"Playground of the USA": Miami and the promotion of spectacle

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 68, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 153-172

  Bush, Gregory W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039774519     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3641982     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. John Sewell, Miami Memoirs (Miami, Fla., 1988); Arva Moore Parks and Gregory Bush, Miami, The American Crossroad: A Centennial Journey, 1896-1996 (Coral Gables, Fla., 1996). For comparative overviews of railroads and urban growth, see Gunther Barth, Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver (New York, 1975); William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Charles Funnell, By the Beautiful Sea: The Rise and High Times of that Great American Resort, Atlantic City (New Brunswick, NJ, 1983); John Kasson, Amusing the Millions: Coney Island At the Turn of the Century (New York, 1979).
2. John Sewell, Miami Memoirs (Miami, Fla., 1988); Arva Moore Parks and Gregory Bush, Miami, The American Crossroad: A Centennial Journey, 1896-1996 (Coral Gables, Fla., 1996). For comparative overviews of railroads and urban growth, see Gunther Barth, Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver (New York, 1975); William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Charles Funnell, By the Beautiful Sea: The Rise and High Times of that Great American Resort, Atlantic City (New Brunswick, NJ, 1983); John Kasson, Amusing the Millions: Coney Island At the Turn of the Century (New York, 1979).
3. John Sewell, Miami Memoirs (Miami, Fla., 1988); Arva Moore Parks and Gregory Bush, Miami, The American Crossroad: A Centennial Journey, 1896-1996 (Coral Gables, Fla., 1996). For comparative overviews of railroads and urban growth, see Gunther Barth, Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver (New York, 1975); William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Charles Funnell, By the Beautiful Sea: The Rise and High Times of that Great American Resort, Atlantic City (New Brunswick, NJ, 1983); John Kasson, Amusing the Millions: Coney Island At the Turn of the Century (New York, 1979).
4. John Sewell, Miami Memoirs (Miami, Fla., 1988); Arva Moore Parks and Gregory Bush, Miami, The American Crossroad: A Centennial Journey, 1896-1996 (Coral Gables, Fla., 1996). For comparative overviews of railroads and urban growth, see Gunther Barth, Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver (New York, 1975); William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Charles Funnell, By the Beautiful Sea: The Rise and High Times of that Great American Resort, Atlantic City (New Brunswick, NJ, 1983); John Kasson, Amusing the Millions: Coney Island At the Turn of the Century (New York, 1979).
5. John Sewell, Miami Memoirs (Miami, Fla., 1988); Arva Moore Parks and Gregory Bush, Miami, The American Crossroad: A Centennial Journey, 1896-1996 (Coral Gables, Fla., 1996). For comparative overviews of railroads and urban growth, see Gunther Barth, Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver (New York, 1975); William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Charles Funnell, By the Beautiful Sea: The Rise and High Times of that Great American Resort, Atlantic City (New Brunswick, NJ, 1983); John Kasson, Amusing the Millions: Coney Island At the Turn of the Century (New York, 1979).
6. John Sewell, Miami Memoirs (Miami, Fla., 1988); Arva Moore Parks and Gregory Bush, Miami, The American Crossroad: A Centennial Journey, 1896-1996 (Coral Gables, Fla., 1996). For comparative overviews of railroads and urban growth, see Gunther Barth, Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver (New York, 1975); William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Charles Funnell, By the Beautiful Sea: The Rise and High Times of that Great American Resort, Atlantic City (New Brunswick, NJ, 1983); John Kasson, Amusing the Millions: Coney Island At the Turn of the Century (New York, 1979).
7. The best-written first-hand account of the boom is T. H. Weigall, Boom in Paradise (New York, 1932).
8. Bruce Bliven, "Where Ev'ry Prospect Pleases," New Republic, March 26, 1924, p. 116; Kenneth Roberts, Florida (New York, 1926), 310.
9. Bruce Bliven, "Where Ev'ry Prospect Pleases," New Republic, March 26, 1924, p. 116; Kenneth Roberts, Florida (New York, 1926), 310.
10. See T. J. Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York, 1994). For all of Lears's insight into myths of abundance, there is little appreciation of such myths as place-based. For perspectives on tourism, leisure, and themed cities, see Chris Rojek, Decentring Leisure: Rethinking Leisure Theory (London, 1995); Mark Gottdiener, The Theming of America: Dreams, Visions, and Commercial Spaces (Boulder, Colo., 1997); John Urry, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (London, 1990).
11. See T. J. Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York, 1994). For all of Lears's insight into myths of abundance, there is little appreciation of such myths as place-based. For perspectives on tourism, leisure, and themed cities, see Chris Rojek, Decentring Leisure: Rethinking Leisure Theory (London, 1995); Mark Gottdiener, The Theming of America: Dreams, Visions, and Commercial Spaces (Boulder, Colo., 1997); John Urry, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (London, 1990).
12. See T. J. Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York, 1994). For all of Lears's insight into myths of abundance, there is little appreciation of such myths as place-based. For perspectives on tourism, leisure, and themed cities, see Chris Rojek, Decentring Leisure: Rethinking Leisure Theory (London, 1995); Mark Gottdiener, The Theming of America: Dreams, Visions, and Commercial Spaces (Boulder, Colo., 1997); John Urry, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (London, 1990).
13. See T. J. Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York, 1994). For all of Lears's insight into myths of abundance, there is little appreciation of such myths as place-based. For perspectives on tourism, leisure, and themed cities, see Chris Rojek, Decentring Leisure: Rethinking Leisure Theory (London, 1995); Mark Gottdiener, The Theming of America: Dreams, Visions, and Commercial Spaces (Boulder, Colo., 1997); John Urry, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (London, 1990).
14. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
15. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
16. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
17. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
18. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
19. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
20. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
21. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
22. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
23. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
24. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
25. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
26. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
27. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
28. Guy DeBord, The Society of Spectacle (New York, 1994), 19; Oxford English Dictionary (New York, 1971), 2951. See also George Elliott Howard, "Social Psychology of the Spectator," American Journal of Sociology, 18 (July 1912), 33-50; Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); John Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York, 1990); David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990); Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History as South Street Seaport," in Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York, 1992), 192; Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture (New York, 1970), chapters 4-6. On the engineering of crowd spectacles, see Gregory W. Bush, Lord of Attention: Gerald Stanley Lee and the Crowd Metaphor in Industrializing America (Amherst, Mass., 1991); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Cecilia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1987). For analysis of the centrality of New York as an entertainment district and consumer paradise, see William Taylor, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World (Baltimore, 1991). See also William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993); and Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York, 1994).
29. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990), 26. See also Kevin Starr, Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era (New York, 1985); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s (New York, 1990); Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York, 1973), chapter 32. On the selling of the West, see Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cooks' Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750-1915 (New York, 1997).
30. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990), 26. See also Kevin Starr, Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era (New York, 1985); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s (New York, 1990); Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York, 1973), chapter 32. On the selling of the West, see Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cooks' Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750-1915 (New York, 1997).
31. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990), 26. See also Kevin Starr, Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era (New York, 1985); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s (New York, 1990); Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York, 1973), chapter 32. On the selling of the West, see Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cooks' Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750-1915 (New York, 1997).
32. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990), 26. See also Kevin Starr, Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era (New York, 1985); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s (New York, 1990); Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York, 1973), chapter 32. On the selling of the West, see Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cooks' Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750-1915 (New York, 1997).
33. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990), 26. See also Kevin Starr, Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era (New York, 1985); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s (New York, 1990); Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York, 1973), chapter 32. On the selling of the West, see Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cooks' Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750-1915 (New York, 1997).
34. Paul Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York, 1970), 89; Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: A Vision of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago, 1984), 72-104; R. Lawrence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York, 1994), 162-171; Don H. Doyle, New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta Nashville Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990). On the growing role of advertising and salesmanship, see Lears, Fables of Abundance, Susan Stresser, "'The Smile that Pays': The Culture of Traveling Salesmen, 1880-1920," in James Gilbert, et al., The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination & American Culture (Belmont, Calif., 1993). Leo Spitzer advanced the notion that American advertisers adopted a preaching mentality in "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art," in Essays on English and American Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 273-277.
35. Paul Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York, 1970), 89; Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: A Vision of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago, 1984), 72-104; R. Lawrence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York, 1994), 162-171; Don H. Doyle, New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta Nashville Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990). On the growing role of advertising and salesmanship, see Lears, Fables of Abundance, Susan Stresser, "'The Smile that Pays': The Culture of Traveling Salesmen, 1880-1920," in James Gilbert, et al., The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination & American Culture (Belmont, Calif., 1993). Leo Spitzer advanced the notion that American advertisers adopted a preaching mentality in "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art," in Essays on English and American Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 273-277.
36. Paul Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York, 1970), 89; Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: A Vision of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago, 1984), 72-104; R. Lawrence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York, 1994), 162-171; Don H. Doyle, New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta Nashville Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990). On the growing role of advertising and salesmanship, see Lears, Fables of Abundance, Susan Stresser, "'The Smile that Pays': The Culture of Traveling Salesmen, 1880-1920," in James Gilbert, et al., The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination & American Culture (Belmont, Calif., 1993). Leo Spitzer advanced the notion that American advertisers adopted a preaching mentality in "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art," in Essays on English and American Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 273-277.
37. Paul Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York, 1970), 89; Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: A Vision of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago, 1984), 72-104; R. Lawrence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York, 1994), 162-171; Don H. Doyle, New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta Nashville Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990). On the growing role of advertising and salesmanship, see Lears, Fables of Abundance, Susan Stresser, "'The Smile that Pays': The Culture of Traveling Salesmen, 1880-1920," in James Gilbert, et al., The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination & American Culture (Belmont, Calif., 1993). Leo Spitzer advanced the notion that American advertisers adopted a preaching mentality in "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art," in Essays on English and American Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 273-277.
38. Paul Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York, 1970), 89; Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: A Vision of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago, 1984), 72-104; R. Lawrence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York, 1994), 162-171; Don H. Doyle, New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta Nashville Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990). On the growing role of advertising and salesmanship, see Lears, Fables of Abundance, Susan Stresser, "'The Smile that Pays': The Culture of Traveling Salesmen, 1880-1920," in James Gilbert, et al., The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination & American Culture (Belmont, Calif., 1993). Leo Spitzer advanced the notion that American advertisers adopted a preaching mentality in "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art," in Essays on English and American Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 273-277.
39. Paul Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York, 1970), 89; Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: A Vision of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago, 1984), 72-104; R. Lawrence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York, 1994), 162-171; Don H. Doyle, New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta Nashville Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990). On the growing role of advertising and salesmanship, see Lears, Fables of Abundance, Susan Stresser, "'The Smile that Pays': The Culture of Traveling Salesmen, 1880-1920," in James Gilbert, et al., The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination & American Culture (Belmont, Calif., 1993). Leo Spitzer advanced the notion that American advertisers adopted a preaching mentality in "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art," in Essays on English and American Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 273-277.
40. Paul Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York, 1970), 89; Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: A Vision of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago, 1984), 72-104; R. Lawrence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York, 1994), 162-171; Don H. Doyle, New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta Nashville Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990). On the growing role of advertising and salesmanship, see Lears, Fables of Abundance, Susan Stresser, "'The Smile that Pays': The Culture of Traveling Salesmen, 1880-1920," in James Gilbert, et al., The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination & American Culture (Belmont, Calif., 1993). Leo Spitzer advanced the notion that American advertisers adopted a preaching mentality in "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art," in Essays on English and American Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 273-277.
41. Ralph Munroe with Vincent Gilpin, The Commodore's Story (Miami, Fla., 1990), 165, 254. The best general overview of tourism in early Miami can be found in Paul George, "Passage to a New Eden," Florida Historical Quarterly 59 (1981), 440-463. See also Thelma Peters, Miami, 1909, With Excerpts from Fannie Clemons' Diary (Miami, Fla., 1985).
42. Ralph Munroe with Vincent Gilpin, The Commodore's Story (Miami, Fla., 1990), 165, 254. The best general overview of tourism in early Miami can be found in Paul George, "Passage to a New Eden," Florida Historical Quarterly 59 (1981), 440-463. See also Thelma Peters, Miami, 1909, With Excerpts from Fannie Clemons' Diary (Miami, Fla., 1985).
43. Ralph Munroe with Vincent Gilpin, The Commodore's Story (Miami, Fla., 1990), 165, 254. The best general overview of tourism in early Miami can be found in Paul George, "Passage to a New Eden," Florida Historical Quarterly 59 (1981), 440-463. See also Thelma Peters, Miami, 1909, With Excerpts from Fannie Clemons' Diary (Miami, Fla., 1985).
44. On Henry Flagler, see Edward Akin, Flagler: Rockefeller Partner & Florida Baron (Kent, Ohio, 1988). On the disorientation of train travel, see Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: Trains and Travel in the 19th Century (New York, 1979).
45. On Henry Flagler, see Edward Akin, Flagler: Rockefeller Partner & Florida Baron (Kent, Ohio, 1988). On the disorientation of train travel, see Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: Trains and Travel in the 19th Century (New York, 1979).
