Late Ottoman rule over Palestine: Its evaluation in Arab, Turkish and Israeli histories, 1970-90

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 66-97

  Reinkowski, Maurus ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039700010     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209908701256     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. C.A.O. van Nieuwenhuijze.
2. Rifaat Abou-El-Haj, 'The Social Uses of the Past. Recent Arab Historiography of Ottoman Rule', International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 14 (1982), p. 188.
3. Maxime Rodinson, 'Développement et structure de l'arabisme', in M. Rodinson, Marxisme et monde musulman (Paris 1972), p.599.
4. For example, for frequent use: Hassan 'Ali Hallaq, Mawqif ad-dawla al-'uthmaniyya min al-haraka as-sahyuniyya, 1897-1909 (Beirut 1978), pp.228, 229 (2x), 231, 235, 240, 248, 255. There exist some subvariants: Khairieh Kasmieh, 'Najib Nassar fi jaridatihi al-Karmil (1909-1914), ahad ruwwad munahadat as-sahyuniyya', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.23 (1973) [=1973a], p.112: 'ar-ra'i al-mahalli' or pp.109, 110: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm al-'arabi fi l-kharij'= 'the public opinion outside of Palestine'; Suhayla ar-Rimawi, 'Ar-Ruwwad al-'arab wa-l-qadiyya al-filastiniyya', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.7, No. 11 (1980), p. 162: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm ash-sha'bi'. The term 'ar-ra'i al-'amm' is generally reserved for the Palestinian or Arab population. Only Khairieh Kasmieh refers several times to an 'Ottoman public opinion': Kh. Kasmieh, An-Nashat as-sahyuni fi sh-sharq al-'arabi wa-sadaduha 1908-1918 (Beirut, 1973) [=1973b], pp.120, 124, 130: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm al-'uthmani' or 'ar-ra'i al-'amm at-turki'.
5. For example, for frequent use: Hassan 'Ali Hallaq, Mawqif ad-dawla al-'uthmaniyya min al-haraka as-sahyuniyya, 1897-1909 (Beirut 1978), pp.228, 229 (2x), 231, 235, 240, 248, 255. There exist some subvariants: Khairieh Kasmieh, 'Najib Nassar fi jaridatihi al-Karmil (1909-1914), ahad ruwwad munahadat as-sahyuniyya', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.23 (1973) [=1973a], p.112: 'ar-ra'i al-mahalli' or pp.109, 110: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm al-'arabi fi l-kharij'= 'the public opinion outside of Palestine'; Suhayla ar-Rimawi, 'Ar-Ruwwad al-'arab wa-l-qadiyya al-filastiniyya', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.7, No. 11 (1980), p. 162: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm ash-sha'bi'. The term 'ar-ra'i al-'amm' is generally reserved for the Palestinian or Arab population. Only Khairieh Kasmieh refers several times to an 'Ottoman public opinion': Kh. Kasmieh, An-Nashat as-sahyuni fi sh-sharq al-'arabi wa-sadaduha 1908-1918 (Beirut, 1973) [=1973b], pp.120, 124, 130: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm al-'uthmani' or 'ar-ra'i al-'amm at-turki'.
6. For example, for frequent use: Hassan 'Ali Hallaq, Mawqif ad-dawla al-'uthmaniyya min al-haraka as-sahyuniyya, 1897-1909 (Beirut 1978), pp.228, 229 (2x), 231, 235, 240, 248, 255. There exist some subvariants: Khairieh Kasmieh, 'Najib Nassar fi jaridatihi al-Karmil (1909-1914), ahad ruwwad munahadat as-sahyuniyya', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.23 (1973) [=1973a], p.112: 'ar-ra'i al-mahalli' or pp.109, 110: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm al-'arabi fi l-kharij'= 'the public opinion outside of Palestine'; Suhayla ar-Rimawi, 'Ar-Ruwwad al-'arab wa-l-qadiyya al-filastiniyya', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.7, No. 11 (1980), p. 162: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm ash-sha'bi'. The term 'ar-ra'i al-'amm' is generally reserved for the Palestinian or Arab population. Only Khairieh Kasmieh refers several times to an 'Ottoman public opinion': Kh. Kasmieh, An-Nashat as-sahyuni fi sh-sharq al-'arabi wa-sadaduha 1908-1918 (Beirut, 1973) [=1973b], pp.120, 124, 130: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm al-'uthmani' or 'ar-ra'i al-'amm at-turki'.
