Microbial sensory rhodopsins

Biomembranes: A Multi-Volume Treatise

Volumn 2, Issue C, 1996, Pages 199-226

  L Spudich, John ^a   N Zacks, David ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039736993     PISSN: 18745342     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1874-5342(07)80007-9     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Alam M., and Hazelbauer G.L. Structural features of methyl-accepting taxis proteins conserved between archaebacteria and eubacteria revealed by antigenic cross-reaction. J. Bact. 173 (1991) 5837-5842
2. Alam M., Lebert M., Oesterhelt D., and Hazelbauer G.L. Methyl-accepting taxis proteins in Halobacterium halobium. EMBO J. 8 (1989) 631-639
3. Applebury M.L., and Hargrave P.A. Molecular biology of the visual pigments. Vision Res. 26 (1986) 1881-1895
4. Balogh-Nair V., and Nakanishi K. Visual pigment and bacteriorhodopsin analogs. In: Dawson M., and Okamura W. (Eds). Chemistry and Biology of Synthetic Retinoids (1990), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 147-176
5. Barsanti L., Passarelli V., Lenzi P., and Gualtieri P. Elimination of photoreceptor (paraflagellar swelling) and photoreception in Euglena gracilis by means of the carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor nicotine. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 13 (1992) 135-144
6. Batra P., and Tollin G. Phototaxis in Euglena. I. Isolation of the eyespot granules and identification of the eyespot pigments. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 79 (1964) 371-378
7. Beckmann M., and Hegemann P. In vitro identification of rhodopsin in the green alga Chlamy- domonas. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 3692-3697
8. Bibikov S.I., Grishanin R.N., Kaulen A.D., Marwan W., Oesterhelt D., and Skulachez V.P. Bacteriorhodopsin is involved in halobacterial photoreception. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 9446-9450
9. Bibikov S.I., Grishanin R.N., Marwan W., Oesterhelt D., and Skulachev V.P. The proton pump bacteriorhodopsin is a photoreceptor for signal transduction in Halobacterium halobium. FEBS Lett. 295 (1991) 223-226
10. Birge R. Nature of the primary photochemical events in rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1016 (1990) 293-327
11. Bivin D.B., and Stoeckenius W. Photoactive retinal pigments in haloalkaliphilic bacteria. J. Gen. Micrbiol. 132 (1986) 2167-2177
12. Blanck A., Oesterhelt D., Ferrando E., Schegk E.S., and Lottspeich F. Primary structure of sensory rhodopsin I, a prokaryotic photoreceptor. EMBO J. 8 (1989) 3963-3971
13. Bogomolni R.A., and Spudich J.L. Identification of a third rhodopsin-like pigment in phototactic Halobacterium halobium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982) 6250-6254
14. Bogomolni R.A., and Spudich J.L. Archaebacterialrhodopsins: Sensory and energy transducing membrane proteins. In Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction. In: Spudich J.L., and Satir B. (Eds). Modern Cell Biology. Vol. 10 (1991) 227-249
15. Bogomolni R.A., Stoeckenius W., Szundi I., Perozo E., Olson K.D., and Spudich J.L. Removal of transducer HtrI allows electrogenic proton translocation by sensory rhodopsin I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 10188-10192
16. Bourret R.B., Borkovich K.A., and Simon M.I. Signal transduction pathways involving protein phosphorylation in prokaryotes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60 (1991) 401-441
17. Buder J. Zur kenntnis der phototaktischen Richtungsbewegungen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 58 (1919) 102-220
18. Crescitelli F., James T.W., Erikson J.M., Loew E.R., and McFarland W.N. The eyespot of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A comparative microspectrophotometric study. Vision Res. 32 9 (1992) 1593-1600
19. Derguini F., Mazer P., and Nakanishi K. All-trans retinal is the chromophore bound to the rhodopsin of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photochem. Photobiol. 54 6 (1991) 1017-1021
20. Doughty M., and Diehn B. Flavins as photoreceptor pigments for behavioral responses in motile microorganisms, especially in flagellated alga Euglena sp. Struct. Bond. 41 (1980) 45-70
21. Ehrlich B.E., Sehen C.R., and Spudich J.L. Bacterial rhodopsins monitored with fluorescent dyes in vesicles and in vivo. J. Memb. Biol. 82 (1984) 89-94
22. Feinleib M.E. Photomotile responses in flagellates. In: Lenci F., and Colombetti G. (Eds). Phoreception and Sensory Transduction in Aneural Organisms (1980), Plenum Press, New York. 45-68
23. Ferrando-May E., Brustmann B., and Oesterhelt D. A C-terminal truncation results in high-level expression of the functional photoreceptor sensory rhodopsin I in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarium. Mol. Microbiol. 9 (1993) 943-953
