Environmentalism and Estonia's independence movement

Nationalities Papers

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 659-676

  Auer, Matthew R ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTALISM; INDEPENDENCE; NATION STATE; POLITICAL CHANGE;

ESTONIA;

EID: 0039702659     PISSN: 00905992     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00905999808408593     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. "'Environmental Protection' Rally at Ignalina [sic] AES," TASS, 17 September 1988, reprinted in Foreign Broadcast Information Services (FBIS-SOV-88-181), 19 September 1988.
2. "Demonstration in Budapest against Gabcikovo-Nagymoros Project," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 September 1988.
3. Commentators who argue that popular environmental discontent substituted for citizens' "unvoicable complaints" (in Soviet era central and eastern Europe) include: Duncan Fisher, "The Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Eastern Europe and Its Role in the Revolutions of 1989," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 99; Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege, (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 229-250; Nils R. Muiznieks, "The Daugavpils Hydro Station and 'Glastnost' in Latvia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), p. 67; Judit Galambos, "An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: the Gabcikovo-Nagymoros Dams," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), pp. 203-205; Colin McIntyre, "Popular Protest over Pollution Growing in East Europe," Reuters, 24 May 1988; Rich Vera, "An Ill Wind from Chernobyl; Radioactive Fallout over Europe," New Scientist, Vol. 30, No. 1765, 1991, p. 26; "East European Pollution: Cleaning up after Communism," The Economist, Vol. 314, No. 7642, 17 February 1990, pp. 54-56.
4. Commentators who argue that popular environmental discontent substituted for citizens' "unvoicable complaints" (in Soviet era central and eastern Europe) include: Duncan Fisher, "The Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Eastern Europe and Its Role in the Revolutions of 1989," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 99; Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege, (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 229-250; Nils R. Muiznieks, "The Daugavpils Hydro Station and 'Glastnost' in Latvia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), p. 67; Judit Galambos, "An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: the Gabcikovo-Nagymoros Dams," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), pp. 203-205; Colin McIntyre, "Popular Protest over Pollution Growing in East Europe," Reuters, 24 May 1988; Rich Vera, "An Ill Wind from Chernobyl; Radioactive Fallout over Europe," New Scientist, Vol. 30, No. 1765, 1991, p. 26; "East European Pollution: Cleaning up after Communism," The Economist, Vol. 314, No. 7642, 17 February 1990, pp. 54-56.
5. Commentators who argue that popular environmental discontent substituted for citizens' "unvoicable complaints" (in Soviet era central and eastern Europe) include: Duncan Fisher, "The Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Eastern Europe and Its Role in the Revolutions of 1989," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 99; Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege, (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 229-250; Nils R. Muiznieks, "The Daugavpils Hydro Station and 'Glastnost' in Latvia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), p. 67; Judit Galambos, "An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: the Gabcikovo-Nagymoros Dams," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), pp. 203-205; Colin McIntyre, "Popular Protest over Pollution Growing in East Europe," Reuters, 24 May 1988; Rich Vera, "An Ill Wind from Chernobyl; Radioactive Fallout over Europe," New Scientist, Vol. 30, No. 1765, 1991, p. 26; "East European Pollution: Cleaning up after Communism," The Economist, Vol. 314, No. 7642, 17 February 1990, pp. 54-56.
6. Commentators who argue that popular environmental discontent substituted for citizens' "unvoicable complaints" (in Soviet era central and eastern Europe) include: Duncan Fisher, "The Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Eastern Europe and Its Role in the Revolutions of 1989," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 99; Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege, (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 229-250; Nils R. Muiznieks, "The Daugavpils Hydro Station and 'Glastnost' in Latvia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), p. 67; Judit Galambos, "An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: the Gabcikovo-Nagymoros Dams," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), pp. 203-205; Colin McIntyre, "Popular Protest over Pollution Growing in East Europe," Reuters, 24 May 1988; Rich Vera, "An Ill Wind from Chernobyl; Radioactive Fallout over Europe," New Scientist, Vol. 30, No. 1765, 1991, p. 26; "East European Pollution: Cleaning up after Communism," The Economist, Vol. 314, No. 7642, 17 February 1990, pp. 54-56.
7. Commentators who argue that popular environmental discontent substituted for citizens' "unvoicable complaints" (in Soviet era central and eastern Europe) include: Duncan Fisher, "The Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Eastern Europe and Its Role in the Revolutions of 1989," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 99; Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege, (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 229-250; Nils R. Muiznieks, "The Daugavpils Hydro Station and 'Glastnost' in Latvia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), p. 67; Judit Galambos, "An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: the Gabcikovo-Nagymoros Dams," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), pp. 203-205; Colin McIntyre, "Popular Protest over Pollution Growing in East Europe," Reuters, 24 May 1988; Rich Vera, "An Ill Wind from Chernobyl; Radioactive Fallout over Europe," New Scientist, Vol. 30, No. 1765, 1991, p. 26; "East European Pollution: Cleaning up after Communism," The Economist, Vol. 314, No. 7642, 17 February 1990, pp. 54-56.
