The emergence of research specialties in economic entomology in Canadian government laboratories after World War II

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 19-40

  Castonguay, Stephane ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À TROIS RIVIÈRES   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039838669     PISSN: 08909997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/hsps.2001.32.1.19     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Michael Gibbons, et al., The new production of knowledge. The dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies (Beverly Hills, 1994).
2. A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the federal government. A history of policies and activities (Baltimore, 1986); Vittorio M.G. de Vecchi, "Science and government in 19th-century Canada" (Ph.D. dissertation. University of Toronto, 1978).
3. A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the federal government. A history of policies and activities (Baltimore, 1986); Vittorio M.G. de Vecchi, "Science and government in 19th-century Canada" (Ph.D. dissertation. University of Toronto, 1978).
4. Charles E. Rosenberg, No other God. On science and American social thought (Baltimore, 1978); Allan I. Marcus, Agricultural science and the quest for legitimacy. Farmers, agricultural colleges, and experiment stations, 1870-1890 (Ames, 1985); Margaret W. Rossiter, The emergence of agricultural science: Justus Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880 (New Haven, 1975).
5. Charles E. Rosenberg, No other God. On science and American social thought (Baltimore, 1978); Allan I. Marcus, Agricultural science and the quest for legitimacy. Farmers, agricultural colleges, and experiment stations, 1870-1890 (Ames, 1985); Margaret W. Rossiter, The emergence of agricultural science: Justus Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880 (New Haven, 1975).
6. Charles E. Rosenberg, No other God. On science and American social thought (Baltimore, 1978); Allan I. Marcus, Agricultural science and the quest for legitimacy. Farmers, agricultural colleges, and experiment stations, 1870-1890 (Ames, 1985); Margaret W. Rossiter, The emergence of agricultural science: Justus Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880 (New Haven, 1975).
7. Stephen Skowronek, Building a new American state: The expansion of national administrative capacities 1877-1929 (Cambridge, 1982); Brian Balogh, "Reorganizing the organizational synthesis: Federal-professional relations in modern America," Studies in American political development, 5 (1991), 177-172; John Edwin Hodgetts, et al., The biography of an institution. The Civil Service Commission of Canada, 1908-1967 (Montreal, 1972); Vecchi (ref. 2).
8. Stephen Skowronek, Building a new American state: The expansion of national administrative capacities 1877-1929 (Cambridge, 1982); Brian Balogh, "Reorganizing the organizational synthesis: Federal-professional relations in modern America," Studies in American political development, 5 (1991), 177-172; John Edwin Hodgetts, et al., The biography of an institution. The Civil Service Commission of Canada, 1908-1967 (Montreal, 1972); Vecchi (ref. 2).
9. Stephen Skowronek, Building a new American state: The expansion of national administrative capacities 1877-1929 (Cambridge, 1982); Brian Balogh, "Reorganizing the organizational synthesis: Federal-professional relations in modern America," Studies in American political development, 5 (1991), 177-172; John Edwin Hodgetts, et al., The biography of an institution. The Civil Service Commission of Canada, 1908-1967 (Montreal, 1972); Vecchi (ref. 2).
10. Stephen Skowronek, Building a new American state: The expansion of national administrative capacities 1877-1929 (Cambridge, 1982); Brian Balogh, "Reorganizing the organizational synthesis: Federal-professional relations in modern America," Studies in American political development, 5 (1991), 177-172; John Edwin Hodgetts, et al., The biography of an institution. The Civil Service Commission of Canada, 1908-1967 (Montreal, 1972); Vecchi (ref. 2).
11. Robert Glen, ed., "Entomology in Canada up to 1956. A review of developments and accomplishments," Canadian entomologist, 88 (1956), 290-371; Paul W. Riegert, From arsenic to DDT: A history of entomology in Western Canada (Toronto, 1980); Paolo S. Palladino, Entomology, ecology and agriculture. The making of scientific careers in North America, 1885-1985 (Amsterdam, 1996); Arthur Gibson, Entomology in Canada, with special reference to development within the Department of Agriculture, manuscript available at the Entomology Library of Canada Agriculture, in Ottawa.
12. Robert Glen, ed., "Entomology in Canada up to 1956. A review of developments and accomplishments," Canadian entomologist, 88 (1956), 290-371; Paul W. Riegert, From arsenic to DDT: A history of entomology in Western Canada (Toronto, 1980); Paolo S. Palladino, Entomology, ecology and agriculture. The making of scientific careers in North America, 1885-1985 (Amsterdam, 1996); Arthur Gibson, Entomology in Canada, with special reference to development within the Department of Agriculture, manuscript available at the Entomology Library of Canada Agriculture, in Ottawa.
13. Robert Glen, ed., "Entomology in Canada up to 1956. A review of developments and accomplishments," Canadian entomologist, 88 (1956), 290-371; Paul W. Riegert, From arsenic to DDT: A history of entomology in Western Canada (Toronto, 1980); Paolo S. Palladino, Entomology, ecology and agriculture. The making of scientific careers in North America, 1885-1985 (Amsterdam, 1996); Arthur Gibson, Entomology in Canada, with special reference to development within the Department of Agriculture, manuscript available at the Entomology Library of Canada Agriculture, in Ottawa.
14. Robert Glen, ed., "Entomology in Canada up to 1956. A review of developments and accomplishments," Canadian entomologist, 88 (1956), 290-371; Paul W. Riegert, From arsenic to DDT: A history of entomology in Western Canada (Toronto, 1980); Paolo S. Palladino, Entomology, ecology and agriculture. The making of scientific careers in North America, 1885-1985 (Amsterdam, 1996); Arthur Gibson, Entomology in Canada, with special reference to development within the Department of Agriculture, manuscript available at the Entomology Library of Canada Agriculture, in Ottawa.
15. Heather Johnston Nicholson, "Autonomy and accountability of basic research," Minerva, 15 (1977), 32-61; John R. Sutton, "Organizational autonomy and professional norms in science: A case study of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory," Social studies of science, 14 (1984), 197-224; Bruce E. Seely, "The scientific mystique in engineering: Highway research at the Bureau of Public Roads, 1918-1940," Technology and culture, 25 (1984), 309-342; Chandra Mukerji, A fragile power. Scientists and the state (Princeton, 1989), 85-104; Ronald Rainger, "Science at the crossroads: The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American oceanography in the 1940s," HSPS, 30:2 (2000), 349-371. Autonomy can also be explored in terms of a dual contribution of mission-oriented research to basic and applied sciences. See Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur's quadrant. Basic science and technological innovation (Washington, 1997).
16. Heather Johnston Nicholson, "Autonomy and accountability of basic research," Minerva, 15 (1977), 32-61; John R. Sutton, "Organizational autonomy and professional norms in science: A case study of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory," Social studies of science, 14 (1984), 197-224; Bruce E. Seely, "The scientific mystique in engineering: Highway research at the Bureau of Public Roads, 1918-1940," Technology and culture, 25 (1984), 309-342; Chandra Mukerji, A fragile power. Scientists and the state (Princeton, 1989), 85-104; Ronald Rainger, "Science at the crossroads: The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American oceanography in the 1940s," HSPS, 30:2 (2000), 349-371. Autonomy can also be explored in terms of a dual contribution of mission-oriented research to basic and applied sciences. See Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur's quadrant. Basic science and technological innovation (Washington, 1997).
17. Heather Johnston Nicholson, "Autonomy and accountability of basic research," Minerva, 15 (1977), 32-61; John R. Sutton, "Organizational autonomy and professional norms in science: A case study of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory," Social studies of science, 14 (1984), 197-224; Bruce E. Seely, "The scientific mystique in engineering: Highway research at the Bureau of Public Roads, 1918-1940," Technology and culture, 25 (1984), 309-342; Chandra Mukerji, A fragile power. Scientists and the state (Princeton, 1989), 85-104; Ronald Rainger, "Science at the crossroads: The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American oceanography in the 1940s," HSPS, 30:2 (2000), 349-371. Autonomy can also be explored in terms of a dual contribution of mission-oriented research to basic and applied sciences. See Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur's quadrant. Basic science and technological innovation (Washington, 1997).
