Human security

International Journal

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 440-459

  Acharya, Amitav ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039784030     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002070200105600304     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Cited in Kanti Bajpai, 'Human Security: Concept and Measurement,' manuscript, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 2000.
2. United Nations, Human Development Report 1994 (New York: United Nations Development Programme 1994).
3. An important multilateral meeting that focused on human security was the United Nations International Conference on the Relationship Between Disarmament and Development, held from 15 July to 2 August 1986 in Paris. See Douglas Roche, 'Balance out of kilter in arms/society needs,' Financial Post (Toronto), 18 January 1986, 8. The concept of human security was also invoked in a Xinhua News Agency report of a world disarmament conference in Beijing in June 1988 at which the president of the Conference, Zhou Peiyuan, who was also president of the Chinese People's Association for Peace and Disarmament, stressed 'growing concern from the international community for disarmament, which is connected with world peace and human security.' ('Beijing hosts disarmament conference,' Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 14 June 1988.)
4. An important multilateral meeting that focused on human security was the United Nations International Conference on the Relationship Between Disarmament and Development, held from 15 July to 2 August 1986 in Paris. See Douglas Roche, 'Balance out of kilter in arms/society needs,' Financial Post (Toronto), 18 January 1986, 8. The concept of human security was also invoked in a Xinhua News Agency report of a world disarmament conference in Beijing in June 1988 at which the president of the Conference, Zhou Peiyuan, who was also president of the Chinese People's Association for Peace and Disarmament, stressed 'growing concern from the international community for disarmament, which is connected with world peace and human security.' ('Beijing hosts disarmament conference,' Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 14 June 1988.)
5. K. Bajpai, 'Human security: concept and measurement.'
6. United Nations, Human Development Report 1994; Sverre Lodgaard, 'Human security: concept and operationalization,' Paper presented to the Expert Seminar on Human Rights and Peace 2000, Palais Wilson, Geneva 8-9 December 2000, PD/HR/11.1, United Nations/Naciones Unidas, University of Peace, Universidad Para La Paz.
7. United Nations, Human Development Report 1994; Sverre Lodgaard, 'Human security: concept and operationalization,' Paper presented to the Expert Seminar on Human Rights and Peace 2000, Palais Wilson, Geneva 8-9 December 2000, PD/HR/11.1, United Nations/Naciones Unidas, University of Peace, Universidad Para La Paz.
8. On the origins of the Canadian use of human security, see Jennifer Ross, 'Is Canada's human security policy really the "Axworthy" doctrine?' Canadian Foreign Policy 8(winter 2001), 75-93.
9. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), Human Security: Safety for People in a Changing World (Ottawa: DFAIT, April 1999).
10. 'Canada, Norway change their ways: new approach bases foreign policy on human issues,' Ottawa Citizen, 28 May 1998, A18.
11. 'Premier's U.N. speech out of focus,' editorial, Daily Yomiuri, 24 October 1995, 7.
12. Statement by Director-General (of the Foreign Ministry of Japan) in the International Conference on Human Security in a Globalized World, Ulan Bator, 8 May 2000, available at www.un-mongolia.mn/undp.
13. Astrid Suhrke, 'Human security and the interests of states,' Security Dialogue 30(September 1999), 265-76.
14. Lodgaard, 'Human security: concept and operationalization.'
15. On human security in an Asian context, see Tatsuro Matsumae and Lincoln Chen, eds, Common Security in Asia: The New Concept of Human Security (Tokyo: Tokai University Press 1995); William T. Tow, Ramesh Thakur, and In-Taek Hyun, eds, Asia's Emerging Regional Order: Reconciling Traditional and Human Security (Tokyo and New York: United Nations University Press 2000); PraneeThiparat, ed, The Quest for Human Security: The Next Phase of ASEAN? (Bangkok: Institute of Security and International Studies 2001).
16. On human security in an Asian context, see Tatsuro Matsumae and Lincoln Chen, eds, Common Security in Asia: The New Concept of Human Security (Tokyo: Tokai University Press 1995); William T. Tow, Ramesh Thakur, and In-Taek Hyun, eds, Asia's Emerging Regional Order: Reconciling Traditional and Human Security (Tokyo and New York: United Nations University Press 2000); PraneeThiparat, ed, The Quest for Human Security: The Next Phase of ASEAN? (Bangkok: Institute of Security and International Studies 2001).