8. Commentators who argue that popular environmental discontent substituted for citizens' "unvoicable complaints" (in Soviet era central and eastern Europe) include: Duncan Fisher, "The Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Eastern Europe and Its Role in the Revolutions of 1989," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 99; Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege, (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 229-250; Nils R. Muiznieks, "The Daugavpils Hydro Station and 'Glastnost' in Latvia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), p. 67; Judit Galambos, "An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: the Gabcikovo-Nagymoros Dams," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), pp. 203-205; Colin McIntyre, "Popular Protest over Pollution Growing in East Europe," Reuters, 24 May 1988; Rich Vera, "An Ill Wind from Chernobyl; Radioactive Fallout over Europe," New Scientist, Vol. 30, No. 1765, 1991, p. 26; "East European Pollution: Cleaning up after Communism," The Economist, Vol. 314, No. 7642, 17 February 1990, pp. 54-56.
9. Commentators who argue that popular environmental discontent substituted for citizens' "unvoicable complaints" (in Soviet era central and eastern Europe) include: Duncan Fisher, "The Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Eastern Europe and Its Role in the Revolutions of 1989," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 99; Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege, (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 229-250; Nils R. Muiznieks, "The Daugavpils Hydro Station and 'Glastnost' in Latvia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), p. 67; Judit Galambos, "An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: the Gabcikovo-Nagymoros Dams," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), pp. 203-205; Colin McIntyre, "Popular Protest over Pollution Growing in East Europe," Reuters, 24 May 1988; Rich Vera, "An Ill Wind from Chernobyl; Radioactive Fallout over Europe," New Scientist, Vol. 30, No. 1765, 1991, p. 26; "East European Pollution: Cleaning up after Communism," The Economist, Vol. 314, No. 7642, 17 February 1990, pp. 54-56.
10. The most comprehensive geographical treatment of the "green revolutions" in eastern and central Europe and the former Soviet Union is found in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993). See also, Hilary French, "Restoring the East European and Soviet Environments," in Lester R. Brown, ed., State of the World 1991 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), pp. 93-112. See also Ben Eklof, Soviet Briefing: Gorbachev and the Reform Period (Boulder: Westview, 1989), pp. 133-146. See also Tony Judt, "The Dilemmas of Dissidence: The Politics of Opposition in East-Central Europe," in Ferenc Fehèr and Andrew Arato, eds, Crisis in Eastern Europe (London: Transaction Publishers, 1991), pp. 269-272. See also William Echikson, Lighting the Night: Revolution in Eastern Europe (New York: William Morrow, 1990), pp. 227-239.
11. The most comprehensive geographical treatment of the "green revolutions" in eastern and central Europe and the former Soviet Union is found in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993). See also, Hilary French, "Restoring the East European and Soviet Environments," in Lester R. Brown, ed., State of the World 1991 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), pp. 93-112. See also Ben Eklof, Soviet Briefing: Gorbachev and the Reform Period (Boulder: Westview, 1989), pp. 133-146. See also Tony Judt, "The Dilemmas of Dissidence: The Politics of Opposition in East-Central Europe," in Ferenc Fehèr and Andrew Arato, eds, Crisis in Eastern Europe (London: Transaction Publishers, 1991), pp. 269-272. See also William Echikson, Lighting the Night: Revolution in Eastern Europe (New York: William Morrow, 1990), pp. 227-239.
12. The most comprehensive geographical treatment of the "green revolutions" in eastern and central Europe and the former Soviet Union is found in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993). See also, Hilary French, "Restoring the East European and Soviet Environments," in Lester R. Brown, ed., State of the World 1991 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), pp. 93-112. See also Ben Eklof, Soviet Briefing: Gorbachev and the Reform Period (Boulder: Westview, 1989), pp. 133-146. See also Tony Judt, "The Dilemmas of Dissidence: The Politics of Opposition in East-Central Europe," in Ferenc Fehèr and Andrew Arato, eds, Crisis in Eastern Europe (London: Transaction Publishers, 1991), pp. 269-272. See also William Echikson, Lighting the Night: Revolution in Eastern Europe (New York: William Morrow, 1990), pp. 227-239.
13. The most comprehensive geographical treatment of the "green revolutions" in eastern and central Europe and the former Soviet Union is found in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993). See also, Hilary French, "Restoring the East European and Soviet Environments," in Lester R. Brown, ed., State of the World 1991 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), pp. 93-112. See also Ben Eklof, Soviet Briefing: Gorbachev and the Reform Period (Boulder: Westview, 1989), pp. 133-146. See also Tony Judt, "The Dilemmas of Dissidence: The Politics of Opposition in East-Central Europe," in Ferenc Fehèr and Andrew Arato, eds, Crisis in Eastern Europe (London: Transaction Publishers, 1991), pp. 269-272. See also William Echikson, Lighting the Night: Revolution in Eastern Europe (New York: William Morrow, 1990), pp. 227-239.
