Tracy and Whittaker [n. 2 above]; and James K. Whittaker and Elizabeth M. Tracy, "Social Network Intervention in Intensive Family-Based Preventive Services," Prevention in Human Services 9, no. 1 [1991]: 175-92), very few such programs have been described in the literature (some exceptions are Madeline L. Lovell and Cheryl A. Richey, "Implementing Agency-Based Social-Support Skill Training," Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 72 [November 1991]: 563-72; and Cheryl A. Richey, Madeline L. Lovell, and Kathy Reid, "Interpersonal Skill Training to Enhance Social Support among Women at Risk for Child Maltreatment," Children and Youth Services Review 13 [1991]: 41-59).