46. Thelma Peters, Biscayne Country (Miami, 1981), 134-138.
47. Isador Cohen, Historical Sketches and Sidelights of Miami (Miami, Fla., 1925), 85; E. V. Blackman, Miami and Dade County . . . Its Settlement, Progress and Achievement (Washington, D.C., 1921), 70-71. On Blackman, see John DeCroix, Miami and Ft. Lauderdale (St. Augustine, Fla., 1911), 113. On the development of agriculture in South Dade, see Jean Taylor, The Villages of South Dade (St. Petersburg, Fla., n.d.). See also the exuberant essay by fourteen-year-old Miami student, Ruby Padgett, in the 1904 Miami City Directory (Miami, Fla., 1904), 63-64. On agricultural reclamation, see Samuel Proctor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (Gainesville, Fla., 1993), 178-215.
48. Isador Cohen, Historical Sketches and Sidelights of Miami (Miami, Fla., 1925), 85; E. V. Blackman, Miami and Dade County . . . Its Settlement, Progress and Achievement (Washington, D.C., 1921), 70-71. On Blackman, see John DeCroix, Miami and Ft. Lauderdale (St. Augustine, Fla., 1911), 113. On the development of agriculture in South Dade, see Jean Taylor, The Villages of South Dade (St. Petersburg, Fla., n.d.). See also the exuberant essay by fourteen-year-old Miami student, Ruby Padgett, in the 1904 Miami City Directory (Miami, Fla., 1904), 63-64. On agricultural reclamation, see Samuel Proctor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (Gainesville, Fla., 1993), 178-215.
49. Isador Cohen, Historical Sketches and Sidelights of Miami (Miami, Fla., 1925), 85; E. V. Blackman, Miami and Dade County . . . Its Settlement, Progress and Achievement (Washington, D.C., 1921), 70-71. On Blackman, see John DeCroix, Miami and Ft. Lauderdale (St. Augustine, Fla., 1911), 113. On the development of agriculture in South Dade, see Jean Taylor, The Villages of South Dade (St. Petersburg, Fla., n.d.). See also the exuberant essay by fourteen-year-old Miami student, Ruby Padgett, in the 1904 Miami City Directory (Miami, Fla., 1904), 63-64. On agricultural reclamation, see Samuel Proctor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (Gainesville, Fla., 1993), 178-215.
50. Isador Cohen, Historical Sketches and Sidelights of Miami (Miami, Fla., 1925), 85; E. V. Blackman, Miami and Dade County . . . Its Settlement, Progress and Achievement (Washington, D.C., 1921), 70-71. On Blackman, see John DeCroix, Miami and Ft. Lauderdale (St. Augustine, Fla., 1911), 113. On the development of agriculture in South Dade, see Jean Taylor, The Villages of South Dade (St. Petersburg, Fla., n.d.). See also the exuberant essay by fourteen-year-old Miami student, Ruby Padgett, in the 1904 Miami City Directory (Miami, Fla., 1904), 63-64. On agricultural reclamation, see Samuel Proctor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (Gainesville, Fla., 1993), 178-215.
51. Isador Cohen, Historical Sketches and Sidelights of Miami (Miami, Fla., 1925), 85; E. V. Blackman, Miami and Dade County . . . Its Settlement, Progress and Achievement (Washington, D.C., 1921), 70-71. On Blackman, see John DeCroix, Miami and Ft. Lauderdale (St. Augustine, Fla., 1911), 113. On the development of agriculture in South Dade, see Jean Taylor, The Villages of South Dade (St. Petersburg, Fla., n.d.). See also the exuberant essay by fourteen-year-old Miami student, Ruby Padgett, in the 1904 Miami City Directory (Miami, Fla., 1904), 63-64. On agricultural reclamation, see Samuel Proctor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (Gainesville, Fla., 1993), 178-215.
52. Isador Cohen, Historical Sketches and Sidelights of Miami (Miami, Fla., 1925), 85; E. V. Blackman, Miami and Dade County . . . Its Settlement, Progress and Achievement (Washington, D.C., 1921), 70-71. On Blackman, see John DeCroix, Miami and Ft. Lauderdale (St. Augustine, Fla., 1911), 113. On the development of agriculture in South Dade, see Jean Taylor, The Villages of South Dade (St. Petersburg, Fla., n.d.). See also the exuberant essay by fourteen-year-old Miami student, Ruby Padgett, in the 1904 Miami City Directory (Miami, Fla., 1904), 63-64. On agricultural reclamation, see Samuel Proctor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (Gainesville, Fla., 1993), 178-215.
53. Mrs. Henry Gould Ralston, "Miami Will Be What Her Promoters Make It," Miami Herald, Aug. 7, 1913, p. 7. See also Paul George, "A Cyclone Hits Miami, Carrie Nation's Visit to the 'Wicked City,'" Florida Historical Quarterly, 58 (1979). See also Marvin Dunn, Black Miami in the Twentieth Century (Gainesville, Fla., 1997); Paul George, "Colored Town: Miami's Black Community, 1896-1930," Florida Historical Quarterly, 56 (1978), 432-447. Videotape interviews by author with Clyde Killans (1997) and James Nimmo (1984).
54. Mrs. Henry Gould Ralston, "Miami Will Be What Her Promoters Make It," Miami Herald, Aug. 7, 1913, p. 7. See also Paul George, "A Cyclone Hits Miami, Carrie Nation's Visit to the 'Wicked City,'" Florida Historical Quarterly, 58 (1979). See also Marvin Dunn, Black Miami in the Twentieth Century (Gainesville, Fla., 1997); Paul George, "Colored Town: Miami's Black Community, 1896-1930," Florida Historical Quarterly, 56 (1978), 432-447. Videotape interviews by author with Clyde Killans (1997) and James Nimmo (1984).
55. Mrs. Henry Gould Ralston, "Miami Will Be What Her Promoters Make It," Miami Herald, Aug. 7, 1913, p. 7. See also Paul George, "A Cyclone Hits Miami, Carrie Nation's Visit to the 'Wicked City,'" Florida Historical Quarterly, 58 (1979). See also Marvin Dunn, Black Miami in the Twentieth Century (Gainesville, Fla., 1997); Paul George, "Colored Town: Miami's Black Community, 1896-1930," Florida Historical Quarterly, 56 (1978), 432-447. Videotape interviews by author with Clyde Killans (1997) and James Nimmo (1984).