24. Ferrando-May E., Krah M., Marwan W., and Oesterhelt D. The methyl-accepting transducer protein Htrl is functionally associated with the photoreceptor sensory rhodopsin I in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarium. The EMBO Journal 12 (1993) 2999-3005
25. Fodor S.P.A., Gebhard R., Lugtenburg J., Bogomolni R.A., and Mathies R.A. Structure of the retinal chromophore in sensory rhodopsin I from resonance Raman spectroscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 18280-18283
26. Foster K., and Smyth R. Light antennas in phototactic algae. Microbiol. Rev. 44 (1980) 572-630
27. Foster K., Saranak J., Patel N., Zarrilli G., Okabe M., Kline T., and Nakanishi K. Arhodopsin is the functional photoreceptor for phototaxis in the unicellular eukaryote Chlamydomonas. Nature. 311 (1984) 756-759
28. supplement. Foster K., Saranak J., van der Steen R., and Lugtenburg J. Retinal in Chlamydomonas rhodopsin is in a planar 6-s-trans conformation as shown by in vivo incorporation of 6-7 locked retinal analogs. Invest. Optham. Vis. Sci. 28 (1987) S253
29. Foster K., Saranak J., and Zarrilli G. Autoregulation of rhodopsin synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988) 6379-6383
30. Foster K., Saranak J., Derguini F., Rao J., Zarrilli G., Okabe M., Fang J., Shimizu N., and Nakanishi K. Rhodopsin activation: A novel view suggested by in vivo Chlamydomonas experiments. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 110 (1988) 6588
31. Foster K., Saranak J., Derguini F., Zarrilli G., Johnson R., Okabe M., and Nakanishi K. Activation of Chlamydomonas rhodopsin in vivo does not require isomerization of retinal. Biochemistry 28 (1989) 819-824
32. Foster K., Saranak J., and Dowben P. Spectral sensitivity, structure and activation of eukaryotic rhodopsins: activation spectroscopy of rhodopsin analogs in Chlamydomonas. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 8 (1991) 385-408
33. Ganter U.N., Schmid E.D., Perez-Sala D., Rando R.R., and Seibert F. Removal of the 9-methyl group of retinal inhibits signal transduction in the visual process. A Fourier transform infrared and biochemical investigation. Biochemistry 28 (1989) 5954-5962
34. Ghetti F., Colombetti G., Lenci F., Campani E., Polacco E., and Quaglia M. Fluorescence of Euglena gracilis photoreceptor pigment: An in vivo microspectrophotometric study. Photochem. Photobiol. 42 1 (1985) 29-33
35. Gualtieri P., Barsanti L., and Passarelli V. Absorption spectrum of a single isolated paraflagellar swelling of Euglena gracilis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 993 (1989) 293-296
36. Gualtieri P., Pelosi P., Passarelli V., and Barsanti L. Identification of a rhodopsin photoreceptor in Euglena gracilis. Biochim. Biophys Acta. 1117 1 (1992) 55-59
37. Harz H., Nonnengasser C., and Hegemann P. The photoreceptor current of the green alga Chlamydomonas. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc: Biol. Sci. (B) . 338 1238 (1992) 39-52
38. Hasselbacher C.A., Spudich J.L., and Dewey T.G. Circular dichroism of halorhodopsin: Comparison with bacteriorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin I. Biochemistry 27 (1988) 2540-2546
39. Hegemann P., and Bruck B. Light-induced response in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Occurrence and adaptation phenomena. Cell Mot. Cytoskel. 14 (1989) 501-515
40. Hegemann P., Gartner W., and Uhl R. all-trans retinal constitutes the functional chromophore in Chlamydomonas rhodopsin. Biophys. J. 60 (1991) 1477-1489
41. 1993. Hegemann P., and Harz H. Photoreception in Chlamydomonas. In: Kurjan J., and Talor B.L. (Eds). Signal Transduction, Prokary- otic and Simple Eukaryotic Systems (1993), Eds. Academic Press, New York 279-307
42. Hegemann P., Hegemann U., and Foster K. Reversible bleaching of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii rhodopsin in vivo. Photochem. Photobiol 48 (1988) 123-128
43. Henderson R., Baldwin J.M., Ceska T.A., Zemlin F., Beckmann E., and Downing K.H. Model for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy. J. Mol. Biol. 213 (1990) 899-929
44. Henderson R., and Schertler G. The structure of bacteriorhodopsin and its relevance for the visual opsins and other seven-helix G-protein coupled receptors. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 326 (1990) 379-389
45. Hirayama J., Imamoto Y., Shichida Y., Kamo N., Tomioka H., and Yoshizawa T. Photocycle of phoborhodopsin from haloalkaliphilic bacterium (Natronobacterium pharaonis) studied by low-temperature spectrophotometry. Biochemistry 31 (1992) 2093-2098
