The political theory of the constitution

Political Studies

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 417-435

  Castiglione, Dario ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039926826     PISSN: 00323217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00592.x     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. I am grateful to the participants in the Norwich workshop for their comments on an earlier draft of this essay, in particular to Richard Bellamy for advice and discussion at various stages of its preparation, and to Catherine Armstrong for her help with the final version.
2. For a recent discussion of 'negative' and 'enabling' constitutionalism, cf. S. Holmes, Passions and Constraint. On the Theory of Liberal Democracy (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1995), chs 4-7; see also R. Bellamy and D. Castiglione, 'Constitutionalism and democracy: political theory and the American constitution', British Journal of Political Science (forthcoming).
3. For a recent discussion of 'negative' and 'enabling' constitutionalism, cf. S. Holmes, Passions and Constraint. On the Theory of Liberal Democracy (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1995), chs 4-7; see also R. Bellamy and D. Castiglione, 'Constitutionalism and democracy: political theory and the American constitution', British Journal of Political Science (forthcoming).
4. T. Paine (B. Kuklick, ed.), Political Writings (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 81.
5. Cf. K. Loewenstein. 'Reflections on the value of constitutions in our revolutionary age' in A. J. Zucher (ed.), Constitutions and Constitutional Trends since World War II (New York, New York University Press, 1951), p. 193.
6. Cf. D. Castiglione, 'Contracts and constitutions' in R. Bellamy, V. Bufacchi and D. Castiglione (eds), Democracy and Constitutionalism in the Union of Europe (London, Lothian Foundation, 1995), pp. 64-5 and 69.
7. For other classifications, cf. C. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre (Berlin, Duncker and Humblot, 1928), ch. 1; C. Mortati, 'Costituzione' in Enciclopedia del Diritto (Milano, Giuffrè, 1962), vol. XI, pp. 133-233; C. J. Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy (Boston, Ginn, rev. ed., 1950), ch. 7; N. Bobbio and F. Pierandrei, Introduzione alla Costituzione (Bari, Laterza, rev. ed., 1980), pp. 17-9; G. Maddox, 'Constitution' in T. Ball, J. Farr and R. L. Hanson (eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 50-67; M. Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale (Bologna, il Mulino, 1994), ch. 1.
8. For other classifications, cf. C. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre (Berlin, Duncker and Humblot, 1928), ch. 1; C. Mortati, 'Costituzione' in Enciclopedia del Diritto (Milano, Giuffrè, 1962), vol. XI, pp. 133-233; C. J. Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy (Boston, Ginn, rev. ed., 1950), ch. 7; N. Bobbio and F. Pierandrei, Introduzione alla Costituzione (Bari, Laterza, rev. ed., 1980), pp. 17-9; G. Maddox, 'Constitution' in T. Ball, J. Farr and R. L. Hanson (eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 50-67; M. Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale (Bologna, il Mulino, 1994), ch. 1.
9. For other classifications, cf. C. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre (Berlin, Duncker and Humblot, 1928), ch. 1; C. Mortati, 'Costituzione' in Enciclopedia del Diritto (Milano, Giuffrè, 1962), vol. XI, pp. 133-233; C. J. Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy (Boston, Ginn, rev. ed., 1950), ch. 7; N. Bobbio and F. Pierandrei, Introduzione alla Costituzione (Bari, Laterza, rev. ed., 1980), pp. 17-9; G. Maddox, 'Constitution' in T. Ball, J. Farr and R. L. Hanson (eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 50-67; M. Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale (Bologna, il Mulino, 1994), ch. 1.
10. For other classifications, cf. C. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre (Berlin, Duncker and Humblot, 1928), ch. 1; C. Mortati, 'Costituzione' in Enciclopedia del Diritto (Milano, Giuffrè, 1962), vol. XI, pp. 133-233; C. J. Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy (Boston, Ginn, rev. ed., 1950), ch. 7; N. Bobbio and F. Pierandrei, Introduzione alla Costituzione (Bari, Laterza, rev. ed., 1980), pp. 17-9; G. Maddox, 'Constitution' in T. Ball, J. Farr and R. L. Hanson (eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 50-67; M. Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale (Bologna, il Mulino, 1994), ch. 1.
