The institutional autonomy of education

Journal of Philosophy of Education

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 229-246

  Blacker, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039772085     PISSN: 03098249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9752.00170     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. For their helpful comments on various drafts, I thank Amee Adkins, Jan Blits, Walter Feinberg, Robert Hampel, Eugene Matusov, Kevin McDonough, Stacy Smith, as well as this journal's editor and anonymous reviewers. An earlier version of the paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain, New College, Oxford, April 1999.*
2. See John Rawls, The idea of public reason, in: James Bohman and William Rehg (eds), Deliberative Democracy: Esssays on Reason and Politics (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1997).
3. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
4. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
5. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
6. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
7. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
8. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
9. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
10. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
11. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
12. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
13. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
14. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
15. Key texts include, by Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York, Basic Books, 1983); Liberalism and the art of separation, Political Theory 12 (1984); Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994); Pluralism and social democracy. Dissent (Winter 1998). See also the collection of critical essays in Michael Walzer and David Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993). By David Miller, see Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999); Complex equality, in: Walzer and Miller (eds) Pluralism, Justice and Equality; and also Equality and justice, in: Andrew Mason (ed.) Ideals of Equality (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1998). Among the best critiques are Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 10; Joshua Cohen, Review of Spheres of Justice Journal of Philosophy, 83 (1986), 457-68; Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 220-236; Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992), pp. 13-37; and Shane O'Neil, Impartiality in Context: Grounding Justice in a Pluralistic World (Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1997), pp. 81-103.
16. For the general background, see my Complex equality and democratic education: the challenge of Walzer's spherical pluralism, Educational Theory (Spring 1999), pp. 181-206. For a specific argument about pluralism's limits, see Fanaticism and schooling in the democratic state, American Journal of Education (February 1998), pp. 241-272.
17. For the general background, see my Complex equality and democratic education: the challenge of Walzer's spherical pluralism, Educational Theory (Spring 1999), pp. 181-206. For a specific argument about pluralism's limits, see Fanaticism and schooling in the democratic state, American Journal of Education (February 1998), pp. 241-272.
18. As for liberalism generally, a contextualist liberalism must determine which spheres constitute legitimate arenas for state involvement and when. The necessarily fuzzy US judicial standard of a 'compelling state interest' is probably as good a start as any. It is easy to see how there is a compelling interest in some spheres such as law, education, policing and even journalism (the so-called 'fourth estate'), whereas other spheres such as friendship, religion and parenting are traditionally more removed to the 'private' side of the ledger. My present concern with liberal institutions most directly applies to spheres of the former type, that is, where most would agree there is a clear state interest. For more detailed discussion along these lines, see Charles Anderson, Pragmatic Liberalism (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1990).
19. The implied distinction here is between constitutional and non-constitutional law, particularly as it stands in the US context. In making the distinction, I follow Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Vol. 1: Foundations (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1991). John Rawls also seems to hold this view about 'constitutional essentials': see Political Liberalism (New York, Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 214. The distinction is not without controversy, however. For a fuller account, see Gerald Gaus, Justificatory Liberalism: An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory (New York, Oxford University Press) pp. 232-233.
20. The implied distinction here is between constitutional and non-constitutional law, particularly as it stands in the US context. In making the distinction, I follow Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Vol. 1: Foundations (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1991). John Rawls also seems to hold this view about 'constitutional essentials': see Political Liberalism (New York, Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 214. The distinction is not without controversy, however. For a fuller account, see Gerald Gaus, Justificatory Liberalism: An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory (New York, Oxford University Press) pp. 232-233.
21. The implied distinction here is between constitutional and non-constitutional law, particularly as it stands in the US context. In making the distinction, I follow Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Vol. 1: Foundations (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1991). John Rawls also seems to hold this view about 'constitutional essentials': see Political Liberalism (New York, Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 214. The distinction is not without controversy, however. For a fuller account, see Gerald Gaus, Justificatory Liberalism: An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory (New York, Oxford University Press) pp. 232-233.
22. The phrase 'moral capaciousness' is used in William Galston, The legal and political implications of moral pluralism. University of Maryland Law Review, 57 (1998), p. 245.
23. Michael Oakeshott, The idea of a university, in: Timothy Fuller (ed.) The Voice of Liberal Learning: Michael Oakeshott on Education (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989), pp. 101-103; R. S. Peters, The justification of education, in: R. S. Peters (ed.) The Philosophy of Education (London, Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 262-264.