46. Hofmann, K. P., & Heck, M. (1996)-Chapter 3.
47. Imamoto Y., Shichida Y., Hirayama J., Tomioka H., Kamo N., and Yoshizawa T. Chromophore configuration of pharaonis phoborhodopsin and its isomerization on photon absorption. Biochem-istry 31 (1992) 2523-2528
48. Imamoto Y., Schichida Y., Yoshizawa T., Tomioka H., Takahashi T., Fujikawa K., Kamo N., and Kobatake Y. Photoreaction cycle of phoborhodopsin studied by low-temperature spectro-photometry. Biochemistry. 30 (1991) 7416-7424
49. Jennings H.S. Behavior of the Lower Organisms (1915), Columbia Univ. Press, New York
50. Kamiya R., and Witman G.B. Submicromolar levels of calcium control the balance of beating between the two flagella in demembranated models of Chlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol. 98 (1984) 97-107
51. Krebs M.P., Spudich E.N., Khorana H.G., and Spudich J.L. Synthesis of a gene for sensory rhodopsin I and its functional expression in Halobacterium halobium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 3486-3490
52. Kreimer G., and Melkonian M. Reflection confocal laser scanning microscopy of eyespots in flagellated green algae. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 53 (1990) 101-111
53. Kreimer G., Brohsonn U., and Melkonian M. Isolation and partial characterization of the photoreceptive organelle for phototaxis of a flagellate green alga. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 55 (1991) 318-327
54. 2. Kreimer G., Marner F., Brohsonn U., and Melkonian M. Identification of 11-cis and all-trans retinal in the photoreceptive organelle of a flagellate green alga. FEBS. Lett. 293 1 (1991) 49-52
55. Kreimer G., Overlander C., Sineshchekov O.A., Stolzis H., Nultsch W., and Melkonian M. Functional analysis of the eyespot in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant ey627. mt. Planta 188 (1992) 513-521
56. Krinsky N., and Goldsmith T. The carotenoids of the flagellated alga, Euglena gracilis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 91 (1960) 271-279
57. Lawson M., Zacks D.N., Derguini F., Nakanishi K., and Spudich J.L. Retinal analog restoration of photophobic responses in a blind Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant: Evidence for an archaebacterial- like chromophore in a eukaryotic rhodopsin. Biophys. J. 601 (1991) 490-1498
58. Lenci F., Colombetti G., and Hader D. Role of flavin quenchers and inhibitors in the sensory transduction of the negative phototaxis in the flagellate, Euglena gracilis. Curr. Microbiol. 9 (1983) 285-290
59. Martin R.L., Wood C., Baehr W., and Applebury M.L. Visual pigment homologies revealed by DNA hybridization. Science 232 (1986) 1266-1269
60. Marwan W., and Oesterhelt D. Quantitation of photochromism of sensory rhodopsin-I by computerized tracking of Halobacterium halobium cells. J. Mol. Biol. 215 (1990) 277-285
61. 480). J-Mol. Biol. 195 (1987) 333-342
62. Melkonian M., and Robenek M. Eyespot membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A freeze-fracture study. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 72 (1980) 90-102
63. Meyer T.E. Isolation and characterization of soluble cytochromes, ferredoxins and other chromophoric proteins from the halophilic phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospi. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 806 (1985) 175-183
64. Meyer T.E., Tollin G., Hazzard J.H., and Cusanovich M.A. Photoactive yellow protein from the purple phototrophic bacterium, Ectothiorhodospira halophila. Quantum yield of photobleach-ing and effects of temperatu alcohols, glycerol, and sucrose on kinetics of photobleaching and recovery. Biophys. J. 56 (1989) 559-564
65. Meyer T.E., Yakali E., Cusanovich M.A., and Tollin G. Properties of a water-soluble, yellow protein isolated from a halophilic phototrophic bacterium that has photochemical activity analo-gous to sensory rhodopsi. Biochemistry 26 (1987) 418-423