14. The most comprehensive geographical treatment of the "green revolutions" in eastern and central Europe and the former Soviet Union is found in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993). See also, Hilary French, "Restoring the East European and Soviet Environments," in Lester R. Brown, ed., State of the World 1991 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), pp. 93-112. See also Ben Eklof, Soviet Briefing: Gorbachev and the Reform Period (Boulder: Westview, 1989), pp. 133-146. See also Tony Judt, "The Dilemmas of Dissidence: The Politics of Opposition in East-Central Europe," in Ferenc Fehèr and Andrew Arato, eds, Crisis in Eastern Europe (London: Transaction Publishers, 1991), pp. 269-272. See also William Echikson, Lighting the Night: Revolution in Eastern Europe (New York: William Morrow, 1990), pp. 227-239.
15. Barbara Jancar-Webster states that the contributing authors to her volume, lean toward the view that an environmental movement committed to environment protection per se may be a misnomer in predemocratic Eastern Europe. The public took up environmental issues because for many years the environment was the only "public talking space" and could be used to pursue other agendas. (Barbara Jancar-Webster, "The East European Environmental Movement and the Transformation of East European Society," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 196.) In the case of the Lithuanian independence movements, Kritkausky speaks of environmental issues providing "safe cover" for other political concerns (Randy Kritkausky, "Lithuania," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), pp. 136). Feshbach and Friendly declare that, In the Baltics and in Armenia, pollution and related health concerns served as both camouflage and catalyst for nationalism and other subversive sentiments that in 1986 and 1987 did not quite dare to speak their name. (Feshbach and Friendly, p. 231) For comparable attestations, see David S. Mason, Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War (Boulder: Westview, 1992), p. 61. See also Gwyn Prins, "Introduction," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions (New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. xxi. See also D. J. Peterson, Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder: Westivew Press, 1993), p. 216. Lest readers presume that environmental dissent in communist Europe was at all times "safe" or provoked no response from authorities, Singleton's recitation of punishments served out to Czechoslovak activists is an antidote (Fred Singleton, "Czechoslovakia: Greens versus Reds," in Fred Singleton, ed., Environmental Problems in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987), pp. 178-180).
16. Barbara Jancar-Webster states that the contributing authors to her volume, lean toward the view that an environmental movement committed to environment protection per se may be a misnomer in predemocratic Eastern Europe. The public took up environmental issues because for many years the environment was the only "public talking space" and could be used to pursue other agendas. (Barbara Jancar-Webster, "The East European Environmental Movement and the Transformation of East European Society," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 196.) In the case of the Lithuanian independence movements, Kritkausky speaks of environmental issues providing "safe cover" for other political concerns (Randy Kritkausky, "Lithuania," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), pp. 136). Feshbach and Friendly declare that, In the Baltics and in Armenia, pollution and related health concerns served as both camouflage and catalyst for nationalism and other subversive sentiments that in 1986 and 1987 did not quite dare to speak their name. (Feshbach and Friendly, p. 231) For comparable attestations, see David S. Mason, Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War (Boulder: Westview, 1992), p. 61. See also Gwyn Prins, "Introduction," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions (New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. xxi. See also D. J. Peterson, Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder: Westivew Press, 1993), p. 216. Lest readers presume that environmental dissent in communist Europe was at all times "safe" or provoked no response from authorities, Singleton's recitation of punishments served out to Czechoslovak activists is an antidote (Fred Singleton, "Czechoslovakia: Greens versus Reds," in Fred Singleton, ed., Environmental Problems in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987), pp. 178-180).
17. Barbara Jancar-Webster states that the contributing authors to her volume, lean toward the view that an environmental movement committed to environment protection per se may be a misnomer in predemocratic Eastern Europe. The public took up environmental issues because for many years the environment was the only "public talking space" and could be used to pursue other agendas. (Barbara Jancar-Webster, "The East European Environmental Movement and the Transformation of East European Society," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 196.) In the case of the Lithuanian independence movements, Kritkausky speaks of environmental issues providing "safe cover" for other political concerns (Randy Kritkausky, "Lithuania," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), pp. 136). Feshbach and Friendly declare that, In the Baltics and in Armenia, pollution and related health concerns served as both camouflage and catalyst for nationalism and other subversive sentiments that in 1986 and 1987 did not quite dare to speak their name. (Feshbach and Friendly, p. 231) For comparable attestations, see David S. Mason, Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War (Boulder: Westview, 1992), p. 61. See also Gwyn Prins, "Introduction," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions (New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. xxi. See also D. J. Peterson, Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder: Westivew Press, 1993), p. 216. Lest readers presume that environmental dissent in communist Europe was at all times "safe" or provoked no response from authorities, Singleton's recitation of punishments served out to Czechoslovak activists is an antidote (Fred Singleton, "Czechoslovakia: Greens versus Reds," in Fred Singleton, ed., Environmental Problems in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987), pp. 178-180).