18. Heather Johnston Nicholson, "Autonomy and accountability of basic research," Minerva, 15 (1977), 32-61; John R. Sutton, "Organizational autonomy and professional norms in science: A case study of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory," Social studies of science, 14 (1984), 197-224; Bruce E. Seely, "The scientific mystique in engineering: Highway research at the Bureau of Public Roads, 1918-1940," Technology and culture, 25 (1984), 309-342; Chandra Mukerji, A fragile power. Scientists and the state (Princeton, 1989), 85-104; Ronald Rainger, "Science at the crossroads: The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American oceanography in the 1940s," HSPS, 30:2 (2000), 349-371. Autonomy can also be explored in terms of a dual contribution of mission-oriented research to basic and applied sciences. See Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur's quadrant. Basic science and technological innovation (Washington, 1997).
19. Heather Johnston Nicholson, "Autonomy and accountability of basic research," Minerva, 15 (1977), 32-61; John R. Sutton, "Organizational autonomy and professional norms in science: A case study of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory," Social studies of science, 14 (1984), 197-224; Bruce E. Seely, "The scientific mystique in engineering: Highway research at the Bureau of Public Roads, 1918-1940," Technology and culture, 25 (1984), 309-342; Chandra Mukerji, A fragile power. Scientists and the state (Princeton, 1989), 85-104; Ronald Rainger, "Science at the crossroads: The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American oceanography in the 1940s," HSPS, 30:2 (2000), 349-371. Autonomy can also be explored in terms of a dual contribution of mission-oriented research to basic and applied sciences. See Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur's quadrant. Basic science and technological innovation (Washington, 1997).
20. Heather Johnston Nicholson, "Autonomy and accountability of basic research," Minerva, 15 (1977), 32-61; John R. Sutton, "Organizational autonomy and professional norms in science: A case study of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory," Social studies of science, 14 (1984), 197-224; Bruce E. Seely, "The scientific mystique in engineering: Highway research at the Bureau of Public Roads, 1918-1940," Technology and culture, 25 (1984), 309-342; Chandra Mukerji, A fragile power. Scientists and the state (Princeton, 1989), 85-104; Ronald Rainger, "Science at the crossroads: The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American oceanography in the 1940s," HSPS, 30:2 (2000), 349-371. Autonomy can also be explored in terms of a dual contribution of mission-oriented research to basic and applied sciences. See Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur's quadrant. Basic science and technological innovation (Washington, 1997).
21. Edward Arthur Steinhaus, "Insect pathology: The field concerned, training required, and opportunities defined," Canadian entomologist, 81 (1949), 53-57; E.A. Steinhaus, "Microbial control. The emergence of an idea," Hilgardia, 26 (1956), 107-160.
22. Edward Arthur Steinhaus, "Insect pathology: The field concerned, training required, and opportunities defined," Canadian entomologist, 81 (1949), 53-57; E.A. Steinhaus, "Microbial control. The emergence of an idea," Hilgardia, 26 (1956), 107-160.
23. James William MacBain Cameron, "Insect pathology," in Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, eds., History of entomology (Palo Alto, 1973), 285-298.
24. Edward A. Steinhaus, "Insect pathology and biological control," Journal of economic entomology, 38 (1945), 591-596.
25. R.T. White and P.J. McCabe, "Colonization of the organism causing milky disease of the Japanese beetle larvae, 1939-1949," USDA-BEPQ, E-819 (Washington, 1951); Edward A. Steinhaus, Principles of insect pathology (New York, 1949), 675.
26. R.T. White and P.J. McCabe, "Colonization of the organism causing milky disease of the Japanese beetle larvae, 1939-1949," USDA-BEPQ, E-819 (Washington, 1951); Edward A. Steinhaus, Principles of insect pathology (New York, 1949), 675.
27. Richard C. Sawyer, To make a spotless orange Biological control in California (Ames, 1996), 165-166.
28. Alfred Briggs Baird, "Biological control of the spruce sawfly Diprion polytomum Hartig," European Spruce Sawfly Conference. Belleville, 20 Nov 1936; "Preliminary statement re spruce sawfly parasite work. Season of 1937," A.B. Baird to James Malcolm Swaine, 29 Sep 1937, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3047, file 40-6(1), NAC; Blair Malcom McGugan and Harry Charles Coppel, "Biological control of forest insects, 1910-1958," Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical communication, 2 (1962), 90-109.
29. Alfred Briggs Baird, "Biological control of the spruce sawfly Diprion polytomum Hartig," European Spruce Sawfly Conference. Belleville, 20 Nov 1936; "Preliminary statement re spruce sawfly parasite work. Season of 1937," A.B. Baird to James Malcolm Swaine, 29 Sep 1937, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3047, file 40-6(1), NAC; Blair Malcom McGugan and Harry Charles Coppel, "Biological control of forest insects, 1910-1958," Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical communication, 2 (1962), 90-109.
30. Alfred Briggs Baird, "Biological control of the spruce sawfly Diprion polytomum Hartig," European Spruce Sawfly Conference. Belleville, 20 Nov 1936; "Preliminary statement re spruce sawfly parasite work. Season of 1937," A.B. Baird to James Malcolm Swaine, 29 Sep 1937, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3047, file 40-6(1), NAC; Blair Malcom McGugan and Harry Charles Coppel, "Biological control of forest insects, 1910-1958," Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical communication, 2 (1962), 90-109.
31. Reginald Ernest Balch and Frederick Theodore Bird, "A disease of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Htg.), and its place in natural control," Scientific agriculture. 25 (1944), 65-80.
32. Stéphane Castonguay, "L'Institut de Belleville. Expansion et déclin de la recherche sur le contrôle biologique au Canada, 1909-1972," Scientia canadensis, 22-23 (1999), 51-100.
33. Division of entomology news letter, 22 (Aug-Sep 1941).
34. "Recommendations of the Executive Council of the Woodlands Section regarding the provision of funds for the collection of spruce sawfly cocoons," 26 Mar 1941; "Necessity for immediate action by Dominion Government," F.G. Robinson [President of the CPPA] to G.S.H. Barton [Deputy minister of Agriculture], 25 Apr 1941; F.G. Robinson to George Samuel Horace Barton, 26 June 1942, RG-39. CFS, vol. 462, file 49434, NAC.
35. "Recommendations of the Executive Council of the Woodlands Section regarding the provision of funds for the collection of spruce sawfly cocoons," 26 Mar 1941; "Necessity for immediate action by Dominion Government," F.G. Robinson [President of the CPPA] to G.S.H. Barton [Deputy minister of Agriculture], 25 Apr 1941; F.G. Robinson to George Samuel Horace Barton, 26 June 1942, RG-39. CFS, vol. 462, file 49434, NAC.
36. "Recommendations of the Executive Council of the Woodlands Section regarding the provision of funds for the collection of spruce sawfly cocoons," 26 Mar 1941; "Necessity for immediate action by Dominion Government," F.G. Robinson [President of the CPPA] to G.S.H. Barton [Deputy minister of Agriculture], 25 Apr 1941; F.G. Robinson to George Samuel Horace Barton, 26 June 1942, RG-39. CFS, vol. 462, file 49434, NAC.
37. "Preliminary report on the spruce budworm outbreak in Ontario, 1941." by Carl Edmund Atwood and David E. Gray, RG-39, CFS, vol. 261, file 3487-6, NAC. The CPPA established a committee dedicated to the spruce budworm in 1944. "Minutes of meeting of Spruce Budworm Committee, 21 Sep 1944," RG-39, CFS, vol. 203. file 50085, NAC. The last outbreak of the spruce budworm spread over the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick between 1909 and 1923. James Malcolm Swaine, Frank Cooper Craighead, and Irving Widmer Bailey. "Studies on the spruce budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana Clem.," Entomological branch bulletin, 25 (1924).
38. "Preliminary report on the spruce budworm outbreak in Ontario, 1941." by Carl Edmund Atwood and David E. Gray, RG-39, CFS, vol. 261, file 3487-6, NAC. The CPPA established a committee dedicated to the spruce budworm in 1944. "Minutes of meeting of Spruce Budworm Committee, 21 Sep 1944," RG-39, CFS, vol. 203. file 50085, NAC. The last outbreak of the spruce budworm spread over the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick between 1909 and 1923. James Malcolm Swaine, Frank Cooper Craighead, and Irving Widmer Bailey. "Studies on the spruce budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana Clem.," Entomological branch bulletin, 25 (1924).
