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1
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0002961863
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War making and state making as organized crime
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Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer & Theda Skocpol, eds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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Charles Tilly, 'War Making and State Making as Organized Crime', in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer & Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 169-191, on p. 170.
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(1985)
Bringing the State Back In
, pp. 169-191
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Tilly, C.1
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3
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0033453433
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Armed conflict, 1989-98
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September
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As an armed conflict involving 1,000 or more battle deaths per year, where an armed conflict is 'a contested incompatibility which concerns government and/or territory [with] the use of armed force between two parties'. Peter Wallensteen & Margareta Sollenberg, 'Armed Conflict, 1989-98', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 36, no. 5, September 1999, pp. 593-606, on p. 605.
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(1999)
Journal of Peace Research
, vol.36
, Issue.5
, pp. 593-606
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Wallensteen, P.1
Sollenberg, M.2
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5
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85037276945
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My primary focus is on the weak states in Sub-Saharan Africa
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My primary focus is on the weak states in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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8
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85037265398
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Tilly (note 1 above), p. 169
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Tilly (note 1 above), p. 169.
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10
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0040627514
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War making and state making
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Charles Tilly, ed., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
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Charles Tilly, 'War Making and State Making', in Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 1-89, on p. 71.
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(1975)
The Formation of National States in Western Europe
, pp. 1-89
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Tilly, C.1
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11
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85037286641
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Ayoob (note 9 above), p. 29
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Ayoob (note 9 above), p. 29.
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12
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85037257323
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Wallensteen & Sollenberg (note 3 above)
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Wallensteen & Sollenberg (note 3 above).
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Wallensteen1
Sollenberg2
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13
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85037272981
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note 9 above
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Ayoob (note 9 above), p. 35.
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Ayoob1
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14
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85037265344
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Ibid., p. 36
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Ibid., p. 36.
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15
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85037288693
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Ibid.
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Ibid., p. 37.
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16
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85037282214
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Tilly (note 1 above), p. 184
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Tilly (note 1 above), p. 184.
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18
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84972065924
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Berkeley, CA: California University Press
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Robert Jackson & Carl G. Rosberg, Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant (Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 1982); Robert Jackson & Carl G. Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood', World Politics, vol. 35, no. 1, October 1982, pp. 1-24.
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(1982)
Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant
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Jackson, R.1
Rosberg, C.G.2
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19
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84972065924
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Why Africa's weak states persist: The empirical and the juridical in statehood
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October
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Robert Jackson & Carl G. Rosberg, Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant (Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 1982); Robert Jackson & Carl G. Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood', World Politics, vol. 35, no. 1, October 1982, pp. 1-24.
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(1982)
World Politics
, vol.35
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-24
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Jackson, R.1
Rosberg, C.G.2
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20
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85037272386
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note
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'European states built up their military apparatuses through sustained struggles with their subject populations and by means of selective extension of protection to different classes within those populations. The agreements on protection constrained the rulers themselves, making them vulnerable to courts, to assemblies, to withdrawals of credit, services, and expertise. To a larger degree, states that have come into being recently through decolonization ... have acquired their military organization from outside, without the same internal forging of mutual constraints between rulers and ruled.' Tilly (note 1 above), pp. 185-186.
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23
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85037272378
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note
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Tilly sets forth the connection between 'external' and 'internal' as follows: 'we might schematize the history of European state making as three stages: (a) The differential success of some power holders in "external" struggles establishes the difference between an "internal" and an "external" arena for the deployment of force; (b) "external" competition generates "internal" state making; (c) "external" compacts among states influence the form and locus of particular states ever more powerfully.' Tilly (note 1 above), p. 183.
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25
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85037275740
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note
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There have sometimes been real interstate wars in Africa, and in those cases spinoffs in terms of state-making appear to have been higher. Christopher Clapham has made that argument in the context of the Ethiopia/Eritrea conflict. But there is no firm basis for generally expecting that a logic of war pushing state-making will now begin to apply in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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26
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0009927862
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International community beyond the cold war
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Gene M. Lyons & Michael Mastanduno, eds, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
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As emphasized by Robert Jackson, this practice of respecting existing borders 'is a fundamental normative change from the basis of state jurisdiction historically, which could be determined by military force, by Machiavellian diplomacy, by commercial transaction, by dynastic marriage, and by other such means'. Robert Jackson, 'International Community Beyond the Cold War', in Gene M. Lyons & Michael Mastanduno, eds, Beyond Westphalia: State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), pp. 59-87, on p. 66.
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(1995)
Beyond Westphalia: State Sovereignty and International Intervention
, pp. 59-87
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Jackson, R.1
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27
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0346528115
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The security dilemma in Africa
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quoted from Robert Jackson, Brian L. Job, ed., Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
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Arnold Wolfers, quoted from Robert Jackson, The Security Dilemma in Africa', in Brian L. Job, ed., The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992), pp. 81-93, on p. 88.
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(1992)
The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States
, pp. 81-93
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Wolfers, A.1
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29
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85012138980
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London: Macmillan
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Naomi Chazan, Robert Mortimer, John Ravenhill & Donald Rothchild, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 362-383.
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(1988)
Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa
, pp. 362-383
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Chazan, N.1
Mortimer, R.2
Ravenhill, J.3
Rothchild, D.4
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30
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0003977481
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New York: Monthly Review Press
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Samir Amin, Unequal Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976), p. 293.
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(1976)
Unequal Development
, pp. 293
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Amin, S.1
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32
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0004143192
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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
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Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).
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(2000)
States and Power in Africa
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Herbst, J.1
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33
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85037272074
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note
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In order to further evaluate the relative importance of population density for statemaking, it would be helpful to make systematic comparisons between Africa and areas with a similar level of population density. The best candidate in this respect is South America, but there are also, of course, systematic differences between the two regions. In particular, the Americas are a special case in the sense that pre-colonial populations were more or less exterminated.
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38
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85037267911
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note
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There were other elements too, including the quest for imperial power and control. In 1937, the Japanese butchered in Nanking (China), by conventional means, a number of men, women and children comparable to the human cost of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki eight years later.
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39
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0040034279
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Occasional Paper Copenhagen: Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen
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William Reno, 'War, Debt and the Role of Pretending in Uganda's International Relations', Occasional Paper (Copenhagen: Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen, 2000), p. 29.
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(2000)
War, Debt and the Role of Pretending in Uganda's International Relations
, pp. 29
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Reno, W.1
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