11. For other classifications, cf. C. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre (Berlin, Duncker and Humblot, 1928), ch. 1; C. Mortati, 'Costituzione' in Enciclopedia del Diritto (Milano, Giuffrè, 1962), vol. XI, pp. 133-233; C. J. Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy (Boston, Ginn, rev. ed., 1950), ch. 7; N. Bobbio and F. Pierandrei, Introduzione alla Costituzione (Bari, Laterza, rev. ed., 1980), pp. 17-9; G. Maddox, 'Constitution' in T. Ball, J. Farr and R. L. Hanson (eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 50-67; M. Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale (Bologna, il Mulino, 1994), ch. 1.
12. For other classifications, cf. C. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre (Berlin, Duncker and Humblot, 1928), ch. 1; C. Mortati, 'Costituzione' in Enciclopedia del Diritto (Milano, Giuffrè, 1962), vol. XI, pp. 133-233; C. J. Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy (Boston, Ginn, rev. ed., 1950), ch. 7; N. Bobbio and F. Pierandrei, Introduzione alla Costituzione (Bari, Laterza, rev. ed., 1980), pp. 17-9; G. Maddox, 'Constitution' in T. Ball, J. Farr and R. L. Hanson (eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 50-67; M. Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale (Bologna, il Mulino, 1994), ch. 1.
13. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, ch. 1, para. 2.
14. Cf. G. Rebuffa, Costituzioni e costituzionalismi (Torino, Giappichelli, 1990), pp. 34-54; P. W. Kahn, Legitimacy and History. Self-Government in American Constitutional Theory (New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 1992), ch. 1; L. Ferrajoli, 'Democracy and the constitution in Italy', in this volume. On the relationship between constitutions and contractarian thinking, see Castiglione, 'Contracts and constitutions', pp. 63-67.
15. Cf. G. Rebuffa, Costituzioni e costituzionalismi (Torino, Giappichelli, 1990), pp. 34-54; P. W. Kahn, Legitimacy and History. Self-Government in American Constitutional Theory (New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 1992), ch. 1; L. Ferrajoli, 'Democracy and the constitution in Italy', in this volume. On the relationship between constitutions and contractarian thinking, see Castiglione, 'Contracts and constitutions', pp. 63-67.
16. Cf. G. Rebuffa, Costituzioni e costituzionalismi (Torino, Giappichelli, 1990), pp. 34-54; P. W. Kahn, Legitimacy and History. Self-Government in American Constitutional Theory (New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 1992), ch. 1; L. Ferrajoli, 'Democracy and the constitution in Italy', in this volume. On the relationship between constitutions and contractarian thinking, see Castiglione, 'Contracts and constitutions', pp. 63-67.
17. Cf. G. Rebuffa, Costituzioni e costituzionalismi (Torino, Giappichelli, 1990), pp. 34-54; P. W. Kahn, Legitimacy and History. Self-Government in American Constitutional Theory (New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 1992), ch. 1; L. Ferrajoli, 'Democracy and the constitution in Italy', in this volume. On the relationship between constitutions and contractarian thinking, see Castiglione, 'Contracts and constitutions', pp. 63-67.
18. Cf. U. K. Preuß, 'The political meaning of constitutionalism' in R. Bellamy (ed.), Constitutionalism, Democracy and Sovereignty: American and European Perspectives (Aldershot, Avebury, 1996), pp. 13-8.
19. Cf. Mortati, 'Constituzione', pp. 144-5.
20. Cf. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, ch. 1, para. 2.
21. Cf. P. Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste e la Costituzione del Pluralismo' in M. Luciani (ed.), La democrazia alla fine del secolo (Bari, Laterza, 1994), pp. 96-121; P. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie des Art. 19 Abs. 2 Grundgesetz (Heidelberg, Müller, 3rd rev. ed., 1983), ch. 1; and Ferrajoli, 'Democracy and the constitution in Italy', in this volume.
