Front pages of Taiwan daily newspapers 1952-1996: How ending martial law influenced publication design

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 880-897

  Lo, Ven Hwei ^a   Paddon, Anna ^b   Wu, Hsiaomei ^a  

^a NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039766815     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900007700410     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Wallace Allen and Michael Carroll, A Design for News (Minneapolis: Minneapolis Tribune, 1981), 31-61, 139-73; Jack Z. Sissors, "Some New Concepts of Newspaper Design," Journalism Quarterly 42 (summer 1965): 236-42; Kevin G. Barnhurst, News as Art, Journalism Monographs, no. 130 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1991), 1-6.
2. Wallace Allen and Michael Carroll, A Design for News (Minneapolis: Minneapolis Tribune, 1981), 31-61, 139-73; Jack Z. Sissors, "Some New Concepts of Newspaper Design," Journalism Quarterly 42 (summer 1965): 236-42; Kevin G. Barnhurst, News as Art, Journalism Monographs, no. 130 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1991), 1-6.
3. Wallace Allen and Michael Carroll, A Design for News (Minneapolis: Minneapolis Tribune, 1981), 31-61, 139-73; Jack Z. Sissors, "Some New Concepts of Newspaper Design," Journalism Quarterly 42 (summer 1965): 236-42; Kevin G. Barnhurst, News as Art, Journalism Monographs, no. 130 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1991), 1-6.
4. Robert Bohle, Publication Design for Editors (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990), 1-10; Mario R. Garcia, Contemporary Newspaper Design: A Structural Approach, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987), 1-7.
5. Robert Bohle, Publication Design for Editors (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990), 1-10; Mario R. Garcia, Contemporary Newspaper Design: A Structural Approach, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987), 1-7.
6. Rolf F. Rehe, Typography and Design for Newspapers (Indianapolis, IN: Design Research International, 1985). Iia-shih Hsu, "A Study of the Reform of Chinese Newspaper ' (in Chinese), Mass Communication Research 12 (November 1973): Yi-chan Chuang, "Effects of Newspapers' Page Layout on Readers' Cognition and Attitudes" (master's thesis, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, 1997), 8-46.
7. Rolf F. Rehe, Typography and Design for Newspapers (Indianapolis, IN: Design Research International, 1985). Iia-shih Hsu, "A Study of the Reform of Chinese Newspaper ' (in Chinese), Mass Communication Research 12 (November 1973): Yi-chan Chuang, "Effects of Newspapers' Page Layout on Readers' Cognition and Attitudes" (master's thesis, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, 1997), 8-46.
8. Rolf F. Rehe, Typography and Design for Newspapers (Indianapolis, IN: Design Research International, 1985). Iia-shih Hsu, "A Study of the Reform of Chinese Newspaper ' (in Chinese), Mass Communication Research 12 (November 1973): Yi-chan Chuang, "Effects of Newspapers' Page Layout on Readers' Cognition and Attitudes" (master's thesis, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, 1997), 8-46.
9. Kevin G. Barnhurst and John C. Nerone, "Design Trends in U.S. Front Pages, 1885-1985," Journalism Quarterly 68 (winter 1991): 796-804.
10. Chuang, "Effects of," 18.
11. Steven E. Ames, Elements of Newspaper Design (New York: Praeger, 1989), 5-15.
12. Barnhurst, "News as Art," 2-6.
13. Georgette Wang and Ven-hwei Lo, "Media in Taiwan," in Handbook of the Media in Asia, ed. Shelton Gunaratne (New Delhi: Sage, 2000), 663.
14. Chin-Chuan Lee, Sparking a Fire: The Press and the Ferment of Democratic Change in Taiwan, Journalism Monographs, no. 138 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1993), 5; Ran Wei, "Coping with the Challenge of a Changing Market: Strategies from Taiwan's Press," Gazette 58 (2, 1996): 117-29.
15. Chin-Chuan Lee, Sparking a Fire: The Press and the Ferment of Democratic Change in Taiwan, Journalism Monographs, no. 138 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1993), 5; Ran Wei, "Coping with the Challenge of a Changing Market: Strategies from Taiwan's Press," Gazette 58 (2, 1996): 117-29.
