The retail method of social work: The role of the New York school in the development of clinical practice

Social Service Review

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 168-190

  Dore, Martha Morrison ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039701825     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/514413     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Mary E. Richmond, "The Retail Method of Reform," in The Long View, ed. Joanna C. Colcord and Ruth Z. S. Mann (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1930), pp. 214-21.
2. Ibid.
3. The term casework was spelled as two words until the late 1940s or early fifties when it became casework. At the New York School, for the first decade or so, it was the only method of direct practice taught; administration was added in 1914. Community organization appeared in the curriculum in the 1920s. Clara Kaiser arrived from Western Reserve University to offer the school's first group-work course in 1935. For many years casework in the New York School curriculum included specialties in family casework, child welfare, medical social work, and psychiatric social work. After 1915, when the second year of study was added, students took basic or foundation casework courses in the first year, then specialized in one of the areas of casework practice in the second. Changes to the curriculum in the early 1950s elevated methods of practice to concentrations; students elected to study case-work, group work, community organization, or administration.
4. Henceforth, I shall refer to the school in all its permutations as the New York School, the name by which it was known throughout the country for many years.
5. Man E. Richmond, memorandum to Edward T. Devine dated March 12, 1912 (microfilm, Mary E. Richmond Archives, Columbia University).
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. See Carol H. Meyer, Assessment in Social Work Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), for a contemporary articulation of this dilemma.
9. Jeffrey R. Brackett, "Training of Social Workers: Report of the Committee," in Proceedings of the Thirty-third National Conference on Charities and Corrections (Chicago: Hildmann, 1906), pp. 445-51.
10. Graham Taylor, "Report on the Committee on Training for Social Workers," in Proceedings of the Thirty-second National Conference on Charities and Corrections (Chicago: Hildmann, 1905), pp. 436-42.
11. New York School of Philanthropy, Handbook for 1905-1906 (New York: Charity Organization Society of New York, 1905).
12. Edward T. Devine, The Practice of Charity (New York: Lentilhon, 1901), p. 118.
13. New York School of Philanthropy, Handbook (n. 11 above).
14. Mary E. Richmond, Friendly Visiting among the Poor (New York: Macmillan, 1910).
15. L. C. Wade, Graham Taylor: Pioneer for Social Justice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
16. Lila B. Costin, Two Sisters for Social Justice: A Biography of Grace and Edith Abbott (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983).
17. Brackett (n. 9 above).
18. New York School of Philanthropy, Bulletin for 1912-1913 (New York: Charity Organization Society-of the City of New York, 1912).
19. Ibid., p. 8.
20. Porter R. Lee, Annual Report of the Director, 1918-1919 (New York: New York School of Social Work, 1918), p. 3.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. This quote is taken from Mary Richmond's What Is Social Case Work? (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1923), p. 98.
24. David Levy, "Beginning of the Child Guidance Clinic Movement," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 38 (1968): 447-59.
25. New York School of Social Work, General Announcement, 1926-1927 (New York: Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, 1926).
26. Porter R. Lee, Annual Report of the Director, 1925-1926 (New York: New York School of Social Work, 1925), p. 2.
27. Ibid.
28. Mary Antoinette Cannon, "Underlying Principles and Common Practices in Social Work," The Family 9 (July 1928): 163-66.
29. Abraham Flexner, "Is Social Work a Profession?" in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1915 (Chicago: Hildmann, 1915), pp. 576-90.
30. Cannon (n. 28 above).
31. Ibid., p. 165.
32. Ibid. (emphasis added).
33. Milford Conference, Social Casework: Generic and Specific (New York: American Association of Social Workers, 1929).
34. Ibid., p. 11.
35. Ibid., p. 13.
36. Ibid., p. 14.
37. Ibid., p. 17.
38. Martha Morrison Dore, "Functional Theory: Its History and Influence on Contemporary Social Work Practice," Social Service Review 64 (1990): 358-74.