22. Cf. P. Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste e la Costituzione del Pluralismo' in M. Luciani (ed.), La democrazia alla fine del secolo (Bari, Laterza, 1994), pp. 96-121; P. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie des Art. 19 Abs. 2 Grundgesetz (Heidelberg, Müller, 3rd rev. ed., 1983), ch. 1; and Ferrajoli, 'Democracy and the constitution in Italy', in this volume.
23. Cf. P. Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste e la Costituzione del Pluralismo' in M. Luciani (ed.), La democrazia alla fine del secolo (Bari, Laterza, 1994), pp. 96-121; P. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie des Art. 19 Abs. 2 Grundgesetz (Heidelberg, Müller, 3rd rev. ed., 1983), ch. 1; and Ferrajoli, 'Democracy and the constitution in Italy', in this volume.
24. Cf. H. Kelsen, Introduction to the Problems of Legal Theory (Oxford, Clarendon, 1992), pp. 61-2.
25. Cf. G. Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite (Torino, Einaudi, 1992), chs 1 and 6; Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; and M. Fioravanti, 'Quale futuro per la "costituzione"?', Quaderni Fiorentini. Per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno, 21 (1992), 623-37.
26. Cf. G. Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite (Torino, Einaudi, 1992), chs 1 and 6; Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; and M. Fioravanti, 'Quale futuro per la "costituzione"?', Quaderni Fiorentini. Per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno, 21 (1992), 623-37.
27. Cf. G. Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite (Torino, Einaudi, 1992), chs 1 and 6; Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; and M. Fioravanti, 'Quale futuro per la "costituzione"?', Quaderni Fiorentini. Per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno, 21 (1992), 623-37.
28. H. Kelsen, General Theory of Norms (Oxford, Clarendon, 1991), pp. 116-7.
29. Cf. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, ch. 1, para. 8; A. Negri, Il potere costituente. Saggio sulle aternative del moderno (Varese, Sugarco, 1992), ch. 1.
30. Cf. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, ch. 1, para. 8; A. Negri, Il potere costituente. Saggio sulle aternative del moderno (Varese, Sugarco, 1992), ch. 1.
31. Cf. W. Bagehot, The English Constitution (London, Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 259; G. W. F. Hegel (T. M. Knox, ed.), Philosophy of Right (London, Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 291.
32. Cf. W. Bagehot, The English Constitution (London, Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 259; G. W. F. Hegel (T. M. Knox, ed.), Philosophy of Right (London, Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 291.
33. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, p. 178.
34. E. Burke, Reflections on the French Revolution (London, Dent, 1955), p. 281.
35. Cf. W. von Humboldt (J. W. Burrow, ed.), The Limits of State Action (Indianapolis, Liberty Fund, 1993), p. 3.
36. Cf. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 1, Rules and Order (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982), p. 134; for a similar instrumental conception, see J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 227-30.
37. Cf. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 1, Rules and Order (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982), p. 134; for a similar instrumental conception, see J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 227-30.
38. Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, p. 137.
39. The Works of Lord Bolingbroke (London, Frank Cass, reprint, 1967), p. 88; cf. also C. H. MacIlwain, Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1958), p. 3.
40. The Works of Lord Bolingbroke (London, Frank Cass, reprint, 1967), p. 88; cf. also C. H. MacIlwain, Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1958), p. 3.
41. Quoted in Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale, p. 37.
42. Montesquieu (R. Derathé, ed.), De l'Esprit des Lois (Paris, Garnier, 1973), vol. I, book I, ch. 3, p. 13.
43. Cf. Kelsen, Introduction to the Problems of Legal Theory, p. 100; and N. Bobbio, Stato, Governo, Societá (Torino, Einaudi, 1985), p. 86.
44. Cf. Kelsen, Introduction to the Problems of Legal Theory, p. 100; and N. Bobbio, Stato, Governo, Societá (Torino, Einaudi, 1985), p. 86.
45. Since much of the discussion in this section is about the history of constitutionalism, I have kept to the traditional, gendered, terminology.