56. Mrs. Henry Gould Ralston, "Miami Will Be What Her Promoters Make It," Miami Herald, Aug. 7, 1913, p. 7. See also Paul George, "A Cyclone Hits Miami, Carrie Nation's Visit to the 'Wicked City,'" Florida Historical Quarterly, 58 (1979). See also Marvin Dunn, Black Miami in the Twentieth Century (Gainesville, Fla., 1997); Paul George, "Colored Town: Miami's Black Community, 1896-1930," Florida Historical Quarterly, 56 (1978), 432-447. Videotape interviews by author with Clyde Killans (1997) and James Nimmo (1984).
57. "Amusement A Plenty At The Beach Resorts Today," Miami Herald, Jan. 11, 1914, p. 8; Paul George, "Traffic Control in Early Miami," Tequesta, 37 (1977), 3-18.
58. "Amusement A Plenty At The Beach Resorts Today," Miami Herald, Jan. 11, 1914, p. 8; Paul George, "Traffic Control in Early Miami," Tequesta, 37 (1977), 3-18.
59. See the television documentary on Carl Fisher by Mark Davis, "Mr. Miami Beach," a program in the PBS American Experience series, first aired Feb. 2, 1998.
60. On his affinity to Abraham Lincoln, see Carl Fisher to Ida Fisher, Jan. 13, 1919, folder 4, box 2, Carl Fisher Papers, Historical Association of South Florida.
61. Roberts, Florida, 104; Miami Beach Reporter, July 22, 1971, B11; Jane Fisher, Fabulous Hoosier (Chicago, 1953), 170. See also Polly Redford, Billion Dollar Sandbar (New York, 1970), 44-45; Carl Fisher to Lon Warner, Sept. 28, 1920, folder 36, box 3, Fisher Papers. On Harding's visit, see the Miami Herald, Jan. 30 through Feb. 2, 1921.
62. Roberts, Florida, 104; Miami Beach Reporter, July 22, 1971, B11; Jane Fisher, Fabulous Hoosier (Chicago, 1953), 170. See also Polly Redford, Billion Dollar Sandbar (New York, 1970), 44-45; Carl Fisher to Lon Warner, Sept. 28, 1920, folder 36, box 3, Fisher Papers. On Harding's visit, see the Miami Herald, Jan. 30 through Feb. 2, 1921.
63. Roberts, Florida, 104; Miami Beach Reporter, July 22, 1971, B11; Jane Fisher, Fabulous Hoosier (Chicago, 1953), 170. See also Polly Redford, Billion Dollar Sandbar (New York, 1970), 44-45; Carl Fisher to Lon Warner, Sept. 28, 1920, folder 36, box 3, Fisher Papers. On Harding's visit, see the Miami Herald, Jan. 30 through Feb. 2, 1921.
64. Roberts, Florida, 104; Miami Beach Reporter, July 22, 1971, B11; Jane Fisher, Fabulous Hoosier (Chicago, 1953), 170. See also Polly Redford, Billion Dollar Sandbar (New York, 1970), 44-45; Carl Fisher to Lon Warner, Sept. 28, 1920, folder 36, box 3, Fisher Papers. On Harding's visit, see the Miami Herald, Jan. 30 through Feb. 2, 1921.
65. Roberts, Florida, 104; Miami Beach Reporter, July 22, 1971, B11; Jane Fisher, Fabulous Hoosier (Chicago, 1953), 170. See also Polly Redford, Billion Dollar Sandbar (New York, 1970), 44-45; Carl Fisher to Lon Warner, Sept. 28, 1920, folder 36, box 3, Fisher Papers. On Harding's visit, see the Miami Herald, Jan. 30 through Feb. 2, 1921.
66. Helen Muir, Miami U.S.A. (New York, 1953), 110.
67. Oral history interview with Marjorie Stoneman Douglas, by Gregory Bush (July 6, 1988); Miami Metropolis, Dec. 21, 1910, p. 1.
68. "Board of Trade Committee Laid Plan for 'Festival,'" Miami Herald, Aug. 27, 1913, p. 1. See also, for example, "Seventeenth Anniversary Celebration of Miami's Birth was Opened Yesterday With Thousands Doing Honor and Tribute," Miami Herald, Aug. 8, 1913, p. 1; "Picturesque Miami Seen in Motion Picture," ibid., April 12, 1913. On Miami's attempts to become a major film center in this era, see Richard Alan Nelson, Florida and the American Motion Picture Industry 1898-1980 (New York, 1980).
69. "Board of Trade Committee Laid Plan for 'Festival,'" Miami Herald, Aug. 27, 1913, p. 1. See also, for example, "Seventeenth Anniversary Celebration of Miami's Birth was Opened Yesterday With Thousands Doing Honor and Tribute," Miami Herald, Aug. 8, 1913, p. 1; "Picturesque Miami Seen in Motion Picture," ibid., April 12, 1913. On Miami's attempts to become a major film center in this era, see Richard Alan Nelson, Florida and the American Motion Picture Industry 1898-1980 (New York, 1980).
70. "Board of Trade Committee Laid Plan for 'Festival,'" Miami Herald, Aug. 27, 1913, p. 1. See also, for example, "Seventeenth Anniversary Celebration of Miami's Birth was Opened Yesterday With Thousands Doing Honor and Tribute," Miami Herald, Aug. 8, 1913, p. 1; "Picturesque Miami Seen in Motion Picture," ibid., April 12, 1913. On Miami's attempts to become a major film center in this era, see Richard Alan Nelson, Florida and the American Motion Picture Industry 1898-1980 (New York, 1980).
71. "Board of Trade Committee Laid Plan for 'Festival,'" Miami Herald, Aug. 27, 1913, p. 1. See also, for example, "Seventeenth Anniversary Celebration of Miami's Birth was Opened Yesterday With Thousands Doing Honor and Tribute," Miami Herald, Aug. 8, 1913, p. 1; "Picturesque Miami Seen in Motion Picture," ibid., April 12, 1913. On Miami's attempts to become a major film center in this era, see Richard Alan Nelson, Florida and the American Motion Picture Industry 1898-1980 (New York, 1980).
72. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
73. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
74. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
75. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be
76. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
77. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
78. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
79. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
80. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
81. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
82. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
83. Examples comparing Miami with Los Angeles include "Millions Invested by Famed Men Here," Miami Daily Metropolis, April 14, 1914, p. 2; "Miami's Future Brighter Than Los Angeles," Miami Metropolis, April 3, 1914, p. 2. On World War I, see "War Will Send the Tourists to Miami Instead of Abroad," ibid., Aug. 7, 1914, p. 2; "Nathan A. Cole Would Advertise," Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 1913, p. 4; "Everglades Get False Name in 'Frisco," ibid., Dec. 10, 1915, p. 8; "Miami Signs Will be Placed From Here to New York," Miami Daily Metropolis, June 15, 1918, p. 10. See also Oscar Herzberg, "On Municipal Advertising: How Cities Get Reputations," Fame (Jan. 1905), 56. Comparison of Miami's climate with that of Los Angeles can be found in "Advertise our Climate," Miami Herald, Jan. 12, 1912; "Miami Should Advertise is Advice This Visitor Gives," Miami Metropolis, Jan. 20, 1913, p. 1; "A Winter in Florida and Social Life," Miami Herald, Jan. 4, 1913. Although there are no direct references to Miami, for a fascinating discussion of autotourism, see Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Baltimore, 1979). For a critique of Victorian Puritanism, see H. L. Mencken, "The American: His New Puritanism," The Smart Set, 30 (Feb. 1914), 87-94.
84. Kirk Munroe, "Florida A Winter Playground," reprinted from Outing Magazine (1909) in The Florida Adventures of Kirk Munroe (Oviedo, Fla., 1975), 197. See also Raymond B. Vickers, "Addison Mizner: Promoter in Paradise," Florida Historical Quarterly, 75 (1997), 381-407. Catherine Lynn, Architectural Drawings: Arabian Fantasies for Opa-Locka (Coral Gables, Fla., 1992), 9-22. On The Garden of Allah, see Leach, Land of Desire, 108-111. On Lummis and Nolen, see Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York, 1973), 397-408.
85. Kirk Munroe, "Florida A Winter Playground," reprinted from Outing Magazine (1909) in The Florida Adventures of Kirk Munroe (Oviedo, Fla., 1975), 197. See also Raymond B. Vickers, "Addison Mizner: Promoter in Paradise," Florida Historical Quarterly, 75 (1997), 381-407. Catherine Lynn, Architectural Drawings: Arabian Fantasies for Opa-Locka (Coral Gables, Fla., 1992), 9-22. On The Garden of Allah, see Leach, Land of Desire, 108-111. On Lummis and Nolen, see Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York, 1973), 397-408.
86. Kirk Munroe, "Florida A Winter Playground," reprinted from Outing Magazine (1909) in The Florida Adventures of Kirk Munroe (Oviedo, Fla., 1975), 197. See also Raymond B. Vickers, "Addison Mizner: Promoter in Paradise," Florida Historical Quarterly, 75 (1997), 381-407. Catherine Lynn, Architectural Drawings: Arabian Fantasies for Opa-Locka (Coral Gables, Fla., 1992), 9-22. On The Garden of Allah, see Leach, Land of Desire, 108-111. On Lummis and Nolen, see Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York, 1973), 397-408.
87. Kirk Munroe, "Florida A Winter Playground," reprinted from Outing Magazine (1909) in The Florida Adventures of Kirk Munroe (Oviedo, Fla., 1975), 197. See also Raymond B. Vickers, "Addison Mizner: Promoter in Paradise," Florida Historical Quarterly, 75 (1997), 381-407. Catherine Lynn, Architectural Drawings: Arabian Fantasies for Opa-Locka (Coral Gables, Fla., 1992), 9-22. On The Garden of Allah, see Leach, Land of Desire, 108-111. On Lummis and Nolen, see Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York, 1973), 397-408.
88. Kirk Munroe, "Florida A Winter Playground," reprinted from Outing Magazine (1909) in The Florida Adventures of Kirk Munroe (Oviedo, Fla., 1975), 197. See also Raymond B. Vickers, "Addison Mizner: Promoter in Paradise," Florida Historical Quarterly, 75 (1997), 381-407. Catherine Lynn, Architectural Drawings: Arabian Fantasies for Opa-Locka (Coral Gables, Fla., 1992), 9-22. On The Garden of Allah, see Leach, Land of Desire, 108-111. On Lummis and Nolen, see Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York, 1973), 397-408.
89. Kirk Munroe, "Florida A Winter Playground," reprinted from Outing Magazine (1909) in The Florida Adventures of Kirk Munroe (Oviedo, Fla., 1975), 197. See also Raymond B. Vickers, "Addison Mizner: Promoter in Paradise," Florida Historical Quarterly, 75 (1997), 381-407. Catherine Lynn, Architectural Drawings: Arabian Fantasies for Opa-Locka (Coral Gables, Fla., 1992), 9-22. On The Garden of Allah, see Leach, Land of Desire, 108-111. On Lummis and Nolen, see Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York, 1973), 397-408.
90. Kirk Munroe, "Florida A Winter Playground," reprinted from Outing Magazine (1909) in The Florida Adventures of Kirk Munroe (Oviedo, Fla., 1975), 197. See also Raymond B. Vickers, "Addison Mizner: Promoter in Paradise," Florida Historical Quarterly, 75 (1997), 381-407. Catherine Lynn, Architectural Drawings: Arabian Fantasies for Opa-Locka (Coral Gables, Fla., 1992), 9-22. On The Garden of Allah, see Leach, Land of Desire, 108-111. On Lummis and Nolen, see Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York, 1973), 397-408.
91. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream (Berkeley, 1986), 269. See also Lears, Fables of Abundance, 222-227; Richard Edwards, Christianity and Amusements (New York, 1919); Bush, Lord of Attention, 113-172.
92. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream (Berkeley, 1986), 269. See also Lears, Fables of Abundance, 222-227; Richard Edwards, Christianity and Amusements (New York, 1919); Bush, Lord of Attention, 113-172.
93. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream (Berkeley, 1986), 269. See also Lears, Fables of Abundance, 222-227; Richard Edwards, Christianity and Amusements (New York, 1919); Bush, Lord of Attention, 113-172.
94. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream (Berkeley, 1986), 269. See also Lears, Fables of Abundance, 222-227; Richard Edwards, Christianity and Amusements (New York, 1919); Bush, Lord of Attention, 113-172.
95. "Miami Florida by the Sea" (1928), a pamphlet located in Special Collections, Richter Library, University of Miami.
96. "How Miami, the Movie, is Advertising Miami, the City, to the World," Miami Herald, May 18, 1924, p. 12A; Kenneth Roberts, Sun Hunting (Indianapolis, 1922), 5, 139, 167, 186. See also Kenneth Roberts, Florida Loafing (Indianapolis, 1924); Shelton S. Matlack, "Watch for Florida in the Movies," Suniland, 2 (April 1925), 22-25.