39. Ann Hartman, "Casework in Crisis: 1932-1941" (DSW diss., Columbia University School of Social Work, 1972).
40. Mary E. Richmond, "The Need for a Training School in Applied Philanthropy," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, 1897 (Chicago: Hildmann, 1897), pp. 181-86.
41. See the following for elements of functional practice: Jessie Taft, The Dynamics of Therapy in a Controlled Relationship (New York: Macmillan, 1933), and "The Relation of Function to Process in a Controlled Relationship," Journal of Social Work Process 1 (1937): 1-18; Robert Gomberg, "Function as a Psychological Concept in Case Work Theory," The Family 24 (1943): 58-64.
42. See the following for elements of functional practice: Jessie Taft, The Dynamics of Therapy in a Controlled Relationship (New York: Macmillan, 1933), and "The Relation of Function to Process in a Controlled Relationship," Journal of Social Work Process 1 (1937): 1-18; Robert Gomberg, "Function as a Psychological Concept in Case Work Theory," The Family 24 (1943): 58-64.
43. See the following for elements of functional practice: Jessie Taft, The Dynamics of Therapy in a Controlled Relationship (New York: Macmillan, 1933), and "The Relation of Function to Process in a Controlled Relationship," Journal of Social Work Process 1 (1937): 1-18; Robert Gomberg, "Function as a Psychological Concept in Case Work Theory," The Family 24 (1943): 58-64.
44. The following are representative diagnostic responses to functional ideas: Lucille N. Austin, "The Evolution of Our Social Case Work Concepts," Family 20 (April 1939): 42-49; Gordon Hamilton, "Basic Concepts Upon Which Case-Work Practice Is Formulated," Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work (1937), pp. 138-49, and "The Underlying Philosophy of Social Case Work," The Family 22 (1941): 139-47.
45. The following are representative diagnostic responses to functional ideas: Lucille N. Austin, "The Evolution of Our Social Case Work Concepts," Family 20 (April 1939): 42-49; Gordon Hamilton, "Basic Concepts Upon Which Case-Work Practice Is Formulated," Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work (1937), pp. 138-49, and "The Underlying Philosophy of Social Case Work," The Family 22 (1941): 139-47.
46. The following are representative diagnostic responses to functional ideas: Lucille N. Austin, "The Evolution of Our Social Case Work Concepts," Family 20 (April 1939): 42-49; Gordon Hamilton, "Basic Concepts Upon Which Case-Work Practice Is Formulated," Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work (1937), pp. 138-49, and "The Underlying Philosophy of Social Case Work," The Family 22 (1941): 139-47.
47. See, e.g., John Erenreich, The Altruistic Imagination (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985); Harry Specht and Mark Courtney, Unfaithful Angels (New York: Free Press, 1994); Katherine Woodroofe, From Charity to Social Work (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962).
48. See, e.g., John Erenreich, The Altruistic Imagination (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985); Harry Specht and Mark Courtney, Unfaithful Angels (New York: Free Press, 1994); Katherine Woodroofe, From Charity to Social Work (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962).
49. See, e.g., John Erenreich, The Altruistic Imagination (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985); Harry Specht and Mark Courtney, Unfaithful Angels (New York: Free Press, 1994); Katherine Woodroofe, From Charity to Social Work (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962).
50. Virginia Robinson, A Changing Psychology in Social Case Work (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1930).
51. Specht and Courtney (n. 43 above), p. 235.
52. New York School of Social Work, General Announcement, 1926-1927 (New York: Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, 1926).
53. Hamilton, Basic Concepts (n. 42 above).
54. Ibid., p. 140.
55. Austin (n. 42 above), p. 42.
56. Ibid.
57. New York School of Social Work, General Announcement, 1951-1952 (New York: Charity Organization Society of New York City, 1951), p. 17.