46. McIlwain, Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern, p. 26.
47. J. Bordes, Politeia dans la pensée grecque jusq' à Aristote (Paris, Belles Lettres, 1982), p. 361. Even oligarchies, particularly those where power (arché) was not exercised according to ancient laws and customs, could be classified as tyrannical and therefore excluded from the general class of political regimes. Indeed, it was held that in tyrannical regimes at large 'there are no politai, but a tyrant and idiotai' p. 318; cf. also Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale, pp. 47-51.
48. J. Bordes, Politeia dans la pensée grecque jusq' à Aristote (Paris, Belles Lettres, 1982), p. 361. Even oligarchies, particularly those where power (arché) was not exercised according to ancient laws and customs, could be classified as tyrannical and therefore excluded from the general class of political regimes. Indeed, it was held that in tyrannical regimes at large 'there are no politai, but a tyrant and idiotai' p. 318; cf. also Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale, pp. 47-51.
49. J. Bordes, Politeia dans la pensée grecque jusq' à Aristote (Paris, Belles Lettres, 1982), p. 361. Even oligarchies, particularly those where power (arché) was not exercised according to ancient laws and customs, could be classified as tyrannical and therefore excluded from the general class of political regimes. Indeed, it was held that in tyrannical regimes at large 'there are no politai, but a tyrant and idiotai' p. 318; cf. also Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale, pp. 47-51.
50. Aristotle (H. Rackham, trans.), Politics (London, Heinemann, 1967), 1252a, 1255b, 1277b.
51. The intimate connection between equality and political constitution was proved a contrario by constitutional change (metabole), since this originated as an attempt (not always justified) to restore proportional equality within the political community (Aristotle, Politics, 1301b) either through a new constitutional form reflecting a different conception of equality or through a change in relative positions within the same constitutional form.
52. Cf. Aristotle (G. C. Armstrong, trans.), Magna Moralia (London, Heinemann, 1947), 1194b.
53. Aristotle, Politics, 1285b, but cf. also 1287a.
54. Aristotle recommends that laws should be made in the spirit of the constitution, Politics, 1289a.
55. Cf. Aristotle, Politics, 1287a, where law (nomos) is also said to be order (taxis).
56. Aristotle, Politics, 1284a.
57. Aristotle, Politics, 1289a.
58. Plato (J. Anna and R. Waterfield, eds), Statesman (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), 294b; cf. also MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 2. Plato, Statesman, 294c; cf. aso Aristotle, Politics, 1286a.
59. Plato (J. Anna and R. Waterfield, eds), Statesman (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), 294b; cf. also MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 2. Plato, Statesman, 294c; cf. aso Aristotle, Politics, 1286a.
60. Plato (J. Anna and R. Waterfield, eds), Statesman (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), 294b; cf. also MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 2. Plato, Statesman, 294c; cf. aso Aristotle, Politics, 1286a.
61. Plato (J. Anna and R. Waterfield, eds), Statesman (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), 294b; cf. also MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 2. Plato, Statesman, 294c; cf. aso Aristotle, Politics, 1286a.
62. Plato, Statesman, 300e-301c.
63. Plato, Statesman, 300c; and Aristotle, Politics, 1287a; cf. also MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, pp. 30-4.
64. Plato, Statesman, 300c; and Aristotle, Politics, 1287a; cf. also MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, pp. 30-4.
65. Plato, Statesman, 300c; and Aristotle, Politics, 1287a; cf. also MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, pp. 30-4.
66. Cf. Aristotle, Politics, 1281 for a more pessimistic view.
67. Aristotle, Politics, 1287b, and 1282b.
68. Aristotle, Politics, 1281a.
69. 'Putting laws over - Rousseau wrote - is a problem in politics that I like to compare to that of squaring the circle in geometry. Solve that problem correctly, and the government based upon your solution will be a good government, proof against corruption. But until you solve it, rest assured of this: you may think you have made the laws govern; but men will do the governing.' J. J. Rousseau (W. Kendall, trans.), The Government of Poland (Indianapolis, Hackett, 1985), p. 3.
70. Rousseau, The Government of Poland, p. 4.
71. Rousseau, The Government of Poland, pp. 45-6.
72. For a full and more historically minded discussion of the importance of the idea of the separation of powers, cf. R. Bellamy. 'The political form of the constitution: the separation of powers, rights and representative democracy', in this collection.