97. "How Miami, the Movie, is Advertising Miami, the City, to the World," Miami Herald, May 18, 1924, p. 12A; Kenneth Roberts, Sun Hunting (Indianapolis, 1922), 5, 139, 167, 186. See also Kenneth Roberts, Florida Loafing (Indianapolis, 1924); Shelton S. Matlack, "Watch for Florida in the Movies," Suniland, 2 (April 1925), 22-25.
98. "How Miami, the Movie, is Advertising Miami, the City, to the World," Miami Herald, May 18, 1924, p. 12A; Kenneth Roberts, Sun Hunting (Indianapolis, 1922), 5, 139, 167, 186. See also Kenneth Roberts, Florida Loafing (Indianapolis, 1924); Shelton S. Matlack, "Watch for Florida in the Movies," Suniland, 2 (April 1925), 22-25.
99. "How Miami, the Movie, is Advertising Miami, the City, to the World," Miami Herald, May 18, 1924, p. 12A; Kenneth Roberts, Sun Hunting (Indianapolis, 1922), 5, 139, 167, 186. See also Kenneth Roberts, Florida Loafing (Indianapolis, 1924); Shelton S. Matlack, "Watch for Florida in the Movies," Suniland, 2 (April 1925), 22-25.
100. Caesar LaMonica, "Miami: Playground of the U.S.A.!" (New York, 1925); Charles Bayha, "I'd Rather Be in Miami" (Coral Gables, Fla., 1927); R. H. Bonnell, "Mi-Ami-My Lady-My Mi-Ami By the Sea" (New York, 1925); Alice Sparks, "The Magic Realm" (Miami, Fla., 1928). These are all located in the sheet music collection of the Historical Association of Southern Florida.
101. Caesar LaMonica, "Miami: Playground of the U.S.A.!" (New York, 1925); Charles Bayha, "I'd Rather Be in Miami" (Coral Gables, Fla., 1927); R. H. Bonnell, "Mi-Ami-My Lady-My Mi-Ami By the Sea" (New York, 1925); Alice Sparks, "The Magic Realm" (Miami, Fla., 1928). These are all located in the sheet music collection of the Historical Association of Southern Florida.
102. Caesar LaMonica, "Miami: Playground of the U.S.A.!" (New York, 1925); Charles Bayha, "I'd Rather Be in Miami" (Coral Gables, Fla., 1927); R. H. Bonnell, "Mi-Ami-My Lady-My Mi-Ami By the Sea" (New York, 1925); Alice Sparks, "The Magic Realm" (Miami, Fla., 1928). These are all located in the sheet music collection of the Historical Association of Southern Florida.
103. Caesar LaMonica, "Miami: Playground of the U.S.A.!" (New York, 1925); Charles Bayha, "I'd Rather Be in Miami" (Coral Gables, Fla., 1927); R. H. Bonnell, "Mi-Ami-My Lady-My Mi-Ami By the Sea" (New York, 1925); Alice Sparks, "The Magic Realm" (Miami, Fla., 1928). These are all located in the sheet music collection of the Historical Association of Southern Florida.
104. Frank M. Dunbaugh, Jr., Going to Florida? (New York, 1925), 164. See also Frank Sessa, "Real Estate Expansion and Boom in Miami and Its Environs During the 1920's" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1950); Paul George, "Brokers, Binders, and Builders: Greater Miami's Boom of the Mid-1920's," Florida Historical Quarterly, 65 (July 1986), 27-51.
105. Frank M. Dunbaugh, Jr., Going to Florida? (New York, 1925), 164. See also Frank Sessa, "Real Estate Expansion and Boom in Miami and Its Environs During the 1920's" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1950); Paul George, "Brokers, Binders, and Builders: Greater Miami's Boom of the Mid-1920's," Florida Historical Quarterly, 65 (July 1986), 27-51.
106. Frank M. Dunbaugh, Jr., Going to Florida? (New York, 1925), 164. See also Frank Sessa, "Real Estate Expansion and Boom in Miami and Its Environs During the 1920's" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1950); Paul George, "Brokers, Binders, and Builders: Greater Miami's Boom of the Mid-1920's," Florida Historical Quarterly, 65 (July 1986), 27-51.
107. R. N. Merrill, "Conflicting Voices: A Sermon Address Dealing with the Race-Track Gambling Situation in Dade County," Jan. 16, 1927, First Methodist Episcopal Church Archives, Miami. See also Frank Sessa, "Anti-Florida Propaganda and Counter Measures During the 1920's," Tequesta, 21 (1961), 41-51. Oral history interview with Douglas by Bush; Miami Metropolis, May 10, 1920.
108. R. N. Merrill, "Conflicting Voices: A Sermon Address Dealing with the Race-Track Gambling Situation in Dade County," Jan. 16, 1927, First Methodist Episcopal Church Archives, Miami. See also Frank Sessa, "Anti-Florida Propaganda and Counter Measures During the 1920's," Tequesta, 21 (1961), 41-51. Oral history interview with Douglas by Bush; Miami Metropolis, May 10, 1920.
109. R. N. Merrill, "Conflicting Voices: A Sermon Address Dealing with the Race-Track Gambling Situation in Dade County," Jan. 16, 1927, First Methodist Episcopal Church Archives, Miami. See also Frank Sessa, "Anti-Florida Propaganda and Counter Measures During the 1920's," Tequesta, 21 (1961), 41-51. Oral history interview with Douglas by Bush; Miami Metropolis, May 10, 1920.
110. "Steve Hannagan's Girls," Life, Nov. 30, 1936, pp. 18-23. See Starr, Material Dreams, 10; Sessa, "Anti-Florida Propaganda," 41-51.
111. "Steve Hannagan's Girls," Life, Nov. 30, 1936, pp. 18-23. See Starr, Material Dreams, 10; Sessa, "Anti-Florida Propaganda," 41-51.
112. "Steve Hannagan's Girls," Life, Nov. 30, 1936, pp. 18-23. See Starr, Material Dreams, 10; Sessa, "Anti-Florida Propaganda," 41-51.
113. Howard Kleinberg, Miami Beach (Miami, Fla., 1994), 99-108; George, "Brokers, Binders, and Builders," 27-51.
114. Howard Kleinberg, Miami Beach (Miami, Fla., 1994), 99-108; George, "Brokers, Binders, and Builders," 27-51.
115. For discussion of LeFebvre's notions and related theoretical perspectives see Rojek, Decentring Leisure, 101-102. T. D. Allman, Miami: City of the Future (New York, 1987), 240. On the notion of dominion in postwar America, see Roland Marchand, "Visions of Classlessness, Quests for Dominion: American Popular Culture, 1945-1960," in Robert H. Bremmer and Gary W. Reichard, eds., Reshaping America: Society and Institutions, 1945-1960 (Columbus, Ohio, 1982), 163-182.