39. "Preliminary report on the spruce budworm outbreak in Ontario, 1941." by Carl Edmund Atwood and David E. Gray, RG-39, CFS, vol. 261, file 3487-6, NAC. The CPPA established a committee dedicated to the spruce budworm in 1944. "Minutes of meeting of Spruce Budworm Committee, 21 Sep 1944," RG-39, CFS, vol. 203. file 50085, NAC. The last outbreak of the spruce budworm spread over the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick between 1909 and 1923. James Malcolm Swaine, Frank Cooper Craighead, and Irving Widmer Bailey. "Studies on the spruce budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana Clem.," Entomological branch bulletin, 25 (1924).
40. "Forest Insects Control Board. Minutes of the first meeting," 1 Nov 1945, RG-39, CFS, vol. 205, 50193A-1, NAC.
41. "Memorandum re: biological control," J.J. de Gryse, 15 Jan 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3125, file 64-5-2, NAC.
42. Ref. 18.
43. Ibid.
44. "European insect disease investigations," Kenneth William Neatby to George Samuel Horace Barton, 6 Nov 1946, RG-17, DAMO, vol. 2876, file 12-6-10, NAC.
45. James Gardiner [Minister of Agriculture] to the secretary of the Treasury Board, 7 Mar 1946, RG-17, DAMO, vol. 3046, file 40-5-70, NAC.
46. Major General Kennedy to Roy Cameron [Coordinator, Resources Developments, Department of Reconstruction and Supply], 1 Oct 1946; Kennedy to J.J. de Gryse, 2 Apr 1947 and to Roy Cameron, 21 Jul 1948, RG-36, FICB, vol. 3, file 286-12-1, NAC.
47. James William MacBain Cameron, "The reaction of the housefly, Musca domestica (L.) to light of different wavelenght" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1938); Kenneth Graham, "Respiratory mechanisms and inhibitor action in tissues of codling moth larvae" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1945).
48. James William MacBain Cameron, "The reaction of the housefly, Musca domestica (L.) to light of different wavelenght" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1938); Kenneth Graham, "Respiratory mechanisms and inhibitor action in tissues of codling moth larvae" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1945).
49. Alfred Briggs Baird to Henry Gordon Crawford, 23 Mar 1945, RG-17, DARB, vol. 335, file 170.1/250 pt. 1, NAC; John Bryden, Deadly allies. Canada's secret war 1937-1947 (Toronto, 1989); Donald H. Avery, The science of war: Canadian scientists and allied military technology during the Second World War (Toronto, 1998).
50. Alfred Briggs Baird to Henry Gordon Crawford, 23 Mar 1945, RG-17, DARB, vol. 335, file 170.1/250 pt. 1, NAC; John Bryden, Deadly allies. Canada's secret war 1937-1947 (Toronto, 1989); Donald H. Avery, The science of war: Canadian scientists and allied military technology during the Second World War (Toronto, 1998).
51. Alfred Briggs Baird to Henry Gordon Crawford, 23 Mar 1945, RG-17, DARB, vol. 335, file 170.1/250 pt. 1, NAC; John Bryden, Deadly allies. Canada's secret war 1937-1947 (Toronto, 1989); Donald H. Avery, The science of war: Canadian scientists and allied military technology during the Second World War (Toronto, 1998).
52. Joseph John de Gryse to H. G. Crawford, 10 Mar. 1947, RG-32, CSC, vol. 1181, file 1910.10.15.
53. "Minutes of a special meeting of the Forest Insects Control Board and the principal members of the staff of the Forest Insects Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie. Investigative projects in operation in 1946," 13 Sep 1946, RG-17, DAMO, vol. 3125, file 64-5-2, pt. 1, NAC.
54. Kenneth Graham, "Investigations in insect pathology," Forest insect investigations bimonthly progress report, 2:3 (1946), 1.
55. "Minutes of the fifth meeting of the Joint Advisory Committee on Forest Entomology and Pathology. Projects proposed under the Forest Insects Laboratory for the season of 1948," 15 Oct 1947, RG-39, CFS, vol. 657, file 1310.3 [1] , NAC; F.T. Bird, "A virus (Polyhedral) disease of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig)" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1949).
56. "Minutes of the fifth meeting of the Joint Advisory Committee on Forest Entomology and Pathology. Projects proposed under the Forest Insects Laboratory for the season of 1948," 15 Oct 1947, RG-39, CFS, vol. 657, file 1310.3 [1] , NAC; F.T. Bird, "A virus (Polyhedral) disease of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig)" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1949).
57. "Visit to Forest Insects Laboratory Sault Ste. Marie, Feb 28-Mar 1, 1949," Robert Glen (coordinator of the Entomology Division) to Kenneth W. Neatby, RG-17, DAMO, vol. 3441, file 4121-11, NAC. For Bergold's background and arrival in Canada, see RG-32, CSC, vol. 1202, file 1911.06.19, NAC.
58. "Visit to Forest Insects Laboratory Sault Ste. Marie, Feb 28-Mar 1, 1949," Robert Glen (coordinator of the Entomology Division) to Kenneth W. Neatby, RG-17, DAMO, vol. 3441, file 4121-11, NAC. For Bergold's background and arrival in Canada, see RG-32, CSC, vol. 1202, file 1911.06.19, NAC.
59. James P. Hull, "From the FPL to PAPRICAN: Science and the pulp and paper industry," History of science and technology in Canada, Bulletin, 7 (1983), 3-13.
60. Kenneth Graham, "Pathological investigations," FIIBPR, 3:2 (1947), 3.
61. "Forest Insects Control Board. Minutes of the twenty-seventh meeting," 23-25 Aug 1949, RG-39, CFS, vol. 205, file 50193-3, NAC; G.H. Bergold, "The polyhedral disease of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.," FIIBPR, 5:3 (1949), 2; F.T. Bird, "Histopathology and epidemiology," FIIBPR, 5:3 (1949), 2-3.
62. "Forest Insects Control Board. Minutes of the twenty-seventh meeting," 23-25 Aug 1949, RG-39, CFS, vol. 205, file 50193-3, NAC; G.H. Bergold, "The polyhedral disease of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.," FIIBPR, 5:3 (1949), 2; F.T. Bird, "Histopathology and epidemiology," FIIBPR, 5:3 (1949), 2-3.
63. "Forest Insects Control Board. Minutes of the twenty-seventh meeting," 23-25 Aug 1949, RG-39, CFS, vol. 205, file 50193-3, NAC; G.H. Bergold, "The polyhedral disease of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.," FIIBPR, 5:3 (1949), 2; F.T. Bird, "Histopathology and epidemiology," FIIBPR, 5:3 (1949), 2-3.
64. Frederick Theodore Bird, "The dissemination and propagation of a virus disease affecting the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)," FIIBPR, 6:5 (1950), 2-3; F.T. Bird, "The use of a virus disease in the biological control of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)," Canadian entomologist, 85 (1953), 437-446.
65. Frederick Theodore Bird, "The dissemination and propagation of a virus disease affecting the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)," FIIBPR, 6:5 (1950), 2-3; F.T. Bird, "The use of a virus disease in the biological control of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)," Canadian entomologist, 85 (1953), 437-446.
66. [James William MacBain Cameron], "The Laboratory of Insect Pathology Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario," FIIBPR, 6:4 (1950), 2, 5.
67. James William MacBain Cameron, "A survey of investigations on the disease of insects," Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual report, 82 (1952), 9-10.
68. Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The normal bacterial flora and pathogens of the Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum Fabr.)" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1949); A.M. Heimpel, "Investigations of the mode of action of strains of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. pathogenic for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii Htg." (Ph.D. dissertation, Queen's University, 1954); Thomas Anderson Angus, "The normal aerobic bacterial flora of the Eastern hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellarial Gn." (M.S.A. thesis, Ontario Agricultural College, 1950); Thomas Anderson Angus, "Studies on the toxin of Bacillus soto Ishiwata and on its toxicity against certain insects" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1955); Hugh MacIntosh Thomson. "Aerobic bacteria associated with the digestive tract of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1951); H.M. Thomson, "Perrezia fumiferanae Thom., a protozoan parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)" (Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, 1957). Heimpel arrived at the laboratcry in 1948, Angus in 1949, and Thomson in 1950.
69. Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The normal bacterial flora and pathogens of the Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum Fabr.)" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1949); A.M. Heimpel, "Investigations of the mode of action of strains of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. pathogenic for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii Htg." (Ph.D. dissertation, Queen's University, 1954); Thomas Anderson Angus, "The normal aerobic bacterial flora of the Eastern hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellarial Gn." (M.S.A. thesis, Ontario Agricultural College, 1950); Thomas Anderson Angus, "Studies on the toxin of Bacillus soto Ishiwata and on its toxicity against certain insects" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1955); Hugh MacIntosh Thomson. "Aerobic bacteria associated with the digestive tract of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1951); H.M. Thomson, "Perrezia fumiferanae Thom., a protozoan parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)" (Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, 1957). Heimpel arrived at the laboratcry in 1948, Angus in 1949, and Thomson in 1950.
70. Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The normal bacterial flora and pathogens of the Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum Fabr.)" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1949); A.M. Heimpel, "Investigations of the mode of action of strains of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. pathogenic for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii Htg." (Ph.D. dissertation, Queen's University, 1954); Thomas Anderson Angus, "The normal aerobic bacterial flora of the Eastern hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellarial Gn." (M.S.A. thesis, Ontario Agricultural College, 1950); Thomas Anderson Angus, "Studies on the toxin of Bacillus soto Ishiwata and on its toxicity against certain insects" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1955); Hugh MacIntosh Thomson. "Aerobic bacteria associated with the digestive tract of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1951); H.M. Thomson, "Perrezia fumiferanae Thom., a protozoan parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)" (Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, 1957). Heimpel arrived at the laboratcry in 1948, Angus in 1949, and Thomson in 1950.
71. Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The normal bacterial flora and pathogens of the Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum Fabr.)" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1949); A.M. Heimpel, "Investigations of the mode of action of strains of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. pathogenic for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii Htg." (Ph.D. dissertation, Queen's University, 1954); Thomas Anderson Angus, "The normal aerobic bacterial flora of the Eastern hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellarial Gn." (M.S.A. thesis, Ontario Agricultural College, 1950); Thomas Anderson Angus, "Studies on the toxin of Bacillus soto Ishiwata and on its toxicity against certain insects" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1955); Hugh MacIntosh Thomson. "Aerobic bacteria associated with the digestive tract of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1951); H.M. Thomson, "Perrezia fumiferanae Thom., a protozoan parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)" (Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, 1957). Heimpel arrived at the laboratcry in 1948, Angus in 1949, and Thomson in 1950.
72. Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The normal bacterial flora and pathogens of the Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum Fabr.)" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1949); A.M. Heimpel, "Investigations of the mode of action of strains of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. pathogenic for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii Htg." (Ph.D. dissertation, Queen's University, 1954); Thomas Anderson Angus, "The normal aerobic bacterial flora of the Eastern hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellarial Gn." (M.S.A. thesis, Ontario Agricultural College, 1950); Thomas Anderson Angus, "Studies on the toxin of Bacillus soto Ishiwata and on its toxicity against certain insects" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1955); Hugh MacIntosh Thomson. "Aerobic bacteria associated with the digestive tract of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1951); H.M. Thomson, "Perrezia fumiferanae Thom., a protozoan parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)" (Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, 1957). Heimpel arrived at the laboratcry in 1948, Angus in 1949, and Thomson in 1950.
73. Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The normal bacterial flora and pathogens of the Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum Fabr.)" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1949); A.M. Heimpel, "Investigations of the mode of action of strains of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. pathogenic for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii Htg." (Ph.D. dissertation, Queen's University, 1954); Thomas Anderson Angus, "The normal aerobic bacterial flora of the Eastern hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellarial Gn." (M.S.A. thesis, Ontario Agricultural College, 1950); Thomas Anderson Angus, "Studies on the toxin of Bacillus soto Ishiwata and on its toxicity against certain insects" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1955); Hugh MacIntosh Thomson. "Aerobic bacteria associated with the digestive tract of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1951); H.M. Thomson, "Perrezia fumiferanae Thom., a protozoan parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)" (Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, 1957). Heimpel arrived at the laboratcry in 1948, Angus in 1949, and Thomson in 1950.
74. Malcolm Lawrence Prebble, "Review of forest entomology, 1948-1953," Sixth Commonwealth Entomological Conference, Report (London, 1954), 207-208; Irvin M. Hall, "Microbial control," in Edward Arthur Steinhaus, ed., Insect pathology. An advanced treatise (2 vols., New York, 1963), 2, 477-515; Thom is Anderson Angus and Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The bacteriological control of insects," Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual report, 90 (1960), 13-21.
75. Malcolm Lawrence Prebble, "Review of forest entomology, 1948-1953," Sixth Commonwealth Entomological Conference, Report (London, 1954), 207-208; Irvin M. Hall, "Microbial control," in Edward Arthur Steinhaus, ed., Insect pathology. An advanced treatise (2 vols., New York, 1963), 2, 477-515; Thom is Anderson Angus and Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The bacteriological control of insects," Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual report, 90 (1960), 13-21.
76. Malcolm Lawrence Prebble, "Review of forest entomology, 1948-1953," Sixth Commonwealth Entomological Conference, Report (London, 1954), 207-208; Irvin M. Hall, "Microbial control," in Edward Arthur Steinhaus, ed., Insect pathology. An advanced treatise (2 vols., New York, 1963), 2, 477-515; Thom is Anderson Angus and Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "The bacteriological control of insects," Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual report, 90 (1960), 13-21.
77. Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "Investigations of the mode of action of strains of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. pathogenic for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)," Canadian journal of zoology, 33 (1953), 311-326; Thomas Anderson Angus and Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "Recent advances in the knowledge of some bacterial pathogens of insects," in Edward Coulton Becker, ed., Tenth International Congress of Entomology, Proceedings (4 vols., Ottawa, 1958), 4, 711-722.
78. Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "Investigations of the mode of action of strains of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. pathogenic for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)," Canadian journal of zoology, 33 (1953), 311-326; Thomas Anderson Angus and Arthur MacLeod Heimpel, "Recent advances in the knowledge of some bacterial pathogens of insects," in Edward Coulton Becker, ed., Tenth International Congress of Entomology, Proceedings (4 vols., Ottawa, 1958), 4, 711-722.
79. N. Morris, T.A. Angus, and W.A. Smirnoff, "Essais en forêt du Bacillus thurgiensis contre la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette, 1960-1973," in Malcolm Lawrence Prebble, ed., Traitements aériens pour combattre lex insectes forestiers au Canada (Ottawa, 1977), 144-148.
80. "Impressions gained in the course of visits to U. S. research laboratories, 17 Sep-30 Oct 1947," by K.W. Neatby to G.S.H. Barton [n.d.], RG-17, DAMO, vol. 2877, file 12-6-19, NAC.
81. Stéphane Castonguay, "Fédéralisme et centralisation de la recherche agricole au Canada. Dynamique scientifique et écologie institutionnelle," Bulletin d'histoire politique, 7 (1999), 21-39.
82. John H. Perkins, Insects, experts, and the insecticide crisis. The quest for new pest management strategies (New York, 1982); Thomas R. Dunlap, DDT. Scientists, citizens, and public policy (Princeton, 1981).
83. John H. Perkins, Insects, experts, and the insecticide crisis. The quest for new pest management strategies (New York, 1982); Thomas R. Dunlap, DDT. Scientists, citizens, and public policy (Princeton, 1981).
84. E.LI. Davies [superintendent, Suffield Experimental Station] to Otto Mass [director, CWSD], 20 Dec 1944, RG-24, DDCWSD, file 4354-29-13-2, NAC.
85. D.J. Goodspeed, A history of the Defence Research Board of Canada (Ottawa, 1958), 148; "Memorandum. Status of DCW & S research and development projects," 1 Sep 1945, RG-24, DDCWSD, file HQS. 4354-29-13, NAC; Experimental Station Suffield, Alberta. Technical minute no. 111. Toxicity of selected organic compounds to insects, 25 Nov. 1945, RG-24, DDCWSD, file HQS, 4354-29-4-1, NAC; 'Report DDT spraying -Suffield No. 144," 29 Nov. 1945, RG-36, FICB, vol. 3, file 286-13-5 (1945-1946), NAC.