73. N. Machiavelli, Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (Milano, Rizzoli, 1984), book I, chs 2-9, pp. 64-88. Cf. also Bellamy, 'The political form of the constitution', this volume.
74. N. Machiavelli, Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (Milano, Rizzoli, 1984), book I, chs 2-9, pp. 64-88. Cf. also Bellamy, 'The political form of the constitution', this volume.
75. J. Harrington (J. G. A. Pocock, ed.), The Commonwealth of Oceana (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 67.
76. I. Kant (H. Reiss, ed.), Political Writings (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 73.
77. Rousseau, The Government of Poland, p. 57.
78. Cf. E.-J. Sieyès, Qu'est-ce que le tiers état? (Genève, Droz, 1970), ch. 5.
79. Paine, Political Writings, p. 82.
80. Paine, Political Writings, pp. 174-80. One important element of the republican conception of the constitution is therefore the role that people play as both the consituent and the controlling power. The distinction between constituent and constituted power is at the basis of what B. Ackerman calls 'dualist democracy', although he wrongly assumes that this is peculiarly American, cf. We The People. Foundations (Cambridge, MA, Belknap, 1991), ch. 1.
81. Paine, Political Writings, pp. 174-80. One important element of the republican conception of the constitution is therefore the role that people play as both the consituent and the controlling power. The distinction between constituent and constituted power is at the basis of what B. Ackerman calls 'dualist democracy', although he wrongly assumes that this is peculiarly American, cf. We The People. Foundations (Cambridge, MA, Belknap, 1991), ch. 1.
82. Paine, Political Writings, pp. 174-80. One important element of the republican conception of the constitution is therefore the role that people play as both the consituent and the controlling power. The distinction between constituent and constituted power is at the basis of what B. Ackerman calls 'dualist democracy', although he wrongly assumes that this is peculiarly American, cf. We The People. Foundations (Cambridge, MA, Belknap, 1991), ch. 1.
83. Machiavelli, Discorsi, book I, ch. 18, pp. 109-10.
84. Harrington, Oceana, p. 41.
85. Harrington, Oceana, p. 64.
86. Montesquieu, De l'Esprit, vol. I, books II-III, pp. 14-35.
87. Montesquieu, De l'Esprit, vol. I, book II, ch. 5, pp. 24-5.
88. Harrington, Oceana, p. 8.
89. Harrington, Oceana, p. 13.
90. Harrington, Oceana, pp. 21-2.
91. Harrington, Oceana, p. 22.
92. Harrington, Oceana, p. 24.
93. According to Harrington, the orders of commonwealths should be organized in such a way that these 'be governments of the senate proposing, the people resolving, and the magistracy executing', Oceana, p. 32.
94. 'If the liberty of a man consist in the empire of his reason, the absence whereof would betray him unto the bondage of his passions; then the liberty of a commonwealth consisteth in the empire of her laws, the absence whereof would betray her unto the lusts of tyrants,' Harrington, Oceana, pp. 19-20.
95. Kant, Political Writings, p. 85.
96. Kant, Political Writings, pp. 99-100.
97. Kant, Political Writings, p. 101.
98. Kant, Political Writings, p. 101.
99. Montesquieu, De l'Esprit, vol. I, books III and V. On the 'spatial' construction of representation in the ancien régime, cf. P. Violante, Lo spazio della rappresentanza. Francia 1788-1789 (Palermo-Sao Paulo, Ila Palma, 1981), chs 1-2.
100. Montesquieu, De l'Esprit, vol. I, books III and V. On the 'spatial' construction of representation in the ancien régime, cf. P. Violante, Lo spazio della rappresentanza. Francia 1788-1789 (Palermo-Sao Paulo, Ila Palma, 1981), chs 1-2.
