Can professional certification for teachers reshape teaching as a career?

Phi Delta Kappan

Volumn 82, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 393-399

  Moore Johnson, Susan ^a  

^a HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039700325     PISSN: 00317217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003172170108200510     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Dan C. Lortie, Schoolteacher: A Sociological Study (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), p. 85.
2. Sari Knopp Biklen, School Work: Gender and the Cultural Construction of Teaching (New York: Teachers College Press, 1995): Gerald Grant and Christine E. Murray, Teaching in America: The Slow Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999); and Nancy Hoffman, Woman's "True" Profession (Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1981).
3. Sari Knopp Biklen, School Work: Gender and the Cultural Construction of Teaching (New York: Teachers College Press, 1995): Gerald Grant and Christine E. Murray, Teaching in America: The Slow Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999); and Nancy Hoffman, Woman's "True" Profession (Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1981).
4. Sari Knopp Biklen, School Work: Gender and the Cultural Construction of Teaching (New York: Teachers College Press, 1995): Gerald Grant and Christine E. Murray, Teaching in America: The Slow Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999); and Nancy Hoffman, Woman's "True" Profession (Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1981).
5. Sharon Feiman-Nemser and Robert E. Floden, "The Cultures of Teaching," in Merlin C. Witrock, ed., Handbook of Research on Teaching, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1986), pp. 505-26; and Lortie, op. cit.
6. Sharon Feiman-Nemser and Robert E. Floden, "The Cultures of Teaching," in Merlin C. Witrock, ed., Handbook of Research on Teaching, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1986), pp. 505-26; and Lortie, op. cit.
7. Robert Evans, The Human Side of School Change: Reform, Resistance, and the Real-Life Problems of Innovation (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996); Sara Freedman, Jane Jackson, and Katherine C. Boles, "Teaching: An Imperiled 'Profession,'" in Lee Shulman and Gary Sykes, eds., Handbook of Teaching and Policy (New York: Longman, 1983), pp. 261-99; Susan Moore Johnson, Teachers at Work: Achieving Success in Our Schools (New York: Basic Books, 1990); and Judith Warren Little, "Teachers as Colleagues," in Virginia Koehler, ed., Educator's Handbook: A Research Perspective (New York: Longman, 1987), pp. 491-518.
8. Robert Evans, The Human Side of School Change: Reform, Resistance, and the Real-Life Problems of Innovation (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996); Sara Freedman, Jane Jackson, and Katherine C. Boles, "Teaching: An Imperiled 'Profession,'" in Lee Shulman and Gary Sykes, eds., Handbook of Teaching and Policy (New York: Longman, 1983), pp. 261-99; Susan Moore Johnson, Teachers at Work: Achieving Success in Our Schools (New York: Basic Books, 1990); and Judith Warren Little, "Teachers as Colleagues," in Virginia Koehler, ed., Educator's Handbook: A Research Perspective (New York: Longman, 1987), pp. 491-518.
9. Robert Evans, The Human Side of School Change: Reform, Resistance, and the Real-Life Problems of Innovation (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996); Sara Freedman, Jane Jackson, and Katherine C. Boles, "Teaching: An Imperiled 'Profession,'" in Lee Shulman and Gary Sykes, eds., Handbook of Teaching and Policy (New York: Longman, 1983), pp. 261-99; Susan Moore Johnson, Teachers at Work: Achieving Success in Our Schools (New York: Basic Books, 1990); and Judith Warren Little, "Teachers as Colleagues," in Virginia Koehler, ed., Educator's Handbook: A Research Perspective (New York: Longman, 1987), pp. 491-518.
10. Robert Evans, The Human Side of School Change: Reform, Resistance, and the Real-Life Problems of Innovation (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996); Sara Freedman, Jane Jackson, and Katherine C. Boles, "Teaching: An Imperiled 'Profession,'" in Lee Shulman and Gary Sykes, eds., Handbook of Teaching and Policy (New York: Longman, 1983), pp. 261-99; Susan Moore Johnson, Teachers at Work: Achieving Success in Our Schools (New York: Basic Books, 1990); and Judith Warren Little, "Teachers as Colleagues," in Virginia Koehler, ed., Educator's Handbook: A Research Perspective (New York: Longman, 1987), pp. 491-518.
11. Milbrey W. McLaughlin and Sylvia Mei-ling Yee, "School as a Place to Have a Career," in Ann Lieberman, ed., Building a Professional Culture in Schools (New York: Teachers College Press, 1988), pp. 23-44.