116. For discussion of LeFebvre's notions and related theoretical perspectives see Rojek, Decentring Leisure, 101-102. T. D. Allman, Miami: City of the Future (New York, 1987), 240. On the notion of dominion in postwar America, see Roland Marchand, "Visions of Classlessness, Quests for Dominion: American Popular Culture, 1945-1960," in Robert H. Bremmer and Gary W. Reichard, eds., Reshaping America: Society and Institutions, 1945-1960 (Columbus, Ohio, 1982), 163-182.
117. For discussion of LeFebvre's notions and related theoretical perspectives see Rojek, Decentring Leisure, 101-102. T. D. Allman, Miami: City of the Future (New York, 1987), 240. On the notion of dominion in postwar America, see Roland Marchand, "Visions of Classlessness, Quests for Dominion: American Popular Culture, 1945-1960," in Robert H. Bremmer and Gary W. Reichard, eds., Reshaping America: Society and Institutions, 1945-1960 (Columbus, Ohio, 1982), 163-182.
118. Gordon Gaskill, "Divorces While You Play," American Magazin, 132 (Aug. 1941), 34-35, 102; Madame Sherry, as told to S. Robert Tralins, Pleasure Was My Business (New York, 1961), 70-81, 180-183. On the impact of World War II, see Gary Mormino, "Midas Returns: Miami Goes to War, 1941-1945," Tequesta, 57 (1997), 5-52; Raymond Mohl and Gary Mormino, "The Big Change in the Sunshine State: A Social History of Modern Florida," in Michael Gannon, The New History of Florida (Gainesville, Fla., 1995), 418-448. See the ad "Miami Pledge to America at War," Time, Jan. 5, 1942, p. 34, and "Miami Beach: It Goes to War," Life, Dec. 28, 1942, pp. 65-66.
119. Gordon Gaskill, "Divorces While You Play," American Magazin, 132 (Aug. 1941), 34-35, 102; Madame Sherry, as told to S. Robert Tralins, Pleasure Was My Business (New York, 1961), 70-81, 180-183. On the impact of World War II, see Gary Mormino, "Midas Returns: Miami Goes to War, 1941-1945," Tequesta, 57 (1997), 5-52; Raymond Mohl and Gary Mormino, "The Big Change in the Sunshine State: A Social History of Modern Florida," in Michael Gannon, The New History of Florida (Gainesville, Fla., 1995), 418-448. See the ad "Miami Pledge to America at War," Time, Jan. 5, 1942, p. 34, and "Miami Beach: It Goes to War," Life, Dec. 28, 1942, pp. 65-66.
120. Gordon Gaskill, "Divorces While You Play," American Magazin, 132 (Aug. 1941), 34-35, 102; Madame Sherry, as told to S. Robert Tralins, Pleasure Was My Business (New York, 1961), 70-81, 180-183. On the impact of World War II, see Gary Mormino, "Midas Returns: Miami Goes to War, 1941-1945," Tequesta, 57 (1997), 5-52; Raymond Mohl and Gary Mormino, "The Big Change in the Sunshine State: A Social History of Modern Florida," in Michael Gannon, The New History of Florida (Gainesville, Fla., 1995), 418-448. See the ad "Miami Pledge to America at War," Time, Jan. 5, 1942, p. 34, and "Miami Beach: It Goes to War," Life, Dec. 28, 1942, pp. 65-66.
121. Gordon Gaskill, "Divorces While You Play," American Magazin, 132 (Aug. 1941), 34-35, 102; Madame Sherry, as told to S. Robert Tralins, Pleasure Was My Business (New York, 1961), 70-81, 180-183. On the impact of World War II, see Gary Mormino, "Midas Returns: Miami Goes to War, 1941-1945," Tequesta, 57 (1997), 5-52; Raymond Mohl and Gary Mormino, "The Big Change in the Sunshine State: A Social History of Modern Florida," in Michael Gannon, The New History of Florida (Gainesville, Fla., 1995), 418-448. See the ad "Miami Pledge to America at War," Time, Jan. 5, 1942, p. 34, and "Miami Beach: It Goes to War," Life, Dec. 28, 1942, pp. 65-66.
122. Gordon Gaskill, "Divorces While You Play," American Magazin, 132 (Aug. 1941), 34-35, 102; Madame Sherry, as told to S. Robert Tralins, Pleasure Was My Business (New York, 1961), 70-81, 180-183. On the impact of World War II, see Gary Mormino, "Midas Returns: Miami Goes to War, 1941-1945," Tequesta, 57 (1997), 5-52; Raymond Mohl and Gary Mormino, "The Big Change in the Sunshine State: A Social History of Modern Florida," in Michael Gannon, The New History of Florida (Gainesville, Fla., 1995), 418-448. See the ad "Miami Pledge to America at War," Time, Jan. 5, 1942, p. 34, and "Miami Beach: It Goes to War," Life, Dec. 28, 1942, pp. 65-66.
123. Gordon Gaskill, "Divorces While You Play," American Magazin, 132 (Aug. 1941), 34-35, 102; Madame Sherry, as told to S. Robert Tralins, Pleasure Was My Business (New York, 1961), 70-81, 180-183. On the impact of World War II, see Gary Mormino, "Midas Returns: Miami Goes to War, 1941-1945," Tequesta, 57 (1997), 5-52; Raymond Mohl and Gary Mormino, "The Big Change in the Sunshine State: A Social History of Modern Florida," in Michael Gannon, The New History of Florida (Gainesville, Fla., 1995), 418-448. See the ad "Miami Pledge to America at War," Time, Jan. 5, 1942, p. 34, and "Miami Beach: It Goes to War," Life, Dec. 28, 1942, pp. 65-66.
124. Susan G. Davis, Spectacular Nature: Corporate Culture and the Sea World Experience (Berkeley, 1997), 40-60. On the postwar period in Miami, see Thomas Hines, Populuxe (New York, 1987), 148-151; Parks and Bush, Miami, 103-134; Deborah Dash Moore, To The Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. (NewYork, 1994); Raymond Mohl, "Race and Space in the Modern City: Interstate-95 and the Black Community in Miami," in Arnold R. Hirsch and Raymond A. Mohl, eds., Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America (New Brunswick, N.J., 1993), 100-158. On Mitchell Wolfson, see Laura Pincus, "Small Change, Big Profits: The Life of Mitchell Wolfson" (Masters thesis, University of Miami, 1995).