18. Barbara Jancar-Webster states that the contributing authors to her volume, lean toward the view that an environmental movement committed to environment protection per se may be a misnomer in predemocratic Eastern Europe. The public took up environmental issues because for many years the environment was the only "public talking space" and could be used to pursue other agendas. (Barbara Jancar-Webster, "The East European Environmental Movement and the Transformation of East European Society," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 196.) In the case of the Lithuanian independence movements, Kritkausky speaks of environmental issues providing "safe cover" for other political concerns (Randy Kritkausky, "Lithuania," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), pp. 136). Feshbach and Friendly declare that, In the Baltics and in Armenia, pollution and related health concerns served as both camouflage and catalyst for nationalism and other subversive sentiments that in 1986 and 1987 did not quite dare to speak their name. (Feshbach and Friendly, p. 231) For comparable attestations, see David S. Mason, Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War (Boulder: Westview, 1992), p. 61. See also Gwyn Prins, "Introduction," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions (New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. xxi. See also D. J. Peterson, Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder: Westivew Press, 1993), p. 216. Lest readers presume that environmental dissent in communist Europe was at all times "safe" or provoked no response from authorities, Singleton's recitation of punishments served out to Czechoslovak activists is an antidote (Fred Singleton, "Czechoslovakia: Greens versus Reds," in Fred Singleton, ed., Environmental Problems in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987), pp. 178-180).
19. Barbara Jancar-Webster states that the contributing authors to her volume, lean toward the view that an environmental movement committed to environment protection per se may be a misnomer in predemocratic Eastern Europe. The public took up environmental issues because for many years the environment was the only "public talking space" and could be used to pursue other agendas. (Barbara Jancar-Webster, "The East European Environmental Movement and the Transformation of East European Society," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 196.) In the case of the Lithuanian independence movements, Kritkausky speaks of environmental issues providing "safe cover" for other political concerns (Randy Kritkausky, "Lithuania," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), pp. 136). Feshbach and Friendly declare that, In the Baltics and in Armenia, pollution and related health concerns served as both camouflage and catalyst for nationalism and other subversive sentiments that in 1986 and 1987 did not quite dare to speak their name. (Feshbach and Friendly, p. 231) For comparable attestations, see David S. Mason, Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War (Boulder: Westview, 1992), p. 61. See also Gwyn Prins, "Introduction," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions (New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. xxi. See also D. J. Peterson, Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder: Westivew Press, 1993), p. 216. Lest readers presume that environmental dissent in communist Europe was at all times "safe" or provoked no response from authorities, Singleton's recitation of punishments served out to Czechoslovak activists is an antidote (Fred Singleton, "Czechoslovakia: Greens versus Reds," in Fred Singleton, ed., Environmental Problems in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987), pp. 178-180).
20. Barbara Jancar-Webster states that the contributing authors to her volume, lean toward the view that an environmental movement committed to environment protection per se may be a misnomer in predemocratic Eastern Europe. The public took up environmental issues because for many years the environment was the only "public talking space" and could be used to pursue other agendas. (Barbara Jancar-Webster, "The East European Environmental Movement and the Transformation of East European Society," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 196.) In the case of the Lithuanian independence movements, Kritkausky speaks of environmental issues providing "safe cover" for other political concerns (Randy Kritkausky, "Lithuania," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), pp. 136). Feshbach and Friendly declare that, In the Baltics and in Armenia, pollution and related health concerns served as both camouflage and catalyst for nationalism and other subversive sentiments that in 1986 and 1987 did not quite dare to speak their name. (Feshbach and Friendly, p. 231) For comparable attestations, see David S. Mason, Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War (Boulder: Westview, 1992), p. 61. See also Gwyn Prins, "Introduction," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions (New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. xxi. See also D. J. Peterson, Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder: Westivew Press, 1993), p. 216. Lest readers presume that environmental dissent in communist Europe was at all times "safe" or provoked no response from authorities, Singleton's recitation of punishments served out to Czechoslovak activists is an antidote (Fred Singleton, "Czechoslovakia: Greens versus Reds," in Fred Singleton, ed., Environmental Problems in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987), pp. 178-180).
21. Barbara Jancar-Webster states that the contributing authors to her volume, lean toward the view that an environmental movement committed to environment protection per se may be a misnomer in predemocratic Eastern Europe. The public took up environmental issues because for many years the environment was the only "public talking space" and could be used to pursue other agendas. (Barbara Jancar-Webster, "The East European Environmental Movement and the Transformation of East European Society," in Barbara Jancar-Webster, ed., Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Response to Crisis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 196.) In the case of the Lithuanian independence movements, Kritkausky speaks of environmental issues providing "safe cover" for other political concerns (Randy Kritkausky, "Lithuania," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), pp. 136). Feshbach and Friendly declare that, In the Baltics and in Armenia, pollution and related health concerns served as both camouflage and catalyst for nationalism and other subversive sentiments that in 1986 and 1987 did not quite dare to speak their name. (Feshbach and Friendly, p. 231) For comparable attestations, see David S. Mason, Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War (Boulder: Westview, 1992), p. 61. See also Gwyn Prins, "Introduction," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions (New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. xxi. See also D. J. Peterson, Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder: Westivew Press, 1993), p. 216. Lest readers presume that environmental dissent in communist Europe was at all times "safe" or provoked no response from authorities, Singleton's recitation of punishments served out to Czechoslovak activists is an antidote (Fred Singleton, "Czechoslovakia: Greens versus Reds," in Fred Singleton, ed., Environmental Problems in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987), pp. 178-180).