86. D.J. Goodspeed, A history of the Defence Research Board of Canada (Ottawa, 1958), 148; "Memorandum. Status of DCW & S research and development projects," 1 Sep 1945, RG-24, DDCWSD, file HQS. 4354-29-13, NAC; Experimental Station Suffield, Alberta. Technical minute no. 111. Toxicity of selected organic compounds to insects, 25 Nov. 1945, RG-24, DDCWSD, file HQS, 4354-29-4-1, NAC; 'Report DDT spraying -Suffield No. 144," 29 Nov. 1945, RG-36, FICB, vol. 3, file 286-13-5 (1945-1946), NAC.
87. D.J. Goodspeed, A history of the Defence Research Board of Canada (Ottawa, 1958), 148; "Memorandum. Status of DCW & S research and development projects," 1 Sep 1945, RG-24, DDCWSD, file HQS. 4354-29-13, NAC; Experimental Station Suffield, Alberta. Technical minute no. 111. Toxicity of selected organic compounds to insects, 25 Nov. 1945, RG-24, DDCWSD, file HQS, 4354-29-4-1, NAC; 'Report DDT spraying -Suffield No. 144," 29 Nov. 1945, RG-36, FICB, vol. 3, file 286-13-5 (1945-1946), NAC.
88. D.J. Goodspeed, A history of the Defence Research Board of Canada (Ottawa, 1958), 148; "Memorandum. Status of DCW & S research and development projects," 1 Sep 1945, RG-24, DDCWSD, file HQS. 4354-29-13, NAC; Experimental Station Suffield, Alberta. Technical minute no. 111. Toxicity of selected organic compounds to insects, 25 Nov. 1945, RG-24, DDCWSD, file HQS, 4354-29-4-1, NAC; 'Report DDT spraying -Suffield No. 144," 29 Nov. 1945, RG-36, FICB, vol. 3, file 286-13-5 (1945-1946), NAC.
89. C. Leonard Huskins [chair, Department of Genetics, McGill University] to G.S. Peart, 5 Jul 1944, RG-17, DAWB, vol. 3519, file 5-2-19-35 [4] , NAC.
90. Scientists published results from this project in the NRC journal after the war. T.A. Eastwood, D.L. Garmaise, D.J. Morantz and C.A. Winkler, "Studies in the formation of DDT," CJR. Section B, 25 (1947), 509-524; G.T. Barry and R. Boyer, "The synthesis and biological toxicities of some DDT homologues and related compounds," ibid., 511-517.
91. Scientists published results from this project in the NRC journal after the war. T.A. Eastwood, D.L. Garmaise, D.J. Morantz and C.A. Winkler, "Studies in the formation of DDT," CJR. Section B, 25 (1947), 509-524; G.T. Barry and R. Boyer, "The synthesis and biological toxicities of some DDT homologues and related compounds," ibid., 511-517.
92. See the introduction in Maurice Desmond Proverbs, Studies on the insecticidal action of DDT (1,1, bis (4,4′ dichlorophenyl) 2,2,2-trichloroethane) and related compounds, with a view to correlating this action with chemical structure (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Maurice Desmond Proverbs and Frank O. Morrison, "The relative and insecticidal activities of DDT and related organic molecules," CJR, Section D, 25 (1947), 12-44; H.C. Browning, F.C. Fraser, K. Shapiro, I. Glickman and M. Dubrûlé, "Biological activity of DDT and related compounds," ibid. (1948), 282-300; H.C. Browning, K. Shapiro, and M. Dubrûlé, "The insecticidal activity of DDT and related compounds against different insect species," ibid., 301-306; Frank O. Morrison [professor, Department of Entomology, McGill University] to William Harold Brittain [dean, Faculty of Agriculture, McGill University], 26 Oct 1944, McGill University Archives, RG-43, Dr. Morrison Archives, container 24, file 00911, NAC.
93. See the introduction in Maurice Desmond Proverbs, Studies on the insecticidal action of DDT (1,1, bis (4,4′ dichlorophenyl) 2,2,2-trichloroethane) and related compounds, with a view to correlating this action with chemical structure (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Maurice Desmond Proverbs and Frank O. Morrison, "The relative and insecticidal activities of DDT and related organic molecules," CJR, Section D, 25 (1947), 12-44; H.C. Browning, F.C. Fraser, K. Shapiro, I. Glickman and M. Dubrûlé, "Biological activity of DDT and related compounds," ibid. (1948), 282-300; H.C. Browning, K. Shapiro, and M. Dubrûlé, "The insecticidal activity of DDT and related compounds against different insect species," ibid., 301-306; Frank O. Morrison [professor, Department of Entomology, McGill University] to William Harold Brittain [dean, Faculty of Agriculture, McGill University], 26 Oct 1944, McGill University Archives, RG-43, Dr. Morrison Archives, container 24, file 00911, NAC.
94. See the introduction in Maurice Desmond Proverbs, Studies on the insecticidal action of DDT (1,1, bis (4,4′ dichlorophenyl) 2,2,2-trichloroethane) and related compounds, with a view to correlating this action with chemical structure (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Maurice Desmond Proverbs and Frank O. Morrison, "The relative and insecticidal activities of DDT and related organic molecules," CJR, Section D, 25 (1947), 12-44; H.C. Browning, F.C. Fraser, K. Shapiro, I. Glickman and M. Dubrûlé, "Biological activity of DDT and related compounds," ibid. (1948), 282-300; H.C. Browning, K. Shapiro, and M. Dubrûlé, "The insecticidal activity of DDT and related compounds against different insect species," ibid., 301-306; Frank O. Morrison [professor, Department of Entomology, McGill University] to William Harold Brittain [dean, Faculty of Agriculture, McGill University], 26 Oct 1944, McGill University Archives, RG-43, Dr. Morrison Archives, container 24, file 00911, NAC.
95. See the introduction in Maurice Desmond Proverbs, Studies on the insecticidal action of DDT (1,1, bis (4,4′ dichlorophenyl) 2,2,2-trichloroethane) and related compounds, with a view to correlating this action with chemical structure (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Maurice Desmond Proverbs and Frank O. Morrison, "The relative and insecticidal activities of DDT and related organic molecules," CJR, Section D, 25 (1947), 12-44; H.C. Browning, F.C. Fraser, K. Shapiro, I. Glickman and M. Dubrûlé, "Biological activity of DDT and related compounds," ibid. (1948), 282-300; H.C. Browning, K. Shapiro, and M. Dubrûlé, "The insecticidal activity of DDT and related compounds against different insect species," ibid., 301-306; Frank O. Morrison [professor, Department of Entomology, McGill University] to William Harold Brittain [dean, Faculty of Agriculture, McGill University], 26 Oct 1944, McGill University Archives, RG-43, Dr. Morrison Archives, container 24, file 00911, NAC.
96. American entomologists were also kept away from these developments. The U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development set up 3 the Insect Control Committee to pursue military research on insecticides after the war. No entomologist participated in the Committee's activities until pressure from the Department of Agriculture and the American Association of Economic Entomologists forced the appointment of an entomologist on the Committee one year after the committee's creation. E.P. Russell, "War on insects: Warfare, insecticides, and environmental changes in the United States, 1870-1945" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1993), 423-428.
97. Meanwhile, the NRC turned down a grant proposal refused from the Department of Genetics of McGill University to fund a laboratory for studies on the biological effects of insecticides. S.P. Eagleson [secretary-treasurer, NRC] to J.W. Boyes [chair, Department of Genetics, McGill University], 12 Apr 1946; J.W. Boyes to S.P. Eagleson, 15 Apr 1946; S.P. Eagleson to J.W. Boyes, 29 Apr 1949, RG-77, NRC, acc. 1988-89/046, box 11, file 4-D1-9, NAC.
98. H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3050, file 40-37, NAC; Alexander Ross [National Defense, Deputy Minister] to G.S.H. Barton. 17 Dec 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-55; H.G. Crawford to G.S.H. Barton. 5 Mar 1947, NAC; H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1947; R. Glen to H.G. Crawford, 8 Jul 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-86. NAC; Henry Hurtig, "Entomology Section, Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, Alta.," Division of entomology news letter, 35 (Jan. 1957), 2-3.