66. Meyer T.E., Tollin G., Causgrove T.P., Cheng P., and Blankenship R.E. Picosecond decay kinetics and quantum yield of fluorescence of the photoactive yellow protein from the halophilic purple phototrophic bacterium,Ectothiorhodospira halophila. Biophys. J. 59 (1991) 988-991
67. McRee D.E., Meyers T.E., Cusanovich M.A., Parge H.E., and Getzoff E.D. Crystallographic characterization of a photoactive yellow protein with photochemistry similar to sensory rhodopsin. J. Biol. Chem. 261 29 (1986) 13850-13851
68. McRee D.E., Tainer J.A., Meyer T.E., van Beeumen J., Cusanovich M.A., and Getzoff E.D. Crystallographic structure of a photoreceptor protein at 2.4 A resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 6533-6537
69. Muccio D., and Cassim J.Y. Interpretation of the absorption and circular dichroic spectra of oriented purple membrane. Biophys. J. 26 (1979) 427-440
70. Nakanishi K., Derguini F., Rao J., Zarrilli G., Okabe M., Lien T., Johnson R., Foster K., and Saranak J. Theory of rhodopsin activation: Probable charge redistribution of excited state chromo-phore. Pure and Appl. Chem. 61 (1989) 361-364
71. Nultsch W. The photocontrol of movement of Chlamydomonas. In: Cosens D., and Vince-Prue D. (Eds). The Biology of Photorecep-tion. Soc. Exp. Biol. Symp. XXXVI (1983) 521-539
72. Nultsch W., and Hader D.-P. Photomovement in motile microorganisms-II. Photochem. Photo-biol. 47 (1988) 837-869
73. Nultsch W., Throm G., and Rimscha I. Phototaktische Untersuchungen an Chlamydomonas reinhardtii dangeard in homokontinuierlicher Kultur. Arch. Mikrobiol. 80 (1971) 351-369
74. Oesterhelt D., and Marwan W. Signal transduction in Halobacterium halobium. Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 46 (1990) 219-239
75. Oesterhelt D., Schuhmann L., and Gruber H. Light-dependent reaction of bacteriorhodopsin with hydroxylamine in cell suspensions of Halobacterium halobium: Demonstration of an apo-membrane. FEBS. Lett. 44 3 (1974) 257-261
76. Oesterhelt D., and Stoeckenius W. Rhodopsin-like protein from the purple membrane of Halobacteium halobium. Nature[New Biol.] 233 (1971) 149-152
77. Olson K.D., Deval P., and Spudich J.L. Absorption and photochemistry of sensory rhodopsin-I: pH effects. Photochem. Photobiol. 56 (1992) 1181-1187
78. Olson K.D., and Spudich J.L. Removal of the transducer protein from sensory rhodopsin I exposes sites of proton release and uptake during the receptor photocycle. Biophysical. J. 65 (1993) 2578-2586
79. Otomo J., Tomioka H., and Sasabe H. Bacterial rhodopsins of newly isolated halobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138 (1992) 1027-1037
80. Ottolenghi M., and Sheves M. Synthetic retinals as probes for the binding site and photoreactions in rhodopsins. J. Membrane Biol. 112 (1989) 193-212
81. Rath P., Olson K.D., Spudich J.L., and Rothschild K.J. The Schiff base counterion in bacteriorhodopsin is protonated in sensory rhodopsin I: Spectroscopic and functional charac-terization of the mutated proteins D. Biochemistry 33 (1994) 5600-5606
82. Rüffer U., and Nultsch W. High-speed cinematographic analysis of the movement of Chlamy-domonas. Cell. Motil. 5 (1985) 251-263
83. Rüffer U., and Nultsch W. Flagellar photoresponses of Chlamydomonas cells held on mi-cropipettes II: change in flagellar beat pattern. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 18 (1991) 269-278
84. Scharf B., Hess B., and Engelhard M. Chromophore of sensory rhodopsin II from Halobac-terium halobium. Biochemistry 31 (1992) 12486-12492
85. Scharf B., Pevec B., Hess B., and Engelhard M. Biochemical and photochemical properties of the photophobic receptors from Halobacterium halobium and Natronobacterium pharaonis. Eur. J. Biochem. 206 (1992) 359-366