12. Metropolitan Life Survey of the American Teacher: New Teachers' Expectations and Ideals (New York: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1991); and Metropolitan Life Survey of the American Teacher: The Second Year (New York: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1992).
13. Metropolitan Life Survey of the American Teacher: New Teachers' Expectations and Ideals (New York: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1991); and Metropolitan Life Survey of the American Teacher: The Second Year (New York: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1992).
14. Lortie, p. 211.
15. Carnegie Task Force on Teaching as a Profession, A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century (New York: Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy, 1986).
16. Charles T. Kerchner and Julia E. Koppich, with William Ayers, A Union of Professionals: Labor Relations and Educational Reform ( New York: Teachers College Press, 1993); and Jerome M. Rosow and Robert Zager, eds., Allies in Educational Reform: How Teachers, Unions, and Administrators Can Join Forces for Better Schools (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989).
17. Charles T. Kerchner and Julia E. Koppich, with William Ayers, A Union of Professionals: Labor Relations and Educational Reform ( New York: Teachers College Press, 1993); and Jerome M. Rosow and Robert Zager, eds., Allies in Educational Reform: How Teachers, Unions, and Administrators Can Join Forces for Better Schools (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989).
18. Richard F. Elmore and Milbrey W. McLaughlin, Steady Work: Policy, Practice, and the Reform of American Education (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corp., 1988).
19. Lynn Olson, "Finding and Keeping Competent Teachers," Education Week, 13 January 2000, pp. 12-18.
20. Ibid.; and Learning the Ropes: Urban Teacher Induction Programs and Practices in the United States (Belmont, Mass.: Recruiting New Teachers, 1999).
21. Ibid.; and Learning the Ropes: Urban Teacher Induction Programs and Practices in the United States (Belmont, Mass.: Recruiting New Teachers, 1999).
22. Patrick M. Shields et al., The Status of the Teaching Profession: Research Findings and Policy Recommendations: A Report to the Teaching and California's Future Task Force (Santa Cruz, Calif.: Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning, 1999).
23. Paul T. Hill, Lawrence C. Pierce, and John W. Guthrie, Reinventing Public Education: How Contracting Can Transform America's Schools (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Marci Kanstoroom and Chester E. Finn, Jr., Better Teachers, Better Schools (Washington, D.C.: Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, 2000), and Joe Nathan, Charter Schools: Creating Hope and Opportunity for American Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), p. 206.
24. Paul T. Hill, Lawrence C. Pierce, and John W. Guthrie, Reinventing Public Education: How Contracting Can Transform America's Schools (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Marci Kanstoroom and Chester E. Finn, Jr., Better Teachers, Better Schools (Washington, D.C.: Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, 2000), and Joe Nathan, Charter Schools: Creating Hope and Opportunity for American Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), p. 206.
25. Paul T. Hill, Lawrence C. Pierce, and John W. Guthrie, Reinventing Public Education: How Contracting Can Transform America's Schools (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Marci Kanstoroom and Chester E. Finn, Jr., Better Teachers, Better Schools (Washington, D.C.: Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, 2000), and Joe Nathan, Charter Schools: Creating Hope and Opportunity for American Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), p. 206.
26. Iris C. Rotberg, Mary Hatwood Futrell, and Joyce M. Lieberman, "National Board Certification: Increasing Participation and Assessing Impacts," Phi Delta Kappan, February 1998, pp. 462-66.
27. Danielle Dunne Wilcox, The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards: Can It Live Up to Its Promise? (Washington, D.C.: Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, 1999).
28. David K. Cohen, Milbrey McLaughlin, and Joyce Talbert, Teaching for Understanding (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994); Deborah Meier, The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Theodore R. Sizer, Horace's School: Redesigning the American High School (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992); and Harold W. Stevenson and James W. Stigler, The Learning Gap: Why Our Schools Are Failing and What We Can Learn from Japanese and Chinese Education (New York: Summit Books, 1992).
29. David K. Cohen, Milbrey McLaughlin, and Joyce Talbert, Teaching for Understanding (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994); Deborah Meier, The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Theodore R. Sizer, Horace's School: Redesigning the American High School (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992); and Harold W. Stevenson and James W. Stigler, The Learning Gap: Why Our Schools Are Failing and What We Can Learn from Japanese and Chinese Education (New York: Summit Books, 1992).
30. David K. Cohen, Milbrey McLaughlin, and Joyce Talbert, Teaching for Understanding (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994); Deborah Meier, The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Theodore R. Sizer, Horace's School: Redesigning the American High School (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992); and Harold W. Stevenson and James W. Stigler, The Learning Gap: Why Our Schools Are Failing and What We Can Learn from Japanese and Chinese Education (New York: Summit Books, 1992).