99. H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3050, file 40-37, NAC; Alexander Ross [National Defense, Deputy Minister] to G.S.H. Barton. 17 Dec 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-55; H.G. Crawford to G.S.H. Barton. 5 Mar 1947, NAC; H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1947; R. Glen to H.G. Crawford, 8 Jul 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-86. NAC; Henry Hurtig, "Entomology Section, Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, Alta.," Division of entomology news letter, 35 (Jan. 1957), 2-3.
100. H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3050, file 40-37, NAC; Alexander Ross [National Defense, Deputy Minister] to G.S.H. Barton. 17 Dec 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-55; H.G. Crawford to G.S.H. Barton. 5 Mar 1947, NAC; H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1947; R. Glen to H.G. Crawford, 8 Jul 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-86. NAC; Henry Hurtig, "Entomology Section, Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, Alta.," Division of entomology news letter, 35 (Jan. 1957), 2-3.
101. H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3050, file 40-37, NAC; Alexander Ross [National Defense, Deputy Minister] to G.S.H. Barton. 17 Dec 1946, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-55; H.G. Crawford to G.S.H. Barton. 5 Mar 1947, NAC; H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1947; R. Glen to H.G. Crawford, 8 Jul 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-86. NAC; Henry Hurtig, "Entomology Section, Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, Alta.," Division of entomology news letter, 35 (Jan. 1957), 2-3.
102. Statement on cooperative research grants made to universities from Science Service appropriations for the years 1948-49 and 1949-1950, K.W. Neatby to G.S.H. Barton, 30 Sep 1949, RG-17, DADM, vol. 2877, file 12-6-17, NAC.
103. Memorandum by K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-86, NAC; W.E. van Steenburgh, "Entomological research programme," n.d.; K.W. Neatby to George Samuel Horace Barton, 15 Jan 1948, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3132, file 69-7-1. The Defense Research Board was the scientific arm of the Canadian Armed Forces; Goodspeed (ref. 46). The Department of Defense, concerned with biting flies and mosquitoes in the Canadian North, sought to maintain a level of expertise in entomology. Department of National Defence, "Memorandum. Mosquito and black fly control," 7 Jan 1948, RG-24, DDDRB, vol. 4134, file 4-9-35-43-2, pt. 1.
104. Memorandum by K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-86, NAC; W.E. van Steenburgh, "Entomological research programme," n.d.; K.W. Neatby to George Samuel Horace Barton, 15 Jan 1948, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3132, file 69-7-1. The Defense Research Board was the scientific arm of the Canadian Armed Forces; Goodspeed (ref. 46). The Department of Defense, concerned with biting flies and mosquitoes in the Canadian North, sought to maintain a level of expertise in entomology. Department of National Defence, "Memorandum. Mosquito and black fly control," 7 Jan 1948, RG-24, DDDRB, vol. 4134, file 4-9-35-43-2, pt. 1.
105. Memorandum by K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-86, NAC; W.E. van Steenburgh, "Entomological research programme," n.d.; K.W. Neatby to George Samuel Horace Barton, 15 Jan 1948, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3132, file 69-7-1. The Defense Research Board was the scientific arm of the Canadian Armed Forces; Goodspeed (ref. 46). The Department of Defense, concerned with biting flies and mosquitoes in the Canadian North, sought to maintain a level of expertise in entomology. Department of National Defence, "Memorandum. Mosquito and black fly control," 7 Jan 1948, RG-24, DDDRB, vol. 4134, file 4-9-35-43-2, pt. 1.
106. Memorandum by K.W. Neatby, 5 Mar 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3046, file 40-5-86, NAC; W.E. van Steenburgh, "Entomological research programme," n.d.; K.W. Neatby to George Samuel Horace Barton, 15 Jan 1948, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3132, file 69-7-1. The Defense Research Board was the scientific arm of the Canadian Armed Forces; Goodspeed (ref. 46). The Department of Defense, concerned with biting flies and mosquitoes in the Canadian North, sought to maintain a level of expertise in entomology. Department of National Defence, "Memorandum. Mosquito and black fly control," 7 Jan 1948, RG-24, DDDRB, vol. 4134, file 4-9-35-43-2, pt. 1.
107. Entomological Research Panel. Minutes of the first meeting held on 27 Feb 1948, ANC, RG-24, DDDRB, vol. 4129, file 4-120-43-1, part 1, NAC.
108. Initially exposed in a report on the first field trals of DDT (W.A. Ross, Summary of experiments with DDT at Vineland Station, Ontario (Ottawa, 1944)), these concerns were latter published in the proceedings of the 1948 Commonwealth Entomological Conference of 1948. W.A. Ross, "Use and limitations of the new insecticides in the field," Fifth Commonwealth Entomological Conference, 22-30 Jul 1948, Report (London, 1948), 38-44.
109. Initially exposed in a report on the first field trals of DDT (W.A. Ross, Summary of experiments with DDT at Vineland Station, Ontario (Ottawa, 1944)), these concerns were latter published in the proceedings of the 1948 Commonwealth Entomological Conference of 1948. W.A. Ross, "Use and limitations of the new insecticides in the field," Fifth Commonwealth Entomological Conference, 22-30 Jul 1948, Report (London, 1948), 38-44.
110. Initially exposed in a report on the first field trals of DDT (W.A. Ross, Summary of experiments with DDT at Vineland Station, Ontario (Ottawa, 1944)), these concerns were latter published in the proceedings of the 1948 Commonwealth Entomological Conference of 1948. W.A. Ross, "Use and limitations of the new insecticides in the field," Fifth Commonwealth Entomological Conference, 22-30 Jul 1948, Report (London, 1948), 38-44.
111. [Elvin Yuill Spencer], The beginnings of the London Lab (London, ON, 1986) 2.
112. Ibid., 6.
113. K.W. Neatby to G.S.H. Barton, 7 Jan 1948, RG-17, DAODM, vol. 3134 file 73-4, NAC.
114. [Spencer] (ref. 57), 6.
115. W.A. Ross, "Letter sent to chiefs of divisions, Science Service," 30 Jan 1947, RG-17 DADM, vol. 2875, file 12-6, part 2, NAC.
116. Quoted in [Spencer] (ref. 57), 11.
117. Letter sent to chiefs of divisions, Science Service, W.A. Ross (ref. 61).
118. William Elgin van Steenburgh to J.G. Taggart [Deputy Minister of Agriculture], 19 Sep 1950, RG-17, DARB, acc. 1984-85/550, box 186, file 170.1, NAC.
119. [Spencer] (ref. 57), 12.
120. Hubert L. Martin and R.L. Wain, "Insecticidal action of D.D.T.," Nature, 154 (1944), 312-313.
121. Robert Glen to W. E. van Steenburgh, 19 Jul 1949, RG-32, CSC, vol. 623, file 1899-06-24, pt. 2, NAC.
122. Hubert Martin to Kenneth William Neatby, 12 Dec 1950; K.W. Neatby to J.G. Taggart, 13 Dec 1950; K.W. Neatby to J.G.Taggart, 12 Apr 1951, RG-17, DARB, acc. 1983-84/064, box 266, file 24-7-19, NAC.
123. [Spencer] (ref. 57), 19.
124. B.N. Smallman, "Quantitative characters of the growth and development of a paurometabolous insect, Dixippus, Carausius, Morosus Br. et Redt." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Edinburg, 1940); W. Chefurka, "Biochemical studies of the blood of the giant silkworm Platysamia cecropia L." (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1953); L.S. Wolfe, "Investigations on the structure and deposition of the larval, pupal and imaginal cuticles of Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1953). E.H. Colhoun, "Cold acclimatisation in insects with especial reference to the German cockroach Blatella germanica L." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1954).
125. B.N. Smallman, "Quantitative characters of the growth and development of a paurometabolous insect, Dixippus, Carausius, Morosus Br. et Redt." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Edinburg, 1940); W. Chefurka, "Biochemical studies of the blood of the giant silkworm Platysamia cecropia L." (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1953); L.S. Wolfe, "Investigations on the structure and deposition of the larval, pupal and imaginal cuticles of Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1953). E.H. Colhoun, "Cold acclimatisation in insects with especial reference to the German cockroach Blatella germanica L." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1954).