58. Charlotte Towle, Common Human Needs, rev. ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987).
59. Fern Lowry, "The Client's Needs as a Basis for Differential Approach in Case Work Treatment," in Differential Approach in Case Work Treatment (New York: Family Service Association of America, 1936), pp. 75-89.
60. Charlotte Towle, "Social Casework in Modern Society," Social Service Review 20 (1946): 165-79, and "Casework Methods of Helping the Client to Make Maximum Use of His Capacities and Resources," Social Service Review 22 (1948): 469-80.
61. Charlotte Towle, "Social Casework in Modern Society," Social Service Review 20 (1946): 165-79, and "Casework Methods of Helping the Client to Make Maximum Use of His Capacities and Resources," Social Service Review 22 (1948): 469-80.
62. Helen Harris Perlman, Social Casework: A Problem-Solving Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957).
63. Helen Harris Perlman, "The Basic Structure of the Casework Process," Social Service Review 27 (1953): 51-64.
64. See Dore (n. 38 above).
65. Florence Hollis, Casework: A Psychosocial Therapy (New York: Random House, 1964).
66. Ibid.
67. Edward J. Mullen, "Casework Communication," Social Casework 49 (November 1968): 546-51, "The Relation between Diagnosis and Treatment in Casework," Social Casework 50 (April 1969): 218-26, "Differences in Worker Style in Casework," Social Casework 50 (June 1969): 345-52, and Communication in Casework Counseling (New York: Family Service Association of America, 1968).
68. Edward J. Mullen, "Casework Communication," Social Casework 49 (November 1968): 546-51, "The Relation between Diagnosis and Treatment in Casework," Social Casework 50 (April 1969): 218-26, "Differences in Worker Style in Casework," Social Casework 50 (June 1969): 345-52, and Communication in Casework Counseling (New York: Family Service Association of America, 1968).
69. Edward J. Mullen, "Casework Communication," Social Casework 49 (November 1968): 546-51, "The Relation between Diagnosis and Treatment in Casework," Social Casework 50 (April 1969): 218-26, "Differences in Worker Style in Casework," Social Casework 50 (June 1969): 345-52, and Communication in Casework Counseling (New York: Family Service Association of America, 1968).
70. Edward J. Mullen, "Casework Communication," Social Casework 49 (November 1968): 546-51, "The Relation between Diagnosis and Treatment in Casework," Social Casework 50 (April 1969): 218-26, "Differences in Worker Style in Casework," Social Casework 50 (June 1969): 345-52, and Communication in Casework Counseling (New York: Family Service Association of America, 1968).
71. Scott Briar and Henry Miller, "The Scientific Method in Casework Practice," in Problems and Issues in Social Casework (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), pp. 79-88.
72. Joel Fischer, "Is Casework Effective? A Review," Social Work 18 (1973): 5-20, and The Effectiveness of Social Casework (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1976); Edward J. Mullen and James R. Dumpson, Evaluation of Social Intervention (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1972).
73. Joel Fischer, "Is Casework Effective? A Review," Social Work 18 (1973): 5-20, and The Effectiveness of Social Casework (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1976); Edward J. Mullen and James R. Dumpson, Evaluation of Social Intervention (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1972).
74. Joel Fischer, "Is Casework Effective? A Review," Social Work 18 (1973): 5-20, and The Effectiveness of Social Casework (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1976); Edward J. Mullen and James R. Dumpson, Evaluation of Social Intervention (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1972).
75. William J. Reid, "The Empirical Practice Movement," Social Service Review 68 (1994): 165-84.
76. William J. Reid and Laura Epstein, Task-Centered Casework (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972).