101. Montesquieu, De l'Esprit, vol. I, book XI, ch. 3, p. 167.
102. Montesquieu, De l'Esprit, vol. I, book XI, pp. 165-201.
103. Cf. Montesquieu, De l'Esprit, vol. I, book VIII, ch. 3, p. 125.
104. A. de Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique (Paris, Gallimard, 1986), vol. I, p. 377.
105. Tocqueville, De la démocratie, vol. I, p. 96.
106. Tocqueville, De la démocratie, pp. 104-6 and 265.
107. Tocqueville, De la démocratie, p. 394.
108. Rebuffa, Costituzioni e costituzionalismi, ch. 1, para. 4.
109. Cf. MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 1.
110. Cf. MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 4; and Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale, ch. 3.
111. Cf. MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 4; and Dogliani, Introduzione al diritto costituzionale, ch. 3.
112. MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 4.
113. MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, ch. 5.
114. Tocqueville, De la démocratie, vol. I, p. 375-6.
115. Cf. F. Neumann, The Rule of Law. Political Theory and the Legal System in Modern Society (Leamington Spa, Berg, 1986); E.-W. Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty. Studies in Political Theory and Constitutional Law (New York and Oxford, Berg, 1991), chs 3-5; and M. Fioravanti, 'Lo Stato di diritto come forma di Stato. Notazioni preliminari sulla tradizione europeo-continentale' in R. Gherardi and G. Gozzi (eds), Saperi della borghesia e storia dei concetti tra Otto e Novecento (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1995).
116. Cf. F. Neumann, The Rule of Law. Political Theory and the Legal System in Modern Society (Leamington Spa, Berg, 1986); E.-W. Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty. Studies in Political Theory and Constitutional Law (New York and Oxford, Berg, 1991), chs 3-5; and M. Fioravanti, 'Lo Stato di diritto come forma di Stato. Notazioni preliminari sulla tradizione europeo-continentale' in R. Gherardi and G. Gozzi (eds), Saperi della borghesia e storia dei concetti tra Otto e Novecento (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1995).
117. Cf. F. Neumann, The Rule of Law. Political Theory and the Legal System in Modern Society (Leamington Spa, Berg, 1986); E.-W. Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty. Studies in Political Theory and Constitutional Law (New York and Oxford, Berg, 1991), chs 3-5; and M. Fioravanti, 'Lo Stato di diritto come forma di Stato. Notazioni preliminari sulla tradizione europeo-continentale' in R. Gherardi and G. Gozzi (eds), Saperi della borghesia e storia dei concetti tra Otto e Novecento (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1995).
118. Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, pp. 49-50 and 84.
119. Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, p. 135.
120. Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, p. 48.
121. Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, pp. 49 and 136.
122. Cf. J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, MA, MIT, 1989); P. Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen. Histoire du suffrage universel en France (Paris, Gallimard, 1992).
123. Cf. J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, MA, MIT, 1989); P. Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen. Histoire du suffrage universel en France (Paris, Gallimard, 1992).
124. Cf. Preuß, 'The political meaning of constitutionalism'; U. Preuß, Constitutional Revolution. The Link between Constitutionalism and Progress (New Jersey, Humanities, 1995).
125. Cf. Preuß, 'The political meaning of constitutionalism'; U. Preuß, Constitutional Revolution. The Link between Constitutionalism and Progress (New Jersey, Humanities, 1995).
126. Cf. Hayek, Rules and Order, pp. 1-7.
127. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
128. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
129. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
130. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
131. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
132. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
133. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
134. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
135. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
136. Häberle, Die Wesensgehaltgarantie; Häberle, 'I diritti fondamentali nelle società pluraliste'; E.-W. Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie. Studien zur Verfassungstheories und zum Verfassungrecht (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 8 and 9; D. Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1991); R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London, Duckworth, 1978); G. Peces Barba, Los Valores Superiores (Madrid, Tecnos, 1984); N. Bobbio, L'età dei diritti (Torino, Einaudi, 1990); L. Ferrajoli, Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2nd ed., 1990), chs 13-14; Zagrebelsky, Il diritto mite, ch. 6.
137. Böckenförde, State, Society and Liberty, chs 7 and 10.
138. Cf. O. Kirchheimer, Politics, Law and Social Change (New York and London, Columbia University Press, 1969), part II.
139. Cf. G. Burdeau, 'Une survivance: la notion de constitution' in L'Evolution du droit public, études offertes à Achille Mestre (Paris, 1956).