Continuing controversies over state and local foreign policy sanctions in the United States

Publius: The Journal of Federalism

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 111-133

  Kline, John M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039723166     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a030017     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. See, for example, John M. Kline, State Government Influence in U.S. International Economic Policy Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); Douglas M. Brown and Earl H. Fry, eds., States and Provinces in the International Economy (Berkeley: University of California Instutute of Governmental Studies Press, 1993); Earl H. Fry, The Expanding Role of State and Local Governments in U.S. Foreign Affairs (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1998).
2. See, for example, John M. Kline, State Government Influence in U.S. International Economic Policy Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); Douglas M. Brown and Earl H. Fry, eds., States and Provinces in the International Economy (Berkeley: University of California Instutute of Governmental Studies Press, 1993); Earl H. Fry, The Expanding Role of State and Local Governments in U.S. Foreign Affairs (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1998).
3. See, for example, John M. Kline, State Government Influence in U.S. International Economic Policy Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); Douglas M. Brown and Earl H. Fry, eds., States and Provinces in the International Economy (Berkeley: University of California Instutute of Governmental Studies Press, 1993); Earl H. Fry, The Expanding Role of State and Local Governments in U.S. Foreign Affairs (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1998).
4. Ibid. Sec also Norman Beckman, "Limiting State Involvement in Foreign Policy," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Summer 1991): 109-123.
5. Ibid. Sec also Norman Beckman, "Limiting State Involvement in Foreign Policy," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Summer 1991): 109-123.
6. These distinctions are described in a summary of the Arab boycott case in Kline, State Government Influence, pp. 187-194.
7. John M. Kline, Business in South Africa (New York: Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, 1991).
8. Fry, The Expanding Role of State and Local Governments, (1998), p. 5. See also Janice Love, The U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement: Local Activism in Global Politics (New York: Praeger, 1985).
9. Fry, The Expanding Role of State and Local Governments, (1998), p. 5. See also Janice Love, The U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement: Local Activism in Global Politics (New York: Praeger, 1985).
10. Kevin Whitelaw, "The Very Long Arm of the Law: Is the world ready for 7,284 secretaries of state?" U.S. News & World Report, 14 October 1996; http://usaengage.org/news/961014unwr.html.
11. Todd M. Malan, "Testimony of Todd M. Malan, Executive Director, Organization for International Investment Before the California Assembly Committee on International Trade and Development." 28 October 1997.
12. Nancy Dunne, "Sanctions Overload," Financial Times, 21 July 1998, p. 19. For more information on this debate, see the website for a business coalition opposed to sanctions, USA Engage, at http:// www.usaengage.org.
13. Johanna Breman, "U.S. business in Burma (Myanmar)," Social Issues Service 1999 Background Report A:2 (Washington, D.C.: Investor Responsibility Research Center. 1999).
14. Commentary, New York Times, 15 November 1998; http://usaengage.org/news/981115nyt.html.
15. Robert S. Greenberger, "State and Local Sanctions Trouble U.S. Trade Partners," Wall Street Journal, 1 April 1998, p. A20.
16. Ibid.
17. National Foreign Trade Council v. Charles, D. Baker and Philmore Anderson III, United States District Court, District of Massachusetts, Civil Action No. 7 12042 (JLT) (1998); http://www.usaengage.org/ background/lawsuit/NFTCruling.html., pp. 4-6.
18. Greenberger, "State and Local Sanctions."
19. William H. Lash, "State and Local Trade Sanctions: A Threat to U.S. Interests," USA Today, November 1998, pp. 18-20.
20. Congress addressed Burma sanctions as part of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1977, Public Law 104-208, °101(c), 110 Stat. 3009-121 to 3009-127 (1996) (Federal Burma Law). The president subsequently issued Executive Order No. 13,047, Federal Register 62 (1977): 28,301.
21. National Foreign Trade Council v. Charles D. Baker and Philmore Anderson III, p. 6.
22. Miles A. Pomper, "Second-Guessing Sanctions: The Price of Pressure," CQ Weekly, 15 August 1998, pp. 2237-2240.
23. st Circuit (1999); http:// law.emory.edu/1circuit/june99/98-2304.01a.html.
24. Kimberly Ann Elliot, "Backing Illegal Sanctions," Journal of Commerce 6 (August 1997): 8A.
25. Greenberger, "State and Local Sanctions."
26. Sudarsan Raghavan, "State and Municipal Economic Sanctions Coming Under Fire," Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 July 1997, p. A03.
27. Greenberger, "State and Local Sanctions."
28. Steven Spear, "50 Different Departments of State," Export Practitioner (July 1997).
29. National Foreign Trade Council v. Natsios.
30. John Authers and Richard Wolffe, "When sanctions work." Financial Times, 9 September 1998, p. 4.
31. Joan Warner and John Parry, "Swiss Banks: The Noose Tightens," Business Week, 27 July 1998, p. 86.
32. John Authers, William Hall, and Richard Wolffe, "Banks pay a high price for putting the past behind them," Financial Times, 9 September, 1998, p. 4.
33. Ibid.
34. John M. Goshko, "Swiss Banks Reach Holocaust Pact," Washington Post, 13 August 1998, p. A1.
35. John Maggs, "Businesses battle state sanctions,"Journal of Commerce, 28 August 1997, p. 1A.
36. Authers, Hall, and Wolffe, "Banks pay a high price."
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid. Jewish groups had wanted negotiations to include Swiss governmental responsibilities, but the private banks initially resisted this idea. The Swiss government had separately formed a committee to investigate the country's wartime dealings, and the Swiss National Bank, which had handled Nazi gold reserves, proposed setting up a humanitarian Solidarity Foundation.