16. Daniel K. Berman, Words Like Colored Glass (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), 23-28.
17. Berman, Words Like Colored, 6-7.
18. Lee, "Sparking a Fire"; Berman, Words Like Colored, 11-13; 179-82.
19. Lee, "Sparking a Fire"; Berman, Words Like Colored, 11-13; 179-82.
20. Berman, Words Like Colored, 116, 170-97.
21. Berman, Words Like Colored, 78; John Vanden Heuvel and Everette E. Dennis, The Unfolding Lotus: East Asia's Changing Media (New York: The Freedom Forum, 1993), 47-49.
22. Berman, Words Like Colored, 78; John Vanden Heuvel and Everette E. Dennis, The Unfolding Lotus: East Asia's Changing Media (New York: The Freedom Forum, 1993), 47-49.
23. Ti-wu Wang, The United Daily News: 30 Years of Development (Taipei, Taiwan: Lian Ching, 1981), 124-25.
24. Elbert V. Bowden, Economics: The Science of Common Sense, 2d ed. (Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing, 1978), 337-41.
25. Lawrence A. Brown, Innovation Diffusion: A New Perspective (New York: Methuen, 1981), 155; William G. Shepherd, The Economics of Industrial Organization (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979), 155-59.
26. Lawrence A. Brown, Innovation Diffusion: A New Perspective (New York: Methuen, 1981), 155; William G. Shepherd, The Economics of Industrial Organization (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979), 155-59.
27. Hsu, "A Study," 64.
28. Pei-jueng Tsai, "Editors' Preference on Selecting News and Page Layout" (master's thesis, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, 1995), 17-18.
29. Wei, "Coping with the Challenge," 117-29.
30. Kuldip R. Rampal, "Press and Political Liberalization in Taiwan," Journalism Quarterly 71(autumn1994): 637-51; Vanden Heuvel and Dennis, The Unfolding Lotus, 46.
31. Kuldip R. Rampal, "Press and Political Liberalization in Taiwan," Journalism Quarterly 71(autumn1994): 637-51; Vanden Heuvel and Dennis, The Unfolding Lotus, 46.
32. Vanden Heuvel and Dennis, The Unfolding Lotus, 40-53. Wang and Lo, "Media in Taiwan," 663.
33. Vanden Heuvel and Dennis, The Unfolding Lotus, 40-53. Wang and Lo, "Media in Taiwan," 663.
34. Related research includes: J.W. Click and Guido H. Stempel III, "Reader Response to Front Pages with Modular Format and Color," ANPA News Research 35 (29 July 1982): 1-5; Ron F. Smith, "How Design and Color Affect Reader Judgment of Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 10 (winter 1989): 75-85; Wayne Wanta and Dandan Gao, "Young Readers and the Newspaper: Information Recall and Perceived Enjoyment, Readibility and Attractiveness," Journalism Quarterly 71 (winter 1994): 926-36.
35. Related research includes: J.W. Click and Guido H. Stempel III, "Reader Response to Front Pages with Modular Format and Color," ANPA News Research 35 (29 July 1982): 1-5; Ron F. Smith, "How Design and Color Affect Reader Judgment of Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 10 (winter 1989): 75-85; Wayne Wanta and Dandan Gao, "Young Readers and the Newspaper: Information Recall and Perceived Enjoyment, Readibility and Attractiveness," Journalism Quarterly 71 (winter 1994): 926-36.
36. Related research includes: J.W. Click and Guido H. Stempel III, "Reader Response to Front Pages with Modular Format and Color," ANPA News Research 35 (29 July 1982): 1-5; Ron F. Smith, "How Design and Color Affect Reader Judgment of Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 10 (winter 1989): 75-85; Wayne Wanta and Dandan Gao, "Young Readers and the Newspaper: Information Recall and Perceived Enjoyment, Readibility and Attractiveness," Journalism Quarterly 71 (winter 1994): 926-36.