24. Michael Oakeshott, The idea of a university, in: Timothy Fuller (ed.) The Voice of Liberal Learning: Michael Oakeshott on Education (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989), pp. 101-103; R. S. Peters, The justification of education, in: R. S. Peters (ed.) The Philosophy of Education (London, Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 262-264.
25. The crisis in education, in: Hannah Arendt, Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought (New York, Penguin Books, 1977), pp. 173-196. See also, in a work from which my own argument draws heavily, Richard E. Flathman, Reflections of a Would-Be Anarchist: Ideals and Institutions of Liberalism (Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press, 1998), pp. 137-164. For a different view of Arendt on education, see Natasha Levinson, Teaching in the midst of belatedness: the paradox of natality in Hannah Arendt's philosophy of education, Educational Theory (Fall 1997), pp. 435-451.
26. The crisis in education, in: Hannah Arendt, Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought (New York, Penguin Books, 1977), pp. 173-196. See also, in a work from which my own argument draws heavily, Richard E. Flathman, Reflections of a Would-Be Anarchist: Ideals and Institutions of Liberalism (Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press, 1998), pp. 137-164. For a different view of Arendt on education, see Natasha Levinson, Teaching in the midst of belatedness: the paradox of natality in Hannah Arendt's philosophy of education, Educational Theory (Fall 1997), pp. 435-451.
27. The crisis in education, in: Hannah Arendt, Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought (New York, Penguin Books, 1977), pp. 173-196. See also, in a work from which my own argument draws heavily, Richard E. Flathman, Reflections of a Would-Be Anarchist: Ideals and Institutions of Liberalism (Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press, 1998), pp. 137-164. For a different view of Arendt on education, see Natasha Levinson, Teaching in the midst of belatedness: the paradox of natality in Hannah Arendt's philosophy of education, Educational Theory (Fall 1997), pp. 435-451.
28. Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984) and The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1992); Matthew Lipman, Philosophy Goes to School (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1988); Nicholas Burbules, Dialogue and Teaching: Theory and Practice (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1993) and Aporia: webs, passages, getting lost, and learning to go on, Philosophy of Education 1997 (Urbana, IL, Philosophy of Education Society, 1997), pp. 33-43.
29. Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984) and The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1992); Matthew Lipman, Philosophy Goes to School (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1988); Nicholas Burbules, Dialogue and Teaching: Theory and Practice (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1993) and Aporia: webs, passages, getting lost, and learning to go on, Philosophy of Education 1997 (Urbana, IL, Philosophy of Education Society, 1997), pp. 33-43.
30. Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984) and The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1992); Matthew Lipman, Philosophy Goes to School (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1988); Nicholas Burbules, Dialogue and Teaching: Theory and Practice (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1993) and Aporia: webs, passages, getting lost, and learning to go on, Philosophy of Education 1997 (Urbana, IL, Philosophy of Education Society, 1997), pp. 33-43.
31. Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984) and The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1992); Matthew Lipman, Philosophy Goes to School (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1988); Nicholas Burbules, Dialogue and Teaching: Theory and Practice (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1993) and Aporia: webs, passages, getting lost, and learning to go on, Philosophy of Education 1997 (Urbana, IL, Philosophy of Education Society, 1997), pp. 33-43.
32. Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984) and The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1992); Matthew Lipman, Philosophy Goes to School (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1988); Nicholas Burbules, Dialogue and Teaching: Theory and Practice (New York, Teachers' College Press, 1993) and Aporia: webs, passages, getting lost, and learning to go on, Philosophy of Education 1997 (Urbana, IL, Philosophy of Education Society, 1997), pp. 33-43.
33. Jane Roland Martin, The ideal of the educated person, Educational Theory (Spring 1981), pp. 97-110.
34. See Bill Readings, The University in Ruins (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1996) and Alex Molnar, Giving Kids the Business: Commercialization in America's Schools (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1996).
35. See Bill Readings, The University in Ruins (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1996) and Alex Molnar, Giving Kids the Business: Commercialization in America's Schools (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1996).
36. See David Miller, On Nationality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 141-145.
37. See Michael B. Katz, The Irony of Early School Reform: Educational Innovation in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (Harvard University Press, 1968); Ira Katznelson and Margaret Weir, Schooling for All: Class Race and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1985); and Carl Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York, Hill and Wang, 1983).
38. See Michael B. Katz, The Irony of Early School Reform: Educational Innovation in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (Harvard University Press, 1968); Ira Katznelson and Margaret Weir, Schooling for All: Class Race and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1985); and Carl Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York, Hill and Wang, 1983).