126. B.N. Smallman, "Quantitative characters of the growth and development of a paurometabolous insect, Dixippus, Carausius, Morosus Br. et Redt." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Edinburg, 1940); W. Chefurka, "Biochemical studies of the blood of the giant silkworm Platysamia cecropia L." (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1953); L.S. Wolfe, "Investigations on the structure and deposition of the larval, pupal and imaginal cuticles of Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1953). E.H. Colhoun, "Cold acclimatisation in insects with especial reference to the German cockroach Blatella germanica L." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1954).
127. B.N. Smallman, "Quantitative characters of the growth and development of a paurometabolous insect, Dixippus, Carausius, Morosus Br. et Redt." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Edinburg, 1940); W. Chefurka, "Biochemical studies of the blood of the giant silkworm Platysamia cecropia L." (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1953); L.S. Wolfe, "Investigations on the structure and deposition of the larval, pupal and imaginal cuticles of Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1953). E.H. Colhoun, "Cold acclimatisation in insects with especial reference to the German cockroach Blatella germanica L." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1954).
128. "Science Service Laboratory, London, Ontario Work in progress," Nov 1951, RG-17, DARB, acc. 1988-89/045, box 1, file 3-12-A.1-61, NAC.
129. Science Service Laboratory. London, Ontario, Report, 1951-1956 (Ottawa 1956) 14-16.
130. Robert Lee Metcalf, "The impact of the development of organophosphorus insecticides upon basic and applied science," Entomological Society of America, Bulletin 5 (1959), 3-15.
131. This reorientation of research on DDT followed the discovery of the mode of action of organophosphorous compounds on the nervous system. Russell (ref. 50), 435.
132. W. Chefurka, "Oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates. I. Glycolysis in the housefly Musca domestica," Enzymologia, 17 (1954), 73-89; W. Chefurka, "The occurrence of a direct oxidative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the tly Musca domestica," Biochemica et biophysica acta, 17 (1955), 295-296; Science Service Laboratory (ref. 72). 17.
133. W. Chefurka, "Oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates. I. Glycolysis in the housefly Musca domestica," Enzymologia, 17 (1954), 73-89; W. Chefurka, "The occurrence of a direct oxidative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the tly Musca domestica," Biochemica et biophysica acta, 17 (1955), 295-296; Science Service Laboratory (ref. 72). 17.
134. W. Chefurka, "Oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates. I. Glycolysis in the housefly Musca domestica," Enzymologia, 17 (1954), 73-89; W. Chefurka, "The occurrence of a direct oxidative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the tly Musca domestica," Biochemica et biophysica acta, 17 (1955), 295-296; Science Service Laboratory (ref. 72). 17.
135. "Science Service Laboratory. London, Ontario. Advisory Committee," 1 Dec 1952, RG-17, DARB, acc. 1988-89/045, box 1, file 3-12-A.1-61, NAC; Anthony William Alridge Brown, "Entomology at the University of Western Ontario," Entomology newsletter, 38:4 (1960), 1-2.
136. "Science Service Laboratory. London, Ontario. Advisory Committee," 1 Dec 1952, RG-17, DARB, acc. 1988-89/045, box 1, file 3-12-A.1-61, NAC; Anthony William Alridge Brown, "Entomology at the University of Western Ontario," Entomology newsletter, 38:4 (1960), 1-2.
137. Richard Desmond O'Brien, "The biochemistry of Schradan" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Western Ontario, 1954).
138. Richard Desmond O'Brien and E.Y. Spencer, "Schradan metabolism related to tissue enzyme system," Agricultural and food chemistry, 1 (1953), 946-953; [Spencer] (ref. 57), 20-21; Science Service Laboratory (ref. 72), 18-20.
139. Richard Desmond O'Brien and E.Y. Spencer, "Schradan metabolism related to tissue enzyme system," Agricultural and food chemistry, 1 (1953), 946-953; [Spencer] (ref. 57), 20-21; Science Service Laboratory (ref. 72), 18-20.
140. Richard Desmond O'Brien and E.Y. Spencer, "Schradan metabolism related to tissue enzyme system," Agricultural and food chemistry, 1 (1953), 946-953; [Spencer] (ref. 57), 20-21; Science Service Laboratory (ref. 72), 18-20.
141. Pesticide Research Institute, Research report, 1957-1960 (Ottawa, 1961), 3.
142. Ref. 5 and Sawyer (ref. 11).
143. Perkins (ref. 44); Paolo S. Palladino, "On 'environmentalism': The origins of the debates over policy for pest-control research in America, 1960-1975," in Michael Shortland, ed., Science and nature. Essays in the history of the environmental sciences (Stratford in the Vale, 1994), 181-212.
144. Perkins (ref. 44); Paolo S. Palladino, "On 'environmentalism': The origins of the debates over policy for pest-control research in America, 1960-1975," in Michael Shortland, ed., Science and nature. Essays in the history of the environmental sciences (Stratford in the Vale, 1994), 181-212.
145. Margaret Conrad, "Apple blossom time in the Annapolis Valley, 1880-1957," Acadiensis 9 (1980), 14-36.
146. Division of entomology newsletter, 25:12 (1944). On the beginning of the research program, see A.D. Pickett, "Integrated control," in W.H. Upshall, ed., History of fruit growing and handling in the United States of America and Canada, 1860-1972 (Kelowna, 1976), 292-295, on 295.
147. Division of entomology newsletter, 25:12 (1944). On the beginning of the research program, see A.D. Pickett, "Integrated control," in W.H. Upshall, ed., History of fruit growing and handling in the United States of America and Canada, 1860-1972 (Kelowna, 1976), 292-295, on 295.
148. J.M. Swaine to G.S.H. Barton, 23 Mar 1945, RG-17, DADM, 3300, file 649 (5), NAC.
149. A.D. Pickett, et al., "The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia: I. An appraisal of the problem and a method of approach," Scientific agriculture, 26 (1946), 590-600.
150. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia: II. Oystershell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)," Canadian entomologist, 79 (1947), 196-209.
151. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of the spray program on the natural control of oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Harold Thorne Stultz, "Bionomics of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomenella L., in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Albert William MacPhee, "The morphology and bionomics of the predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Albert William MacPhee, "Low temperature mortality of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), winter eggs and its ecological significance" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1960); Charles D. Dondale, "A preliminary study of spiders in apple orchards" (M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, 1955); Charles D. Dondale, "Revision of the genus Philodromus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1959); Charles Roger MacLellan, "The use of the precipitin test in evaluating codling moth predators" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1954); K.H. Sanford, "The life history and habits of the predacious mirid Hyaliodes harti Knight" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1963). Lord arrived at the laboratory in 1935, Stultz in 1937, MacPhee in 1945, Dondale in 1948, Sanford in 1949, MacLellan in 1950.
152. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of the spray program on the natural control of oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Harold Thorne Stultz, "Bionomics of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomenella L., in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Albert William MacPhee, "The morphology and bionomics of the predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Albert William MacPhee, "Low temperature mortality of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), winter eggs and its ecological significance" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1960); Charles D. Dondale, "A preliminary study of spiders in apple orchards" (M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, 1955); Charles D. Dondale, "Revision of the genus Philodromus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1959); Charles Roger MacLellan, "The use of the precipitin test in evaluating codling moth predators" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1954); K.H. Sanford, "The life history and habits of the predacious mirid Hyaliodes harti Knight" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1963). Lord arrived at the laboratory in 1935, Stultz in 1937, MacPhee in 1945, Dondale in 1948, Sanford in 1949, MacLellan in 1950.
153. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of the spray program on the natural control of oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Harold Thorne Stultz, "Bionomics of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomenella L., in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Albert William MacPhee, "The morphology and bionomics of the predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Albert William MacPhee, "Low temperature mortality of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), winter eggs and its ecological significance" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1960); Charles D. Dondale, "A preliminary study of spiders in apple orchards" (M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, 1955); Charles D. Dondale, "Revision of the genus Philodromus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1959); Charles Roger MacLellan, "The use of the precipitin test in evaluating codling moth predators" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1954); K.H. Sanford, "The life history and habits of the predacious mirid Hyaliodes harti Knight" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1963). Lord arrived at the laboratory in 1935, Stultz in 1937, MacPhee in 1945, Dondale in 1948, Sanford in 1949, MacLellan in 1950.
154. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of the spray program on the natural control of oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Harold Thorne Stultz, "Bionomics of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomenella L., in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Albert William MacPhee, "The morphology and bionomics of the predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Albert William MacPhee, "Low temperature mortality of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), winter eggs and its ecological significance" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1960); Charles D. Dondale, "A preliminary study of spiders in apple orchards" (M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, 1955); Charles D. Dondale, "Revision of the genus Philodromus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1959); Charles Roger MacLellan, "The use of the precipitin test in evaluating codling moth predators" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1954); K.H. Sanford, "The life history and habits of the predacious mirid Hyaliodes harti Knight" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1963). Lord arrived at the laboratory in 1935, Stultz in 1937, MacPhee in 1945, Dondale in 1948, Sanford in 1949, MacLellan in 1950.
155. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of the spray program on the natural control of oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Harold Thorne Stultz, "Bionomics of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomenella L., in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Albert William MacPhee, "The morphology and bionomics of the predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Albert William MacPhee, "Low temperature mortality of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), winter eggs and its ecological significance" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1960); Charles D. Dondale, "A preliminary study of spiders in apple orchards" (M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, 1955); Charles D. Dondale, "Revision of the genus Philodromus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1959); Charles Roger MacLellan, "The use of the precipitin test in evaluating codling moth predators" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1954); K.H. Sanford, "The life history and habits of the predacious mirid Hyaliodes harti Knight" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1963). Lord arrived at the laboratory in 1935, Stultz in 1937, MacPhee in 1945, Dondale in 1948, Sanford in 1949, MacLellan in 1950.
156. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of the spray program on the natural control of oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Harold Thorne Stultz, "Bionomics of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomenella L., in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Albert William MacPhee, "The morphology and bionomics of the predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Albert William MacPhee, "Low temperature mortality of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), winter eggs and its ecological significance" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1960); Charles D. Dondale, "A preliminary study of spiders in apple orchards" (M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, 1955); Charles D. Dondale, "Revision of the genus Philodromus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1959); Charles Roger MacLellan, "The use of the precipitin test in evaluating codling moth predators" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1954); K.H. Sanford, "The life history and habits of the predacious mirid Hyaliodes harti Knight" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1963). Lord arrived at the laboratory in 1935, Stultz in 1937, MacPhee in 1945, Dondale in 1948, Sanford in 1949, MacLellan in 1950.
157. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of the spray program on the natural control of oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Harold Thorne Stultz, "Bionomics of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomenella L., in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Albert William MacPhee, "The morphology and bionomics of the predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Albert William MacPhee, "Low temperature mortality of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), winter eggs and its ecological significance" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1960); Charles D. Dondale, "A preliminary study of spiders in apple orchards" (M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, 1955); Charles D. Dondale, "Revision of the genus Philodromus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1959); Charles Roger MacLellan, "The use of the precipitin test in evaluating codling moth predators" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1954); K.H. Sanford, "The life history and habits of the predacious mirid Hyaliodes harti Knight" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1963). Lord arrived at the laboratory in 1935, Stultz in 1937, MacPhee in 1945, Dondale in 1948, Sanford in 1949, MacLellan in 1950.
158. Frank Tennant Lord, "The influence of the spray program on the natural control of oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Harold Thorne Stultz, "Bionomics of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomenella L., in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1946); Albert William MacPhee, "The morphology and bionomics of the predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1947); Albert William MacPhee, "Low temperature mortality of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), winter eggs and its ecological significance" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1960); Charles D. Dondale, "A preliminary study of spiders in apple orchards" (M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, 1955); Charles D. Dondale, "Revision of the genus Philodromus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America" (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1959); Charles Roger MacLellan, "The use of the precipitin test in evaluating codling moth predators" (M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1954); K.H. Sanford, "The life history and habits of the predacious mirid Hyaliodes harti Knight" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1963). Lord arrived at the laboratory in 1935, Stultz in 1937, MacPhee in 1945, Dondale in 1948, Sanford in 1949, MacLellan in 1950.
159. Allison DeForest Pickett and N.A. Patterson "The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia: IV. A review," Canadian entomologist, 85 (1953), 472-478, and in J. Fred Hockey, Agricultural research in the Annapolis Valley area 1909-1960 (Ottawa, 1967).
160. Allison DeForest Pickett and N.A. Patterson "The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia: IV. A review," Canadian entomologist, 85 (1953), 472-478, and in J. Fred Hockey, Agricultural research in the Annapolis Valley area 1909-1960 (Ottawa, 1967).
161. Frederick Merriet Cannon, "The standardization of a method for utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as a test animal for toxicity experiments with nicotine" (M.Sc. thesis. McGill University, 1939); Charles Wilmot Brown Maxwell, "Studies of the toxicity of nicotine in combination with various adjuvants" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1939); Frank O. Morrison, "The standardizing of a laboratory method for comparing the toxicity of contact insecticides," CJR, Section D, 21 (1943), 35-75.
162. Frederick Merriet Cannon, "The standardization of a method for utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as a test animal for toxicity experiments with nicotine" (M.Sc. thesis. McGill University, 1939); Charles Wilmot Brown Maxwell, "Studies of the toxicity of nicotine in combination with various adjuvants" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1939); Frank O. Morrison, "The standardizing of a laboratory method for comparing the toxicity of contact insecticides," CJR, Section D, 21 (1943), 35-75.
163. Frederick Merriet Cannon, "The standardization of a method for utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as a test animal for toxicity experiments with nicotine" (M.Sc. thesis. McGill University, 1939); Charles Wilmot Brown Maxwell, "Studies of the toxicity of nicotine in combination with various adjuvants" (M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, 1939); Frank O. Morrison, "The standardizing of a laboratory method for comparing the toxicity of contact insecticides," CJR, Section D, 21 (1943), 35-75.
164. Allison DeForest Pickett to H.G. Crawford [Apr 1947]; H.G. Crawford to K.W. Neatby, Apr 30 1947, RG-17, DADM, vol. 3040, file 40-5-3 (2), NAC.
165. Memorandum re Dr. Frank Morrison, Macdona d College [1947] RG-17 DADM vol. 3040, file 40-5-3 (2), NAC.
166. L.F. Burrows [secretary-treasurer of the Canadian Horticultural Council] to James Gardiner, 26 Feb 1945; "Resolutions voted at the an iual congress of the Canadian Horticultural Council on Feb 25 1945," RG-17, DAMO, vol. 3300, file 649 (5), NAC; J.M. Swaine to G.S.H. Barton, 23 Mar 1945; L.F. Burrows to James Gardiner, 9 Mar 1946, RG-17, DAPM, vol. 3568, file 1776, NAC.
167. L.F. Burrows [secretary-treasurer of the Canadian Horticultural Council] to James Gardiner, 26 Feb 1945; "Resolutions voted at the an iual congress of the Canadian Horticultural Council on Feb 25 1945," RG-17, DAMO, vol. 3300, file 649 (5), NAC; J.M. Swaine to G.S.H. Barton, 23 Mar 1945; L.F. Burrows to James Gardiner, 9 Mar 1946, RG-17, DAPM, vol. 3568, file 1776, NAC.
168. A.L. Turnbull and Donald A. Chant, "The practice and theory of biological control of insects in Canada," Canadian journal of zoology, 39 (1961), 697-753.
169. During its annual congress in 1961, the Entomological Society of Canada organized a symposium to present recent Canadian studies on insect ecology. "Population dynamics of agricultural and forest insect pests," in Edgard Joseph Leroux, ed., Entomological Society of Canada, Memoirs, 32 (1963).
170. Palladino (ref. 5).
171. Allison DeForest Pickett and Albert William MacPhee, "Twenty years' experience with integrated control programs in Nova Scotia apple and pear orchards," Paul Freeman, ed., Twelfth International Congress of Entomology, Proceedings (London, 1965), 597.
172. Edgard Joseph Leroux, "The application of ecological principles to orchard entomology," Canadian entomologist, 96 (1964), 348-356.