37. Chuang, "Effects of," 48-50.
38. Literature related to the influences of USA Today is abundant. For example: George Albert Gladney, "The McPaper Revolution? USA Today-Style Innovation at Large U.S. Dailies," Newspaper Research Journal 13 (winter/spring 1992): 54-71; John K. Hartman, "USA Today and Young-Adult Readers: Can a New-Style Newspaper Win Them Back?" Newspaper Research Journal 8 (winter 1987): 1-13.
39. Literature related to the influences of USA Today is abundant. For example: George Albert Gladney, "The McPaper Revolution? USA Today-Style Innovation at Large U.S. Dailies," Newspaper Research Journal 13 (winter/spring 1992): 54-71; John K. Hartman, "USA Today and Young-Adult Readers: Can a New-Style Newspaper Win Them Back?" Newspaper Research Journal 8 (winter 1987): 1-13.
40. Tsai, "Editors' Preference," 123-24.
41. Shin-an Chen, Reform of Newspaper Layout (Taipei, Taiwan: Shihan Chen, 1988).
42. Stanley K. Bigman, "Rivals in Conformity: A Study of Two Competing Dailies," Journalism Quarterly 25 (June 1948): 127-31. Raymond B. Nixon and Robert L. Jones, "The Content of Competitive vs. Non-Competitive Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 33 (summer 1956): 299-314.
43. Stanley K. Bigman, "Rivals in Conformity: A Study of Two Competing Dailies," Journalism Quarterly 25 (June 1948): 127-31. Raymond B. Nixon and Robert L. Jones, "The Content of Competitive vs. Non-Competitive Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 33 (summer 1956): 299-314.
44. Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Intracity Competition on Daily Newspaper Content," Journalism Quarterly 64 (summer-autumn 1987): 281-90; Stephen Lacy, "The Financial Commitment Approach to News Media Competition," Journal of Media Economics 5 (2, 1992): 5-22; Barry R. Litman and Janet Bridges, "An Economic Analysis of Daily Newspaper Performance," Newspaper Research Journal 7 (spring 1986): 9-26.
45. Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Intracity Competition on Daily Newspaper Content," Journalism Quarterly 64 (summer-autumn 1987): 281-90; Stephen Lacy, "The Financial Commitment Approach to News Media Competition," Journal of Media Economics 5 (2, 1992): 5-22; Barry R. Litman and Janet Bridges, "An Economic Analysis of Daily Newspaper Performance," Newspaper Research Journal 7 (spring 1986): 9-26.
46. Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Intracity Competition on Daily Newspaper Content," Journalism Quarterly 64 (summer-autumn 1987): 281-90; Stephen Lacy, "The Financial Commitment Approach to News Media Competition," Journal of Media Economics 5 (2, 1992): 5-22; Barry R. Litman and Janet Bridges, "An Economic Analysis of Daily Newspaper Performance," Newspaper Research Journal 7 (spring 1986): 9-26.
47. Litman and Bridges, "An Economic Analysis," 9-26.
48. Lacy, "The Effects of Intracity," 281-90.
49. Litman and Bridges, "An Economic Analysis," 9-26.
50. Lacy, "The Effects of Intracity," 281-90; Lacy, "The Financial Commitment," 5-22; Stephen Lacy, "Newspaper Competition and Number of Press Services Carried: A Replication," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 79-82; Stephen Lacy, Mary Alice Shaver, and Charles St. Cyr, "The Effects of Public Ownership and Newspaper Competition on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations: A Replication and Extension," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (summer 1996): 332-41.
51. Lacy, "The Effects of Intracity," 281-90; Lacy, "The Financial Commitment," 5-22; Stephen Lacy, "Newspaper Competition and Number of Press Services Carried: A Replication," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 79-82; Stephen Lacy, Mary Alice Shaver, and Charles St. Cyr, "The Effects of Public Ownership and Newspaper Competition on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations: A Replication and Extension," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (summer 1996): 332-41.
52. Lacy, "The Effects of Intracity," 281-90; Lacy, "The Financial Commitment," 5-22; Stephen Lacy, "Newspaper Competition and Number of Press Services Carried: A Replication," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 79-82; Stephen Lacy, Mary Alice Shaver, and Charles St. Cyr, "The Effects of Public Ownership and Newspaper Competition on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations: A Replication and Extension," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (summer 1996): 332-41.