22. Fisher, op. cit., p. 99.
23. Jaan Eilart, Man, Ecosystem and Culture (Tallinn: Perioodika, 1976), pp. 14-15, 21.
24. Aili Aarelaid-Tart and Indrek Tart, "Culture and the Development of Civil Society," Nationalities Paper, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1995, p. 156. The authors argue that the Society of Nature's true aim was "preservation of Estonian land as the national territory of Estonia" rather than preservation of nature per se.
25. Robert Smurr, "Resisting the Eschatology of the Impersonal," unpublished manuscript, Department of History, University of Washington, Seattle, 1996, p. 6.
26. "The Letter of Eighteen Estonian Naturalists to Colleagues in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany," Documents from Estonia on the Violation of Human Rights (Stockholm: Estonian Information Centre, 1977). Excerpts are reprinted in Aina Zarins, "Scientists Protest the Devastation of Nature in Estonia," RFE/RL 224/77, 28 September 1977, pp. 1-8. See also Andres Küng, A Dream of Freedom: Four Decades of National Survival versus Russian Imperialism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, 1940-1980 (Cardiff: Boreas, 1980), pp. 125-127.
27. "The Letter of Eighteen Estonian Naturalists to Colleagues in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany," Documents from Estonia on the Violation of Human Rights (Stockholm: Estonian Information Centre, 1977). Excerpts are reprinted in Aina Zarins, "Scientists Protest the Devastation of Nature in Estonia," RFE/RL 224/77, 28 September 1977, pp. 1-8. See also Andres Küng, A Dream of Freedom: Four Decades of National Survival versus Russian Imperialism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, 1940-1980 (Cardiff: Boreas, 1980), pp. 125-127.
28. "The Letter of Eighteen Estonian Naturalists to Colleagues in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany," Documents from Estonia on the Violation of Human Rights (Stockholm: Estonian Information Centre, 1977). Excerpts are reprinted in Aina Zarins, "Scientists Protest the Devastation of Nature in Estonia," RFE/RL 224/77, 28 September 1977, pp. 1-8. See also Andres Küng, A Dream of Freedom: Four Decades of National Survival versus Russian Imperialism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, 1940-1980 (Cardiff: Boreas, 1980), pp. 125-127.
29. Andres Küng, "Estonia Awakens," in Allan Klingström and Gunnel Wiberg, eds, Focus on Estonia and the Baltic Sea: Research, Economy, and Environment: Proceedings from the International Seminar in Stockholm, Tallinn, and Visby, 27-29 July 1990 (Uppsala: Industrial Liaison Office, Uppsala University, 1990), p. 14.
30. Endel Lippmaa and Juhan Aare, "Lippmaa and Aare on Estonian Ecology," Baltic Forum, Vol. 6, No. 1, Spring 1989, pp. 6-7.
31. Toomas Ilves, "Growing Opposition and Unrest over Massive Mining Project," RFE/ Research Report, 15 June 1987, p. 7.
32. "Estonian Government Decides against Developing Phosphorite Deposits," TASS, 14 December 1987, reprinted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/0057/C1/1, 25 January 1988.
33. Eesti Roheline Liikumine, "Some Facts from the First Year of EGM," booklet containing resolutions, declarations and other primary papers from the Estonian Green Movement (Tartu: Estonian Green Movement, 1989), p. 7.
34. Ibid., p. 10.
35. Küng, 1990, op. cit., p. 14. Equally alarming data on morbidity in northeast Estonia are documented in Antti Roose, Estonia Built on Oil Shale (Rakvere, Estonia: Virumaa Foundation, 1991), pp. 65-69.
36. Küng, 1990, op. cit., p. 14. Equally alarming data on morbidity in northeast Estonia are documented in Antti Roose, Estonia Built on Oil Shale (Rakvere, Estonia: Virumaa Foundation, 1991), pp. 65-69.
37. Vladimir Raudseep, "The Baltic Sea Needs Protection," Estonian Panorama, No. 1, 1989, p. 30.
38. Vello Pohla, "Towards a Green, Free State," Panoscope, Vol. 18, May 1990, p. 16.
39. See, for example, "Mining," Noorte Haal, 3 September 1985, reprinted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/W1368/A/8, 6 December 1985; or see "Doubts over Phosphorite Mining in Estonia," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/W1436/1, 10 April 1987.
40. See, for example, "Mining," Noorte Haal, 3 September 1985, reprinted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/W1368/A/8, 6 December 1985; or see "Doubts over Phosphorite Mining in Estonia," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/W1436/1, 10 April 1987.
41. Mare Taagepera, "The Ecological and Political Problems of Phosphorite Mining in Estonia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1989, p. 168.