86. Scherrer P., McGinnis K., and Bogomolni R.A. Biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of the blue-green photoreceptor in Halobacterium halobium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 (1987) 402-406
87. Schmidt W., Galland P., Senger H., and Furuya M. Microspectro-photometry of Euglena gracilis. Planta 182 (1990) 375-381
88. Schobert B., and Lanyi J.K. Halorhodopsin is a light driven chloride pump. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 10306-10313
89. Soppa J., Duschl J., and Oesterhelt D. Bacterioopsin, haloopsin, sensory opsin I of the halobacterial isolate Halobacterium sp. strain SGI: three new members of a growing family. J. Bact. 175 (1993) 2720-2726
90. Sprenger W.W., Hoff W.D., Armitage J.P., and Hellingwerf K.J. The eubacterium Ectothiorho-dospira halophila is negatively phototactic, with a wavelength dependence that fits the absorption spectrumof the photoactive yellow protein. J. Bact. 175 (1993) 3096-3104
91. Spudich E.N., Hasselbacher C.A., and Spudich J.L. A methyl-accepting protein associated with bacterial sensory rhodopsin I. J. Bact. 170 (1988) 4280-4285
92. Spudich E.N., Takahashi T., and Spudich J.L. Sensory rhodopsins I and II modulate a methylation/demethylation system in Halobacterium halobium phototaxis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 20 (1989) 7746-7750
93. Spudich E.N., and Spudich J.L. Control of transmembrane ion fluxes to select halorhodopsin-deficient and other energy transduction mutants of Halobacterium halobium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982) 4308-4312
94. Spudich E.N., and Spudich J.L. The photochemical reactions of sensory rhodopsin I are altered by its transducer. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 16095-16097
95. Spudich J.L. Color sensing in the Archaea: a eukaryotic-like receptor coupled to a prokaryotic transducer. J. Bact. 175 (1993) 7755-7761
96. Spudich J.L., and Bogomolni R.A. The mechanism of colour discrimination by a bacterial sensory rhodopsin. Nature 312 (1984) 509-513
97. Spudich J.L., and Bogomolni R.A. Sensory rhodopsins of halobacteria. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 17 (1988) 193-215
98. Spudich J.L., and Stoeckenius W. Photosensory and chemosensory behavior of Halobacterium halobium. J. Photobiochem. Photobiophys. 1 (1979) 43-53
99. Spudich J.L., McCain D.A., Nakanishi K., Okabe M., Shimizu N., Rodman H., Honig B., and Bogomolni R.A. Chromophore/protein interaction in bacterial sensory rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin. Biophys. J. 49 (1986) 479-483
100. Starace D. Absorption spectroscopy of the rhodopsin of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biophys. J. 55 (1989) 379a
101. Stock J.B., Stock A.M., and Mottonen J.M. Signal transduction in bacteria. Nature 344 (1990) 395-400
102. Sundberg S.A., Alam M., Lebert M., Spudich J.L., Oesterhelt D., and Hazelbauer G.L. Characterization of mutants of Halobacterium halobium defective in taxis. J. Bacteriology 172 (1990) 2328-2335
103. Sundberg S., Alam M., and Spudich J.L. Excitation signal processing times in Halobacterium halobilum phototaxis. Biophys. J. 50 (1986) 895-900
104. Sundberg S.A., Bogomolni R.A., and Spudich J.L. Selection and properties of phototaxis-de-ficient mutants of Halobacterium halobium. J. Bact. 164 (1985) 282-287
105. Takahashi T., and Kobatake Y. Computer-linked automated method for measurement of the reversal frequency in phototaxis of. Halobacterium halobium. Cell Struct. Funct. 7 (1982) 183-192
106. Takahashi T., Mochizuki Y., Kamo N., and Kobatake Y. Evidence that the long-lifetime photointermediate of S-Rhodopsin is a receptor for negative phototaxis in Halobacterium halo- bium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 127 (1985) 99-105
107. Takahashi T., Tomioka H., Kamo N., and Kobatake Y. A photosystem other than PS370 also mediates the negative phototaxis of Halobacterium halobium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 28 (1985) 161-164