31. David K. Cohen, Milbrey McLaughlin, and Joyce Talbert, Teaching for Understanding (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994); Deborah Meier, The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Theodore R. Sizer, Horace's School: Redesigning the American High School (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992); and Harold W. Stevenson and James W. Stigler, The Learning Gap: Why Our Schools Are Failing and What We Can Learn from Japanese and Chinese Education (New York: Summit Books, 1992).
32. Wilcox, p. 12.
33. What Matters Most: Teaching for America's Future (New York: National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, 1996), p. 29.
34. Drew H. Gitomer, Andrew S. Latham, and Robert Ziomek, The Academic Quality of Prospective Teachers: The Impact of Admissions and Licensure Testing (Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service, 1999), p. 8.
35. Lynn Olson, "Taking a Different Road to Teaching," Qualin Counts 2000: Who Should Teach?, Education Week, 13 January 2000, p. 35; Vicky S. Dill, "Alternative Teacher Certification," in John Sikula, ed., Handbook of Research on Teacher Education, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 932-60; and Jianping Shen, "Alternative Certification, Minority Teachers, and Urban Education," Education and Urban Society, vol. 31, 1998, pp. 30-41.
36. Lynn Olson, "Taking a Different Road to Teaching," Qualin Counts 2000: Who Should Teach?, Education Week, 13 January 2000, p. 35; Vicky S. Dill, "Alternative Teacher Certification," in John Sikula, ed., Handbook of Research on Teacher Education, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 932-60; and Jianping Shen, "Alternative Certification, Minority Teachers, and Urban Education," Education and Urban Society, vol. 31, 1998, pp. 30-41.
37. Lynn Olson, "Taking a Different Road to Teaching," Qualin Counts 2000: Who Should Teach?, Education Week, 13 January 2000, p. 35; Vicky S. Dill, "Alternative Teacher Certification," in John Sikula, ed., Handbook of Research on Teacher Education, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 932-60; and Jianping Shen, "Alternative Certification, Minority Teachers, and Urban Education," Education and Urban Society, vol. 31, 1998, pp. 30-41.
38. Dill, p. 935.
39. Carnegie Task Force on Teaching as a Profession, p. 3.
40. What Teachers Should Know and Be Able to Do (Southfield, Mich.: National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, 1994), p. 8.
41. Kerchner and Koppich, op. cit.; and Rosow and Zager, op. cit.
42. Kerchner and Koppich, op. cit.; and Rosow and Zager, op. cit.
43. Richard F. Elmore and Deanne Burney, "School Variation and Systemic Instructional Improvement in Community School District #2," unpublished paper, prepared for Consortium for Policy Research in Education, 1997.
44. Marsha Levine and Roberta Trachtman, eds., Making Professional Development Schools Work: Politics, Practice, and Policy (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997).
45. Jeffrey Archer, "Earning Their Stripes," Quality Counts 2000: Who Should Teach?, Education Week, 13 January 2000, pp. 38-43; and Learning the Ropes.
46. Jeffrey Archer, "Earning Their Stripes," Quality Counts 2000: Who Should Teach?, Education Week, 13 January 2000, pp. 38-43; and Learning the Ropes.
47. Ann W. Hart, "Work Feature Values of Today's and Tomorrow's Teachers: Work Redesign as an Incentive and School Improvement Policy," Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 16, 1994, pp. 458-73; Ann W. Hart and Michael J. Murphy, "New Teachers React to Redesigned Work," American Journal of Education, vol. 98, 1990, pp. 224-50; and Michael Huberman, Charles L. Thompson, and Steven Weiland, "Perspectives on the Teaching Career," in Bruce J. Biddle, ed., International Handbook of Teachers and Teaching (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 1997), pp. 11-78.
48. Ann W. Hart, "Work Feature Values of Today's and Tomorrow's Teachers: Work Redesign as an Incentive and School Improvement Policy," Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 16, 1994, pp. 458-73; Ann W. Hart and Michael J. Murphy, "New Teachers React to Redesigned Work," American Journal of Education, vol. 98, 1990, pp. 224-50; and Michael Huberman, Charles L. Thompson, and Steven Weiland, "Perspectives on the Teaching Career," in Bruce J. Biddle, ed., International Handbook of Teachers and Teaching (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 1997), pp. 11-78.