77. Ibid.
78. Carol H. Meyer, Social Work Practice: The Changing Landscape (New York: Free Press, 1976).
79. Carol H. Meyer, Assessment in Social Work Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
80. Mary Paul Janchill, "Systems Concepts in Casework Theory and Practice," Social Casework 50 (1969): 74-82.
81. Ann Hartman, "To Think about the Unthinkable," Social Casework 51 (1970): 467-74.
82. Ann Hartman, "The Generic Stance in Family Agencies," Social Casework 55 (1974): 199-208, and "Diagrammatic Assessment of Family Relationships," Families in Society 76 (1995): 111-22; Ann Hartman and Joan Laird, Family-Centered Social Work Practice (New York: Free Press, 1983).
83. Ann Hartman, "The Generic Stance in Family Agencies," Social Casework 55 (1974): 199-208, and "Diagrammatic Assessment of Family Relationships," Families in Society 76 (1995): 111-22; Ann Hartman and Joan Laird, Family-Centered Social Work Practice (New York: Free Press, 1983).
84. Ann Hartman, "The Generic Stance in Family Agencies," Social Casework 55 (1974): 199-208, and "Diagrammatic Assessment of Family Relationships," Families in Society 76 (1995): 111-22; Ann Hartman and Joan Laird, Family-Centered Social Work Practice (New York: Free Press, 1983).
85. Carel B. Germain, "An Ecological Perspective in Casework Practice," Social Casework 54 (1973): 323-30, "General-Systems Theory and Ego Psychology: An Ecological Perspective," Social Service Review 52 (1978): 535-50 , and The Ecological Perspective in Social Work Practice: People and Environments (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978).
86. Carel B. Germain, "An Ecological Perspective in Casework Practice," Social Casework 54 (1973): 323-30, "General-Systems Theory and Ego Psychology: An Ecological Perspective," Social Service Review 52 (1978): 535-50 , and The Ecological Perspective in Social Work Practice: People and Environments (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978).
87. Carel B. Germain, "An Ecological Perspective in Casework Practice," Social Casework 54 (1973): 323-30, "General-Systems Theory and Ego Psychology: An Ecological Perspective," Social Service Review 52 (1978): 535-50 , and The Ecological Perspective in Social Work Practice: People and Environments (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978).
88. Carel B. Germain and Alex Gitterman, The Life Model of Social Work Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), and 2d ed. of the same (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
89. Carol H. Meyer, ed., Clinical Social Work in the Eco-Systems Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Carol H. Meyer, "The Eco-Systems Perspective," in Paradigms of Clinical Social Work, ed. Rachel Dorfman (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1988), pp. 275-94, and "The Eco-Systems Perspective: Implications for Practice," in The foundations of Social Work Practice, ed. Carol H. Meyer and Mark Mataini (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Social Workers, 1995), pp. 16-27.
90. Carol H. Meyer, ed., Clinical Social Work in the Eco-Systems Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Carol H. Meyer, "The Eco-Systems Perspective," in Paradigms of Clinical Social Work, ed. Rachel Dorfman (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1988), pp. 275-94, and "The Eco-Systems Perspective: Implications for Practice," in The foundations of Social Work Practice, ed. Carol H. Meyer and Mark Mataini (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Social Workers, 1995), pp. 16-27.
91. Carol H. Meyer, ed., Clinical Social Work in the Eco-Systems Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Carol H. Meyer, "The Eco-Systems Perspective," in Paradigms of Clinical Social Work, ed. Rachel Dorfman (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1988), pp. 275-94, and "The Eco-Systems Perspective: Implications for Practice," in The foundations of Social Work Practice, ed. Carol H. Meyer and Mark Mataini (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Social Workers, 1995), pp. 16-27.
92. Meyer, Assessment in Social Work Practcice (n. 67 above).
93. Ibid., p. 103.
94. Eda G. Goldstein, Ego Psychology and Social Work Practice (New York: Free Press, 1984), and 2d ed. of the same (New York: Free Press, 1995).
95. Mark Mattaini, "Contextual Behavior Analysis in the Assessment Process," Families in Society 71 (1990): 236-45.
96. Meyer, Assessment in Social Work Practice (n. 67 above).
97. Devine (n. 12 above).