53. Lacy, "The Effects of Intracity," 281-90; Lacy, "The Financial Commitment," 5-22; Stephen Lacy, "Newspaper Competition and Number of Press Services Carried: A Replication," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 79-82; Stephen Lacy, Mary Alice Shaver, and Charles St. Cyr, "The Effects of Public Ownership and Newspaper Competition on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations: A Replication and Extension," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (summer 1996): 332-41.
54. David H. Weaver and L. E. Mullins, "Content and Format Characteristics of Competing Daily Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 52 (summer 1975): 257-64.
55. Keith Kenny and Stephen Lacy, "Economic Forces Behind Newspaper's Increasing Use of Color and Graphics," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (spring 1987): 33-41.
56. Lee Soomum, "The Political Economy of the Russian Newspaper Industry," Journal of Media Economics 11 (2, 1998): 57-71.
57. F.W. Hodgson, Subediting: A Handbook of Modern Newspaper Editing and Production (Oxford: Focal Press, 1992), 46.
58. Hsu, "A Study," 65.
59. Sissors, "Some New," 240-41.
60. Sandra H. Utt and Steve Pasternack, "How They Look: An Updated Study of American Newspaper Front Pages," Journalism Quarterly 66 (autumn 1989): 621-27.
61. Utt and Pasternack investigated editors from 93 newspapers. In "Infographics Today: Using Qualitative Devices to Display Quantitative Information," Newspaper Research Journal 14 (fall/winter 1993): 137-47.
62. Utt and Pasternack, "How They Look," 625.
63. Kai-yi Yan, "Trends of Photographic Editing," The China Times Special Edition (Taipei, Taiwan: Times, 1987), 180-200.
64. Chuang, "Effects of," 26.
65. Tsai, "Editors' Preference," 122.
66. Wayne Wanta and Jay Remy, "Information Recall of 4 Elements Among Young Newspaper Readers," Newspaper Research Journal 16 (spring 1995): 112-23.
67. Click and Stempel, "Reader Response," 3-4.
68. Wanta and Gao, "Young Readers," 926-34.
69. Utt and Pasternack, "How They Look," 625.
70. Tsai, "Editors' Preference," 122-24.
71. Hsu, "A Study," 59-62.
72. Hsi-jen Ching, Foundations of News Editing (Taipei, Taiwan: Shang Wu, 1987).
73. Chuang, "Effects of," 23-26.
74. Utt and Pasternack, "How They Look," 624.
75. Sandra H. Utt and Steve Pasternack, "Front Pages of U.S. Daily Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 879-84.
76. Chuang, "Effects of," 23-26.
77. Tse-cheng Chu, "Chinese Newspapers' Design and Layout" (master's thesis, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, 1985).
78. Wei, "Coping with the," 117-29.
79. Vanden Heuvel and Dennis, The Unfolding Lotus, 47-49.
80. Ole R. Holsti, Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969), 140-41.
81. According to Daniel Riffe, Stephen Lacy, and Frederick G. Fico, research usually reports reliability figures in the .80 to .90 range. See Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999), 131.
82. Before the lifting of the newspaper ban, editors never felt they had enough space for stories. As a result, little space was allotted to photographs or illustrations.
83. Before the invention of process color technology, Taiwan's newspapers could only print spot color on the front pages. Red was chosen because it made a good contrast to black, and red is considered a joyful color in Chinese culture.
84. In order to perform t-tests, color used on photographs, illustrations, news index, stock, and weather information between 1952 and 1987 were collapsed into a single period. By so doing, the 45 years were divided into two periods: (1) 1952-1987, (2) 1988-1996.
85. Litman and Bridges, "An Economic Analysis," 9-26.
86. Stephen Matthews, "South and Southeast Asia," in The Atlas of Languages, consult, ed. Bernard Comri, Stephen Matthews, and Maria Polinsky (New York: Facts on File, 1996), 56-71.