39. Stephen D. Moore, "Choices Few To Swiss Banks On War Claims," Wall Street Journal, 14 October 1998, p. A12.
40. John M. Goshko, "Swiss Banks' Pact Ends N.Y. Threat of Sanctions," Washington Post, 14 August 1998, p. A14.
41. Authers and Wolffe, "When sanctions work."
42. A contrasting comparison can be made with support for the MacBride principles in Northern Ireland, where the clear emphasis falls on assuring nondiscriminatory employment policies for corporations operating in that country rather than inducing firms to leave. In this case, the main objective also does not involve overturning an overtly discriminatory government policy, nor necessarily a change in the foreign government itself. The goal is more to encourage changes in customary practices within the society in general, and the business community in particular. The Swiss bank sanctions also sought changes in corporate behavior, but that case aimed more narrowly at influencing a singular action by a few specific banks.
43. National Foreign Trade Council v. Charles D. Barker and Philmore Anderson, III and Commentary, New York Times, 15 November 1998.
44. Fry, pp. 92-94.
45. See, for example, the case against the Massachusetts law in David Schmahmann and James Finch, "The Unconstitutionality of State and Local Enactments in the United States Restricting Business Ties with Burma (Myanmar)," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 30 (March 1997): 175-207.
46. Raghavan, "State and Municipal Economic Sanctions."
47. Lash, "State and Local Trade Sanctions."
48. Pomper, "Second-Guessing Sanctions."
49. Kline, State Government Influence, pp. 127-153; John M. Kline, "Negotiating Limits on Unitary Taxation in the United States," (Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1988, revised 1992).
50. Kline, State Government Influence, pp. 127-153; John M. Kline, "Negotiating Limits on Unitary Taxation in the United States," (Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1988, revised 1992).
51. Authers, Hall, and Wolffe, "Banks pay a high price."
52. Authers and Wolffe, "When sanctions work."
53. William Drozdiak, "German Banks Make Redress," Washington Post, 17 February 1999, p. A11.
54. John Authers, "Sanctions closer over forced labour," Financial Times, 15 July 1999, p. 3.
55. Kline, State Government Influence.
56. See, for example, Brian Hocking, ed., Foreign Relations and Federal States (London: Leicester University Press, 1993); Hans J. Michelmann and Panayotis Soldatos, eds., Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990): "Foreign Policy in Federal States," International Journal 41 (Summer 1986; Ivo D. Duchacek, ed., "Federated States and International Relations," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14 (Fall 1984).
57. See, for example, Brian Hocking, ed., Foreign Relations and Federal States (London: Leicester University Press, 1993); Hans J. Michelmann and Panayotis Soldatos, eds., Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990): "Foreign Policy in Federal States," International Journal 41 (Summer 1986; Ivo D. Duchacek, ed., "Federated States and International Relations," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14 (Fall 1984).
58. See, for example, Brian Hocking, ed., Foreign Relations and Federal States (London: Leicester University Press, 1993); Hans J. Michelmann and Panayotis Soldatos, eds., Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990): "Foreign Policy in Federal States," International Journal 41 (Summer 1986; Ivo D. Duchacek, ed., "Federated States and International Relations," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14 (Fall 1984).
59. See, for example, Brian Hocking, ed., Foreign Relations and Federal States (London: Leicester University Press, 1993); Hans J. Michelmann and Panayotis Soldatos, eds., Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990): "Foreign Policy in Federal States," International Journal 41 (Summer 1986; Ivo D. Duchacek, ed., "Federated States and International Relations," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14 (Fall 1984).
60. Brian Hocking, Localizing Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993).
61. Fry, The Expanding Role of State and Local Governments.
62. John Kincaid, "Constituent Diplomacy in Federal Polities and the Nation-state: Conflict and Cooperation," Michelmann and Soldatos, pp. 54-75. A related notion of paradiplomacy is also used by Panayotis Soldatos in Michelmann and Soldatos and in "Cascading Subnational Paradiplomacy in an Interdependent and Transnational World," (see ft. 1).
63. Kincaid, pp. 56, 73-74.
64. Michael Clough, "Grass-Roots Policymaking," Foreign Affairs 73 (January/February 1994): 2-7.
65. Hocking, pp. 31, 36.
66. Ibid., p. 43.
67. Hocking takes his analysis a step farther in a recent paper that questions the utility of using a foreign policy paradigm to examine state and local government actions. He suggests this approach unnecessarily and unproductively stresses a separation of actor categories, promoting the tendency to view relationships in zero-sum terms. See Brian Hocking, "Patrolling the Frontier: globalisation, localisation and the 'actorness' on non-central governments," mimeo, 9 October 1998, pp. 1-24.
68. Fry, THe Expanding Role of State and Local Governments, pp. 131-132.
69. Robert E. Pierre, "Md. Bill Targeting Nigeria Stirs Ire" Washington Post, 27 March 1998, p. B1.
70. Fred Hiatt, "Massachusetts Takes on Burma," Washington Post, 31 January 1999, p. B7.
71. David Marchick, "Testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary David Marchick before the Maryland House of Delegates Committee on Commerce and Government Matters," 25 March 1998.
72. Fry, The Expanding Role of State and Local Government, p. 114.
73. Kincaid, pp. 69, 71-72. In a recent article, Kincaid concludes rather positively that relations between the federal and state-local sectors can be characterized as "co-operative dual federalism" with state and local governments carving out international niches, while the federal government is "mostly tolerant and benignly co-operative." See John Kincaid, "The International Competence of U.S. States and Their Local Governments," Regional & Federal Studies 9 (Spring 1999): 111-133.
74. Hocking, Localizing Foreign Policy, pp. 50-51.