17. On human security in an Asian context, see Tatsuro Matsumae and Lincoln Chen, eds, Common Security in Asia: The New Concept of Human Security (Tokyo: Tokai University Press 1995); William T. Tow, Ramesh Thakur, and In-Taek Hyun, eds, Asia's Emerging Regional Order: Reconciling Traditional and Human Security (Tokyo and New York: United Nations University Press 2000); PraneeThiparat, ed, The Quest for Human Security: The Next Phase of ASEAN? (Bangkok: Institute of Security and International Studies 2001).
18. Surin Pitsuan, 'Keynote address: ASEAN Vision 2020. Strengthening human security in the aftermath of the economic crisis,' in Pranee Thiparat, ed, The Quest for Human Security. See also, The Asian Crisis and Human Security: An Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia's Tomorrow (Tokyo: Japan Centre for International Exchange 1999); Sustainable Development and Human Security: Second Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia's Tomorrow (Tokyo and Singapore: Japan Centre for International Exchange/Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 1999).
19. Surin Pitsuan, 'Keynote address: ASEAN Vision 2020. Strengthening human security in the aftermath of the economic crisis,' in Pranee Thiparat, ed, The Quest for Human Security. See also, The Asian Crisis and Human Security: An Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia's Tomorrow (Tokyo: Japan Centre for International Exchange 1999); Sustainable Development and Human Security: Second Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia's Tomorrow (Tokyo and Singapore: Japan Centre for International Exchange/Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 1999).
20. Surin Pitsuan, 'Keynote address: ASEAN Vision 2020. Strengthening human security in the aftermath of the economic crisis,' in Pranee Thiparat, ed, The Quest for Human Security. See also, The Asian Crisis and Human Security: An Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia's Tomorrow (Tokyo: Japan Centre for International Exchange 1999); Sustainable Development and Human Security: Second Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia's Tomorrow (Tokyo and Singapore: Japan Centre for International Exchange/Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 1999).
21. Amitav Acharya, Human Rights in Southeast Asia: Dilemmas for Foreign Policy, Eastern Asia Policy Papers no 11 (Toronto: University of Toronto/York University Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies 1995).
22. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf 1999).
23. Yukio Satoh, The Evolution of Japan's Security Policy Adelphi Paper no 178 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies 1982), 7.
24. J.W.M. Chapman, R. Drifte, and T.M. Gow Japan's Quest for Comprehensive Security (London: Frances Pinter 1983), 149.
25. Ibid, xvii.
26. Muthiah Alagappa, 'Comprehensive security: interpretations in ASEAN countries,' in Robert A. Scalapino, et al, eds, Asian Security Issues: Regional and Global (Berkeley: University of California, Institute of East Asian Studies, 1988), 58.
27. Najib Tun Razak, Address to the Chief of Staff Conference, Darwin, Australia, 1992.
28. Muthiah Alagappa, 'Comprehensive security,' 62.
29. Amitav Acharya and Arabinda Acharya, 'Human security in the Asia Pacific: puzzle, panacea or peril?' CANCAPS Bulletin (Canadian Consortium for Asia Pacific Security) (December 2000).
30. Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific, The Concepts of Comprehensive and Cooperative Security, CSCAP Memorandum no 3 (Kuala Lumpur, CSCAP Secretariat at the Institute of Startegic and International Studies 1996). See also Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, 'The concept of comprehensive security,' in Mohamed Jawhar Hassan and Thangam Rmnath, eds, Conceptualising Asia-Pacific Security (Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Strategic and International Studies 1996).
31. Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific, The Concepts of Comprehensive and Cooperative Security, CSCAP Memorandum no 3 (Kuala Lumpur, CSCAP Secretariat at the Institute of Startegic and International Studies 1996). See also Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, 'The concept of comprehensive security,' in Mohamed Jawhar Hassan and Thangam Rmnath, eds, Conceptualising Asia-Pacific Security (Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Strategic and International Studies 1996).