42. RFE/Research Report, 15 June 1987, pp. 5-10.
43. Taagepera, op. cit., p. 169.
44. Zhores A. Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), p. 304.
45. For an overview of the life cycle assessment concept, see Mary-Ann Curran, "Broad-Based Environmental Life Cycle Assessment," Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 27, March 1993, pp. 430-436.
46. Jaan Eilart's letter appeared in Sirp ja Vasar (Hammer and Sickle Weekly (Tallinn)), 10 May 1968, and is excerpted in English in Rein Taagepera's Estonian Events, No. 7, 19 May 1968, p. 1.
47. Jaan Eilart's letter appeared in Sirp ja Vasar (Hammer and Sickle Weekly (Tallinn)), 10 May 1968, and is excerpted in English in Rein Taagepera's Estonian Events, No. 7, 19 May 1968, p. 1.
48. Environment '89 (Tallinn: Estonian Nature Management Scientific Information Centre, 1990), p. 8.
49. Estonian Ministry of Environment, National Report of Estonia to UNCED 1992 (Tallinn: Estonian Ministry of Environment, 1992), p. 29. Smurr writes, In this relatively flat country where the highest natural feature, Suur Munaoogi Hill, is only 318 meters above sea-level, and where the relative heights of more local landforms rarely exceed twenty meters, the visual and psychological impact of hundreds of cinder hills, some attaining heights of up to 115 meters is staggering. (Smurr, p. 10.)
50. Estonian Ministry of Environment, National Report of Estonia to UNCED 1992 (Tallinn: Estonian Ministry of Environment, 1992), p. 29. Smurr writes, In this relatively flat country where the highest natural feature, Suur Munaoogi Hill, is only 318 meters above sea-level, and where the relative heights of more local landforms rarely exceed twenty meters, the visual and psychological impact of hundreds of cinder hills, some attaining heights of up to 115 meters is staggering. (Smurr, p. 10.)
51. Matthew R. Auer, "Environmental Restoration, Economic Transition and Nationalism in Estonia," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1992, p. 379. See also Estonian Ministry of Environment, p. 26.
52. Auer, op. cit., pp. 379-380.
53. Helsinki Commission, The Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Programme, Conference Document No. 5/3 (Helsinki: Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission, 1992), appendix, table 3.
54. "Estonian 'Greens' Demand Saul's Resignation," Dagens Nyheter, 26 September 1988, p. 10, reprinted in FBIS (FBIS-SOV-88-90), 30 September 1988, p. 40.
55. "Estonian 'Greens' Demand Saul's Resignation," Dagens Nyheter, 26 September 1988, p. 10, reprinted in FBIS (FBIS-SOV-88-90), 30 September 1988, p. 40.
56. Ibid.
57. "Ecological Concerns Halt Phosphorite Excavation," RFE/Research Report, 8 May 1987, p. 9.
58. FBIS (FBIS-SOV-88-90), p. 40.
59. Peter Marksoo and Alfred Kasepalu, "Area and Natural Resources," in Olev Lugus and Pentti Vartia, eds, Estonia and Finland: A Retrospective Socioeconomic Comparison (Helsinki: Elinkeinoeloomoon Tutkimuslaitos, 1993), p. 19.
60. Ivar Puura and Heikki Bauert, "Oil Shale Geology and Mining," in European Workshop on Human Impact on Environment (Tartu: University of Tartu, 1991), p. 43.
61. Agu Aarna, "What Is Derived from Combustible Stone," in Estonia '79 (Tallinn: Perioodika, 1979), pp. 35-36.
62. "Shale Miners Protect Ministry's Declining Orders," Pravda, 4 June 1987, p. 1, reprinted in FBIS (FBIS-SOV-87-115), 16 June 1987, p. S1.
63. "Shale Miners Protect Ministry's Declining Orders," Pravda, 4 June 1987, p. 1, reprinted in FBIS (FBIS-SOV-87-115), 16 June 1987, p. S1.
64. Ibid.
65. Romuald J. Misiunas and Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 108, 206). Sakkeus has revised upward the oft-quoted 94% estimate for the indigenous Estonian population in 1945. He claims that the ethnic Estonian portion was 97.3%. Estonia's pre-war population was more heterogeneous than at the war's end. The German Baltic minority emigrated in 1939-1940 and most ethnic Swedes left in 1944 (Luule Sakkeus, "Post-War Migration Trends in the Baltic States," Estonian Interuniversity Population Research Centre Working Paper Series, RU Series B No 20 (Tallinn: EKDK, 1993), p. 5).
66. Romuald J. Misiunas and Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 108, 206). Sakkeus has revised upward the oft-quoted 94% estimate for the indigenous Estonian population in 1945. He claims that the ethnic Estonian portion was 97.3%. Estonia's pre-war population was more heterogeneous than at the war's end. The German Baltic minority emigrated in 1939-1940 and most ethnic Swedes left in 1944 (Luule Sakkeus, "Post-War Migration Trends in the Baltic States," Estonian Interuniversity Population Research Centre Working Paper Series, RU Series B No 20 (Tallinn: EKDK, 1993), p. 5).