49. Ann W. Hart, "Work Feature Values of Today's and Tomorrow's Teachers: Work Redesign as an Incentive and School Improvement Policy," Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 16, 1994, pp. 458-73; Ann W. Hart and Michael J. Murphy, "New Teachers React to Redesigned Work," American Journal of Education, vol. 98, 1990, pp. 224-50; and Michael Huberman, Charles L. Thompson, and Steven Weiland, "Perspectives on the Teaching Career," in Bruce J. Biddle, ed., International Handbook of Teachers and Teaching (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 1997), pp. 11-78.
50. Carnegie Task Force on Teaching as a Profession, op. cit.; and Grant and Murray, p. 184.
51. Carnegie Task Force on Teaching as a Profession, op. cit.; and Grant and Murray, p. 184.
52. Learning the Ropes.
53. Andy Hargreaves and Ivor F. Goodson, "Teachers' Professional Lives: Aspirations and Actualities," in Ivor F. Goodson and Andy Hargreaves, eds., Teachers' Professional Lives (Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1996), pp. 1-27.
54. Dale Ballou and Michael Podgursky, "Teacher Recruitment and Retencion in Public and Private Schools Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 17, 1998, pp. 393-417; and Johnson, op. cit.
55. Dale Ballou and Michael Podgursky, "Teacher Recruitment and Retencion in Public and Private Schools Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 17, 1998, pp. 393-417; and Johnson, op. cit.
56. Johnson, p. 304.
57. Susan Moore Johnson, "Teaching's Next Generation," Commentary, Education Week, 7 June 2000, pp. 48, 33.
58. Richard L. Colvin, "Opposing Forces Tug on Teachers," Los Angeles Time, 8 December 1999.
59. Wilcox, op. cit.
60. Susan Moore Johnson, "Incentives for Teachers: What Motivates, What Matters," Educational Administration Quarterly, Summer 1986, pp. 54-79; Richard Murnane and David Cohen, "Merit Pay and the Evaluation Problem: Why Most Merit Pay Plans Fail and a Few Survive," Harvard Educational Review, vol. 56, 1986, pp. 1-17; and Allan Odden and Carolyn Kelley, Paying Teachers for What They Know and Do: New and Smarter Compensation Strategies (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin, 1997).
61. Susan Moore Johnson, "Incentives for Teachers: What Motivates, What Matters," Educational Administration Quarterly, Summer 1986, pp. 54-79; Richard Murnane and David Cohen, "Merit Pay and the Evaluation Problem: Why Most Merit Pay Plans Fail and a Few Survive," Harvard Educational Review, vol. 56, 1986, pp. 1-17; and Allan Odden and Carolyn Kelley, Paying Teachers for What They Know and Do: New and Smarter Compensation Strategies (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin, 1997).
62. Susan Moore Johnson, "Incentives for Teachers: What Motivates, What Matters," Educational Administration Quarterly, Summer 1986, pp. 54-79; Richard Murnane and David Cohen, "Merit Pay and the Evaluation Problem: Why Most Merit Pay Plans Fail and a Few Survive," Harvard Educational Review, vol. 56, 1986, pp. 1-17; and Allan Odden and Carolyn Kelley, Paying Teachers for What They Know and Do: New and Smarter Compensation Strategies (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin, 1997).
63. Odden and Kelly, op. cit.: and Putting Ideas into Practice: Performance Awards Programs (Madison: Consortium for Policy Research in Education, University of Wisconsin, 2000).
64. Odden and Kelly, op. cit.: and Putting Ideas into Practice: Performance Awards Programs (Madison: Consortium for Policy Research in Education, University of Wisconsin, 2000).
65. Evans, p. 93.
66. Linda Darling-Hammond,"Teacher Quality and Student Achievement: A Review of State Policy Evidence," Education Policy Analysis Archives, vol. 8, 2000, pp. 1-51; and Kati Haycock, "Good Teaching Matters: How Well-Qualified Teachers Can Close the Gap," Thinking K-16, Summer 1998, pp. 3-14.
67. Linda Darling-Hammond,"Teacher Quality and Student Achievement: A Review of State Policy Evidence," Education Policy Analysis Archives, vol. 8, 2000, pp. 1-51; and Kati Haycock, "Good Teaching Matters: How Well-Qualified Teachers Can Close the Gap," Thinking K-16, Summer 1998, pp. 3-14.
68. Olson, "Finding and Keeping Competent Teachers."
69. Evans, p. xii.
70. Patricia A. Wasley, Teachers Who Lead: The Rhetoric of Reform and the Realities of Practice (New York: Teachers College Press, 1991 ).