32. The CSCAP Memorandum defines comprehensive security as 'pursuit of sustainable security in all fields (personal, political, economic, social, cultural, military, environmental) in both the domestic and external spheres, essentially through cooperative means.' The inclusion of 'personal security' notwithstanding, it is hard to accept that even this reformulation of comprehensive security captures the post-statist, if not anti-statist, orientation of the human security idea. While 'security of person' is placed alongside security of 'community' and 'state,' with all three elements seen as 'multifaceted and multidimensional,' there is little question as to the relative salience of the three. A notion of comprehensive security is warranted 'because ... the vital interests or core values of states are varied and comprehensive, as are the instruments and processes used to protect them and the capabilities required to assure them' (p 3). This hardly appears to be a people-oriented notion of security. To say that individual, community, and state each matter and have their place in the security paradigm is not the same as saying that people matter most - which is the essence of human security.
33. On the concepts of common and co-operative security in the Asia Pacific context, see Geoffrey Wiseman, 'Common security in the Asia-Pacific region,' Pacific Review 5 (no 1, 1992), 42-59; David B, Dewitt, 'Common, comprehensive, and cooperative security,' ibid 7 (no 1, 1994), 1-15; Pauline Kerr, Andrew Mack, and Paul Evans, 'The evolving security discourse in Asia-Pacific,' in Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill, eds, Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region (St Leonards NSW: Allen and Unwin Australia 1994), 233-55; David Dickens, No Better Alternative: Towards Comprehensive and Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific (Wellington, Centre for Strategic Studies, New Zealand, for the Council on Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific 1997).
34. On the concepts of common and co-operative security in the Asia Pacific context, see Geoffrey Wiseman, 'Common security in the Asia-Pacific region,' Pacific Review 5 (no 1, 1992), 42-59; David B, Dewitt, 'Common, comprehensive, and cooperative security,' ibid 7 (no 1, 1994), 1-15; Pauline Kerr, Andrew Mack, and Paul Evans, 'The evolving security discourse in Asia-Pacific,' in Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill, eds, Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region (St Leonards NSW: Allen and Unwin Australia 1994), 233-55; David Dickens, No Better Alternative: Towards Comprehensive and Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific (Wellington, Centre for Strategic Studies, New Zealand, for the Council on Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific 1997).
35. On the concepts of common and co-operative security in the Asia Pacific context, see Geoffrey Wiseman, 'Common security in the Asia-Pacific region,' Pacific Review 5 (no 1, 1992), 42-59; David B, Dewitt, 'Common, comprehensive, and cooperative security,' ibid 7 (no 1, 1994), 1-15; Pauline Kerr, Andrew Mack, and Paul Evans, 'The evolving security discourse in Asia-Pacific,' in Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill, eds, Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region (St Leonards NSW: Allen and Unwin Australia 1994), 233-55; David Dickens, No Better Alternative: Towards Comprehensive and Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific (Wellington, Centre for Strategic Studies, New Zealand, for the Council on Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific 1997).
36. On the concepts of common and co-operative security in the Asia Pacific context, see Geoffrey Wiseman, 'Common security in the Asia-Pacific region,' Pacific Review 5 (no 1, 1992), 42-59; David B, Dewitt, 'Common, comprehensive, and cooperative security,' ibid 7 (no 1, 1994), 1-15; Pauline Kerr, Andrew Mack, and Paul Evans, 'The evolving security discourse in Asia-Pacific,' in Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill, eds, Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region (St Leonards NSW: Allen and Unwin Australia 1994), 233-55; David Dickens, No Better Alternative: Towards Comprehensive and Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific (Wellington, Centre for Strategic Studies, New Zealand, for the Council on Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific 1997).
37. David B. Dewitt and Amitav Acharya, Cooperative Security and Development Assistance: The Relationship Between Security and Development with Reference to Eastern Asia, Eastern Asia Policy Papers no 16 (Toronto: loint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies 1996), 9-10.
38. Robert Jervis, 'Will the new world be better,' in Robert Jervis and Seweryn Bialer, eds, Soviet-American Relations after the Cold War (Durham NC: Duke University Press 1991).
39. Morton H. Halperin and David J. Scheffer, Self-Determination in the New World Order (Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1992), 107.
40. Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London and New York: Routledge 2001).
41. For an overview of the debate on non-intervention in the Asia Pacific, see Amitav Acharya, Sovereignty, Non-intervention and Regionalism, CANCAPS Paper no 15 (Toronto: Canadian Consortium for Asia Pacific Security 1997);
42. David Dickens and Guy Wilson Roberts, eds, Non-intervention and State Sovereignty in the Asia-Pacific (Wellington: Centre for Strategic Studies 2000).