108. Takahashi T., Yan B., Mazur P., Derguini F., Nakanishi K., and Spudich J.L. Color regulation in the archaebacterial phototaxis receptor phoborhodopsin (sensory rhodopsin II). Biochemistry 29 (1990) 8467-8474
109. Takahashi T., Yoshihara K., Watanabe M., Kubota M., Johnson R., Derguini F., and Nakanishi K. Photoisomerization of retinal at 13-ene is important for phototaxis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Simultaneous measurements of phototactic and photoph. Biochem. Biophys. Biol. Res. Comm. 178 3 (1991) 1273-1279
110. Takahashi T., Kubota M., Watanabe M., Yoshihara K., Derguini F., and Nakanishi K. Diversion of the sign of phototaxis in a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant incorporated with retinal and its analogs. FEBS Lett. 314 3 (1992) 275-279
111. Tomioka H., Takahashi T., Kamo N., and Kobatake Y. Flash spectrophotometric identification of a fourth rhodopsin-like pigment in Halobacterium halobium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com-mun. 139 (1986) 389-395
112. Tomioka H., Takahashi T., Kamo N., and Kobatake Y. Action spectrum of the photoattractant response of Halobacterium halobium in early logarithmic growth phase and the role of sensory rhodopsin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 884 (1986) 578-584
113. Uhl R., and Hegemann P. Probing visual transduction in a plant cell. Optical recordings of rhodopsin-induced structural changes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biophys. J. 58 (1990) 1295-1302
114. Wald G. The molecular basis of visual excitation. Nature 219 (1968) 800-807
115. Witman G.B. Chlamydomonas phototaxis. Trends Cell Biol. 3 (1993) 403-408
116. Wolff E.K., Bogomolni R.A., Scherrer P., Hess B., and Stoeckenius W. Color discrimination in halobacteria: Spectroscopic characterization of a second sensory receptor covering the blue-green region of the spectrum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) 1212-1216
117. +: Effects of bacteriorhodopsin photoactivation oncellular proton fluxes and swimming behavior. Photochem. Photobiol. 56 (1992) 553-561
118. Yan B., Nakanishi K., and Spudich J.L. Mechanism of activation of sensory rhodopsin-I: Evidence for a steric trigger. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 9412-9416
119. Yan B., Takahashi T., and Spudich J.L. Identification of signaling states of a sensory receptor by modulation of lifetimes of stimulus-induced conformations: The case of sensory rhodopsin II. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 10686-10692
120. Yan B., and Spudich J.L. Evidence the repellent receptor form of sensory rhodopsin I is an attractant signaling state. Photochem. Photobiol. 54 (1991) 1023-1026
121. Yan B., Takahashi T., Johnson R., Derguini F., Nakanishi K., and Spudich J.L. All-trans /13-cis isomerization of retinal is required for phototaxis signaling by sensory rhodopsins in Halobac-terium halobium. Biophys. J. 57 (1990) 807-814
122. Yao V.J., Spudich E.N., and Spudich J.L. Identification of distinct domains for signaling and receptor interaction of the sensory rhodopsin I transducer, Htrl. J. Bacteriology 176 (1994) 6931-6935
123. Yao V.J., and Spudich J.L. Primary structure of an archaebacterial transducer, a methyl-accept-ing protein associated with sensory rhodopsin I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 11915-11919
124. Zacks D.N., Derguini F., Nakanishi K., and Spudich J.L. Comparative study of phototactic and photophobic receptor chromophore properties in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biophys. J. 65 (1993) 508-518
125. Zacks D.N., and Spudich J.L. Gain setting in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Mechanism of phototaxis and the role of the photophobic response. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 29 (1994) 225-230