39. See Michael B. Katz, The Irony of Early School Reform: Educational Innovation in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (Harvard University Press, 1968); Ira Katznelson and Margaret Weir, Schooling for All: Class Race and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1985); and Carl Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York, Hill and Wang, 1983).
40. Lloyd P. Jorgenson, The State and the Non-Public School, 1825-1925 (Columbia, MO, University of Missouri Press, 1987).
41. Most recently on this vast topic, see Walter Feinberg, Common Schools/Uncommon Identities: National Unity and Cultural Difference (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1998) and Kevin McDonough, Can the liberal state support cultural identity schools?, American Journal of Education (August 1998).
42. Most recently on this vast topic, see Walter Feinberg, Common Schools/Uncommon Identities: National Unity and Cultural Difference (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1998) and Kevin McDonough, Can the liberal state support cultural identity schools?, American Journal of Education (August 1998).
43. A rich presentation of this theme is found in Chaim Potok's novel The Chosen (New York, Fawcett Books, 1995).
44. Antonio Gramsci, On education, in Selections From the Prison Notebooks (New York, International Publishers, 1971), pp. 26-43. See also Harold Entwistle, Antonio Gramsci: Conservative Schooling for Radical Politics (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979).
45. Antonio Gramsci, On education, in Selections From the Prison Notebooks (New York, International Publishers, 1971), pp. 26-43. See also Harold Entwistle, Antonio Gramsci: Conservative Schooling for Radical Politics (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979).
46. See the discussion in Flathman, Reflections of a Would-Be Anarchist, pp. 153-164 (op. cit), and also Bonna Devora Haberman, What is the content of education in a democratic society? Journal of Philosophy of Education, 4 (1994), p. 184.
47. See the discussion in Flathman, Reflections of a Would-Be Anarchist, pp. 153-164 (op. cit), and also Bonna Devora Haberman, What is the content of education in a democratic society? Journal of Philosophy of Education, 4 (1994), p. 184.
48. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 19-21.
49. David Miller, Virtues, practices and justices, in: John Horton and Susan Mendus (Eds), After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1994), pp. 245-264.
50. Alasdair MacIntyre, A partial response to my critics, in: Horton and Mendus, op. cit. pp. 284-286.
51. MacIntyre explains this as a process of 'external goods' coming to dominate 'internal goods,' the former corresponding to what he calls 'practices,' the latter to 'institutions.' See After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame, 2nd ed, 1984), pp. 190-194.
52. Op. cit.
53. This usage shares certain affinities with the well-known Marxist phrase, although in this case the autonomy is not simply relative to the economic substratum but, more comprehensively, to the entire panoply of spheres. The classic statement of the Marxist view as applied to US schools is Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Schooling Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life (New York, Basic Books, 1976).
54. This exact point is capably developed in David Bromwich, Politics by Other Means: Higher Education and Group Thinking (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1992).
55. See Richard Schacht, Nietzsche (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983), pp. 344-349.
56. Walzer himself emphasizes this indeterminacy: 'I can't provide a diagram nor decide upon a definitive number (my own list was never meant to be exhaustive). There isn't one social good to each sphere, or one sphere for each good. Efforts to construct a systematic account along these lines quickly produce nonsense.' Michael Walzer, Response, in: Miller and Walzer p. 282. op. cit.
57. John Rawls, Political Liberalism, pp. 133-172.
58. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York, Vintage Books, 1974), p. 181.
59. I borrow and extend this metaphor from Carlos Forment's liberalism as cartography, which he develops in the context of a critique of Walzer. Peripheral Peoples and Narrative Identities: Arendtian Reflections on Later Modernity, in Seyla Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 317.
60. An influential example would be Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1987).
61. A classic study of this is Raymond Callahan, Education and the Cult of Efficiency: A Study of the Forces that Have Shaped the Administration of the Public Schools (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1962).
62. Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995).
63. I thank Richard Venezky for suggesting this concern.
64. Immanuel Kant, An answer to the question: what is enlightenment?, in: Hans Reiss (ed.) and H. B. Nisbet (trans.), Kant: Political Writings (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 54-60.
65. See Richard Flathman, Reflections of a Would-Be Anarchist, p. 153.
66. They call this the 'principle of publicity'. Democracy and Disagreement: Why Moral Conflict Cannot Be Avoided in Politics, and What Should Be Done About It (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 95-127.
67. The ultimate status and function of such principles is a key question for any contextualist account, one that I explore in Complex equality and democratic education (above).
68. One might note the augmented role, not only for educators, but for information specialists, librarians and the like, who help realise the implied democratic imperative toward openness, an imperative that must mean more than just formal openness but must also include citizens' actual and meaningful access.