125. Susan G. Davis, Spectacular Nature: Corporate Culture and the Sea World Experience (Berkeley, 1997), 40-60. On the postwar period in Miami, see Thomas Hines, Populuxe (New York, 1987), 148-151; Parks and Bush, Miami, 103-134; Deborah Dash Moore, To The Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. (NewYork, 1994); Raymond Mohl, "Race and Space in the Modern City: Interstate-95 and the Black Community in Miami," in Arnold R. Hirsch and Raymond A. Mohl, eds., Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America (New Brunswick, N.J., 1993), 100-158. On Mitchell Wolfson, see Laura Pincus, "Small Change, Big Profits: The Life of Mitchell Wolfson" (Masters thesis, University of Miami, 1995).
126. Susan G. Davis, Spectacular Nature: Corporate Culture and the Sea World Experience (Berkeley, 1997), 40-60. On the postwar period in Miami, see Thomas Hines, Populuxe (New York, 1987), 148-151; Parks and Bush, Miami, 103-134; Deborah Dash Moore, To The Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. (NewYork, 1994); Raymond Mohl, "Race and Space in the Modern City: Interstate-95 and the Black Community in Miami," in Arnold R. Hirsch and Raymond A. Mohl, eds., Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America (New Brunswick, N.J., 1993), 100-158. On Mitchell Wolfson, see Laura Pincus, "Small Change, Big Profits: The Life of Mitchell Wolfson" (Masters thesis, University of Miami, 1995).
127. Susan G. Davis, Spectacular Nature: Corporate Culture and the Sea World Experience (Berkeley, 1997), 40-60. On the postwar period in Miami, see Thomas Hines, Populuxe (New York, 1987), 148-151; Parks and Bush, Miami, 103-134; Deborah Dash Moore, To The Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. (NewYork, 1994); Raymond Mohl, "Race and Space in the Modern City: Interstate-95 and the Black Community in Miami," in Arnold R. Hirsch and Raymond A. Mohl, eds., Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America (New Brunswick, N.J., 1993), 100-158. On Mitchell Wolfson, see Laura Pincus, "Small Change, Big Profits: The Life of Mitchell Wolfson" (Masters thesis, University of Miami, 1995).
128. Susan G. Davis, Spectacular Nature: Corporate Culture and the Sea World Experience (Berkeley, 1997), 40-60. On the postwar period in Miami, see Thomas Hines, Populuxe (New York, 1987), 148-151; Parks and Bush, Miami, 103-134; Deborah Dash Moore, To The Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. (NewYork, 1994); Raymond Mohl, "Race and Space in the Modern City: Interstate-95 and the Black Community in Miami," in Arnold R. Hirsch and Raymond A. Mohl, eds., Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America (New Brunswick, N.J., 1993), 100-158. On Mitchell Wolfson, see Laura Pincus, "Small Change, Big Profits: The Life of Mitchell Wolfson" (Masters thesis, University of Miami, 1995).
129. Susan G. Davis, Spectacular Nature: Corporate Culture and the Sea World Experience (Berkeley, 1997), 40-60. On the postwar period in Miami, see Thomas Hines, Populuxe (New York, 1987), 148-151; Parks and Bush, Miami, 103-134; Deborah Dash Moore, To The Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. (NewYork, 1994); Raymond Mohl, "Race and Space in the Modern City: Interstate-95 and the Black Community in Miami," in Arnold R. Hirsch and Raymond A. Mohl, eds., Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America (New Brunswick, N.J., 1993), 100-158. On Mitchell Wolfson, see Laura Pincus, "Small Change, Big Profits: The Life of Mitchell Wolfson" (Masters thesis, University of Miami, 1995).
130. Isaac Bashevis Singer, "Alone," in John Miller and Kirsten Miller, eds., Florida Stories: Tales from the Tropics (San Francisco, 1993), 163; Ann Armbruster, The Life and Times of Miami Beach (New York, 1995), 105-171; Kleinberg, Miami Beach, 171-214.
131. Isaac Bashevis Singer, "Alone," in John Miller and Kirsten Miller, eds., Florida Stories: Tales from the Tropics (San Francisco, 1993), 163; Ann Armbruster, The Life and Times of Miami Beach (New York, 1995), 105-171; Kleinberg, Miami Beach, 171-214.
132. Isaac Bashevis Singer, "Alone," in John Miller and Kirsten Miller, eds., Florida Stories: Tales from the Tropics (San Francisco, 1993), 163; Ann Armbruster, The Life and Times of Miami Beach (New York, 1995), 105-171; Kleinberg, Miami Beach, 171-214.
133. On the riots, see Bruce Porter and Marvin Dunn, Crossing the Bounds: The Miami Riot of 1980 (Lexington, Mass., 1984). For the revived interest by national writers in the area, see David Rieff, Going to Miami: Exiles, Tourists, and Refugees in the New America (Boston, 1987); Allman, Miami; Joan Didion, Miami (New York, 1987).
134. On the riots, see Bruce Porter and Marvin Dunn, Crossing the Bounds: The Miami Riot of 1980 (Lexington, Mass., 1984). For the revived interest by national writers in the area, see David Rieff, Going to Miami: Exiles, Tourists, and Refugees in the New America (Boston, 1987); Allman, Miami; Joan Didion, Miami (New York, 1987).
135. On the riots, see Bruce Porter and Marvin Dunn, Crossing the Bounds: The Miami Riot of 1980 (Lexington, Mass., 1984). For the revived interest by national writers in the area, see David Rieff, Going to Miami: Exiles, Tourists, and Refugees in the New America (Boston, 1987); Allman, Miami; Joan Didion, Miami (New York, 1987).
136. On the riots, see Bruce Porter and Marvin Dunn, Crossing the Bounds: The Miami Riot of 1980 (Lexington, Mass., 1984). For the revived interest by national writers in the area, see David Rieff, Going to Miami: Exiles, Tourists, and Refugees in the New America (Boston, 1987); Allman, Miami; Joan Didion, Miami (New York, 1987).
137. Greater Miami Convention and Visitors Bureau, "Great Miami and the Beaches: 1996 Visitor Profile & Tourism Impact Report" (Miami, 1997). On the national trend toward "shoppertainment," see Carla Goodman, "That's Entertainment," Entrepreneur (Dec. 1998), 124-131.
138. Greater Miami Convention and Visitors Bureau, "Great Miami and the Beaches: 1996 Visitor Profile & Tourism Impact Report" (Miami, 1997). On the national trend toward "shoppertainment," see Carla Goodman, "That's Entertainment," Entrepreneur (Dec. 1998), 124-131.
139. P. T. Barnum, Struggles and Triumphs (New York, 1981), 80.