67. J. Kahk and K. Siilivask, History of the Estonian SSR (Tallinn: Perioodika, 1979), p. 162.
68. Puura and Bauert, op. cit., p. 45.
69. P. Pullat, B. A. Ejov, A. Yu Truuvyali, K. Siilivask, A. Keerna, K. Kala and P. Yuursoo, Estonia Todzy (Tallinn: Estonia Book, 1985), pp. 49-51.
70. Askel Partel, "Estonspanech" Vuera i Segodnya ["Estonian Oil Shale" Yesterday and Today] (Tallinn: Estonia Book, 1986), p. 39.
71. Saakeus, op. cit., p. 29.
72. Ibid., p. 7.
73. Ibid., p. 10; Rein Taagepera, "Ethnic Relations in Estonia, 1991," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1992, p. 123.
74. Ibid., p. 10; Rein Taagepera, "Ethnic Relations in Estonia, 1991," Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1992, p. 123.
75. J. Eilart, R. Kippar, E. Laul, E. Maaring, R. Mammar, M. Norvik and E. Pajusalu, Kohtla Järve Rajoonis (In the Region Kohtla Järve) (Tallinn: Estonia NSV Teaduste Academia, 1983), p. 152.
76. Kahk and Siilivask, p. 160; E. Reinsalu, "Economical Development of Estonian Oil Shale Industry," Oil Shale, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1991, p. 276.
77. Kahk and Siilivask, p. 160; E. Reinsalu, "Economical Development of Estonian Oil Shale Industry," Oil Shale, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1991, p. 276.
78. Juhan Kahk, World War II and Soviet Occupation in Estonia: A Damages Report (Tallinn: Perioodika, 1991), p. 53.
79. Misiunas and Taagepera, op. cit., p. 228.
80. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, The Soviet Agro-Food System and Agricultural Trade: Prospects for Reform (Paris: OECD, 1991), p. 84.
81. Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1984 godu [Public Property of the USSR in 1984] (Moscow: Statistika, 1985), p. 267.
82. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, po. cit., pp. 82-85.
83. "Work on Estonian Phosphorite Deposit," Mining Journal, Vol. 297, 16 April 1982, p. 291.
84. "Mining," Noorte Haal, 3 September 1985, reprinted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/W1368/A/8, 6 December 1985.
85. Foreign Broadcast Information Services (FBIS-SOV-88-181), 19 September 1988.
86. BBC Summary of World Broadcast, 14 September 1988.
87. Juris Dreifelds, "Two Latvian Dams: Two Confrontations," Baltic Forum, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1989, pp. 16-17.
88. Muiznieks, op. cit., p. 64.
89. Environmental contamination played virtually no role in public resistance to the Daugavpilsdam, but was integral to Latvians' opposition to the continued operation of the Sloka pulp and paper mill near Jurmala in 1989-1990 (see, e.g. "Speech by A.V. Gorbunov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Latvian Republic Supreme Soviet," Izvestia, 1 December 1989, pp. 2-3, reprinted in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Vol. 41, No. 49, 1989, p. 22). Production at the Sloka mill was halted temporarily in 1990.
90. Environmental contamination played virtually no role in public resistance to the Daugavpilsdam, but was integral to Latvians' opposition to the continued operation of the Sloka pulp and paper mill near Jurmala in 1989-1990 (see, e.g. "Speech by A.V. Gorbunov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Latvian Republic Supreme Soviet," Izvestia, 1 December 1989, pp. 2-3, reprinted in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Vol. 41, No. 49, 1989, p. 22). Production at the Sloka mill was halted temporarily in 1990.
91. Muiznieks, op. cit., p. 64.
92. Yu Ursov, "Pulp-Mill Closing Brings Paper Famine," Pravda, 24 January 1990, p. 8, reprinted in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1990, pp. 10-12.
93. Yu Ursov, "Pulp-Mill Closing Brings Paper Famine," Pravda, 24 January 1990, p. 8, reprinted in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1990, pp. 10-12.
94. Official correspondence concerning the Rakvere phosphate project is reprinted in M. Taagepera, op. cit., pp. 172-174. See also, Lippmaa and Aare, op. cit., pp. 6-7.
95. Dreifelds, op. cit., pp. 22-23.
96. Sergei Zalygin, "Lessons from a Discussion," Novy Mir, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 3-18, reprinted in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Vol. 39, No. 16, 20 May 1987, p. 4.
97. Sergei Zalygin, "Lessons from a Discussion," Novy Mir, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 3-18, reprinted in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Vol. 39, No. 16, 20 May 1987, p. 4.
98. Ibid., p. 11. A poem (by an unknown Latvian author, circa 1925), drawing, and photograph of Staburags are found in V. Villerusa, ed., Daugavas Raksti: No Aizkraukles Lidz Rigai (The Writings of the Daugava: from Aizkraukle to Riga) (Riga: Zinatne, 1991), pp. 109, 129.
99. Ibid., p. 11. A poem (by an unknown Latvian author, circa 1925), drawing, and photograph of Staburags are found in V. Villerusa, ed., Daugavas Raksti: No Aizkraukles Lidz Rigai (The Writings of the Daugava: from Aizkraukle to Riga) (Riga: Zinatne, 1991), pp. 109, 129.
100. Dreifelds, op. cit., p. 14.
101. Ibid., p. 15.
102. Zalygin, op. cit., p. 4.
103. Eesti Roheline Liikumine, op. cit., pp. 7-8. Ethnic Estonian concerns about a new influx of Russian workers to Estonia are also discussed in Uku Kuusk, "Ecological Concern in Estonia," RFE/RL Baltic Area Research Report, 29 August 1986, pp. 9-12. On the matter of ethnic tension in the Estonian phosphate and oil shale cases, see also Matthew R. Auer, "The Historical Roots of Environmental Conflict in Estonia," East European Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1996, pp. 353-380. See also Auer, 1992, pp. 380-381. See also Ilves, op. cit., p. 5.
104. Eesti Roheline Liikumine, op. cit., pp. 7-8. Ethnic Estonian concerns about a new influx of Russian workers to Estonia are also discussed in Uku Kuusk, "Ecological Concern in Estonia," RFE/RL Baltic Area Research Report, 29 August 1986, pp. 9-12. On the matter of ethnic tension in the Estonian phosphate and oil shale cases, see also Matthew R. Auer, "The Historical Roots of Environmental Conflict in Estonia," East European Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1996, pp. 353-380. See also Auer, 1992, pp. 380-381. See also Ilves, op. cit., p. 5.
105. Eesti Roheline Liikumine, op. cit., pp. 7-8. Ethnic Estonian concerns about a new influx of Russian workers to Estonia are also discussed in Uku Kuusk, "Ecological Concern in Estonia," RFE/RL Baltic Area Research Report, 29 August 1986, pp. 9-12. On the matter of ethnic tension in the Estonian phosphate and oil shale cases, see also Matthew R. Auer, "The Historical Roots of Environmental Conflict in Estonia," East European Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1996, pp. 353-380. See also Auer, 1992, pp. 380-381. See also Ilves, op. cit., p. 5.
106. Eesti Roheline Liikumine, op. cit., pp. 7-8. Ethnic Estonian concerns about a new influx of Russian workers to Estonia are also discussed in Uku Kuusk, "Ecological Concern in Estonia," RFE/RL Baltic Area Research Report, 29 August 1986, pp. 9-12. On the matter of ethnic tension in the Estonian phosphate and oil shale cases, see also Matthew R. Auer, "The Historical Roots of Environmental Conflict in Estonia," East European Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1996, pp. 353-380. See also Auer, 1992, pp. 380-381. See also Ilves, op. cit., p. 5.
107. Dreifelds, op. cit., pp. 22-23; Zalygin, op. cit., p. 4. At least one source hints at ethnic discord in the Latvian Sloka pulp and paper mill case. Feshbach and Friendly (op. cit., p. 127) write that the temporary closure (by republic-level officials) of Sloka was "made politically easier by the fact that most of the Sloka mill workers were Russians rather than Latvians." If the overwhelming presence of Russian-speaking workers made it "politically easier" to shut down the Sloka mill, this experience contrasts sharply with Tallinn officials' efforts to impose rules on Russaphone-dominated uranium processing and defense-related industries in Sillamäe. In the early 1990s, Russian-speaking workers in this town vociferously opposed ministerial plans to shut down pollution-prone factories near the Baltic coast. Tallinn eventually abandoned its efforts to close the plants (interview, Tonis Kaasik, former Estonian Minister of Environment, Tallinn, 22 February 1994).
108. Dreifelds, op. cit., pp. 22-23.
109. Paul Quinn-Judge, "Ferment Brews in Soviet Baltics," Christian Science Monitor, 21 September 1988, p. 1.
110. Dreifelds, op. cit., p. 17; Muiznieks, op. cit., p. 67.
111. Lippmaa and Aare, p. 7.
112. See, for example, Juris Dreifelds, "Latvia," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), p. 121. See also Kritkausky, op. cit., pp. 136-137. See also Bernd Baumgartl, "Environmental Protest as a Vehicle for Transition: The Case of Ekoglasnost in Bulgaria," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), p. 167.
113. See, for example, Juris Dreifelds, "Latvia," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), p. 121. See also Kritkausky, op. cit., pp. 136-137. See also Bernd Baumgartl, "Environmental Protest as a Vehicle for Transition: The Case of Ekoglasnost in Bulgaria," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), p. 167.
114. See, for example, Juris Dreifelds, "Latvia," in Philip R. Pryde, ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1995), p. 121. See also Kritkausky, op. cit., pp. 136-137. See also Bernd Baumgartl, "Environmental Protest as a Vehicle for Transition: The Case of Ekoglasnost in Bulgaria," in Anna Vari and Pal Tamas, eds, Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston: Kluwer, 1993), p. 167.
115. Eesti Roheline Liikumine (untitled, undated document in newsletter of the Estonian Green Movement) (Tartu: Estonian Green Movement), p. 1.