7. For example, for frequent use: Hassan 'Ali Hallaq, Mawqif ad-dawla al-'uthmaniyya min al-haraka as-sahyuniyya, 1897-1909 (Beirut 1978), pp.228, 229 (2x), 231, 235, 240, 248, 255. There exist some subvariants: Khairieh Kasmieh, 'Najib Nassar fi jaridatihi al-Karmil (1909-1914), ahad ruwwad munahadat as-sahyuniyya', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.23 (1973) [=1973a], p.112: 'ar-ra'i al-mahalli' or pp.109, 110: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm al-'arabi fi l-kharij'= 'the public opinion outside of Palestine'; Suhayla ar-Rimawi, 'Ar-Ruwwad al-'arab wa-l-qadiyya al-filastiniyya', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.7, No. 11 (1980), p. 162: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm ash-sha'bi'. The term 'ar-ra'i al-'amm' is generally reserved for the Palestinian or Arab population. Only Khairieh Kasmieh refers several times to an 'Ottoman public opinion': Kh. Kasmieh, An-Nashat as-sahyuni fi sh-sharq al-'arabi wa-sadaduha 1908-1918 (Beirut, 1973) [=1973b], pp.120, 124, 130: 'ar-ra'i al-'amm al-'uthmani' or 'ar-ra'i al-'amm at-turki'.
8. As examples might be given: Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.3: 'Ar-ra'i al-'arabi yutabi'u tatawwur...', p.3: 'al-wa'i al-'arabi qad adraka'.
9. Kh. Kasmieh (1973a), p.119: The 'shabiba', who are the 'qiyadat ar-ra'i al-'amm' take upon themselves the resistance against the the Zionist danger; Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.87: 'wa-ma'a anna ar-ra'i al-'amm kana muttafiqan 'ala khuturat al-mas'ala as-sahyuniyya'; Naji 'Allush, Al-Haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya amama al-yahud wa-s-sahyuniyya, 1882-1948 (Beirut, 1974), pp.88ff: the Palestinian people (sha'b filastini) and the Arab consciousness (al-wa'i al-'arabi) are from the start the antagonists of the Zionist movement; H. Hallaq (1978), p.233: 'wa'i al-fallah al-filastini wa-yaqzatuhu li-l-khatr as-sahyuni'; Rafiq an-Natsha, Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani wa-Filastin. As-Sultan alladhi khasara 'arshahu min ajl Filastin (Cairo, 1990), p. 176: Arab protest against Zionist immigration in the year, 1900 'tadullu dalalatan qati'atan 'ala l-wa'i al-filastini al-mubakkir', similar p. 177.
10. Kh. Kasmieh (1973a), p.119: The 'shabiba', who are the 'qiyadat ar-ra'i al-'amm' take upon themselves the resistance against the the Zionist danger; Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.87: 'wa-ma'a anna ar-ra'i al-'amm kana muttafiqan 'ala khuturat al-mas'ala as-sahyuniyya'; Naji 'Allush, Al-Haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya amama al-yahud wa-s-sahyuniyya, 1882-1948 (Beirut, 1974), pp.88ff: the Palestinian people (sha'b filastini) and the Arab consciousness (al-wa'i al-'arabi) are from the start the antagonists of the Zionist movement; H. Hallaq (1978), p.233: 'wa'i al-fallah al-filastini wa-yaqzatuhu li-l-khatr as-sahyuni'; Rafiq an-Natsha, Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani wa-Filastin. As-Sultan alladhi khasara 'arshahu min ajl Filastin (Cairo, 1990), p. 176: Arab protest against Zionist immigration in the year, 1900 'tadullu dalalatan qati'atan 'ala l-wa'i al-filastini al-mubakkir', similar p. 177.
11. Kh. Kasmieh (1973a), p.119: The 'shabiba', who are the 'qiyadat ar-ra'i al-'amm' take upon themselves the resistance against the the Zionist danger; Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.87: 'wa-ma'a anna ar-ra'i al-'amm kana muttafiqan 'ala khuturat al-mas'ala as-sahyuniyya'; Naji 'Allush, Al-Haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya amama al-yahud wa-s-sahyuniyya, 1882-1948 (Beirut, 1974), pp.88ff: the Palestinian people (sha'b filastini) and the Arab consciousness (al-wa'i al-'arabi) are from the start the antagonists of the Zionist movement; H. Hallaq (1978), p.233: 'wa'i al-fallah al-filastini wa-yaqzatuhu li-l-khatr as-sahyuni'; Rafiq an-Natsha, Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani wa-Filastin. As-Sultan alladhi khasara 'arshahu min ajl Filastin (Cairo, 1990), p. 176: Arab protest against Zionist immigration in the year, 1900 'tadullu dalalatan qati'atan 'ala l-wa'i al-filastini al-mubakkir', similar p. 177.
12. Kh. Kasmieh (1973a), p.119: The 'shabiba', who are the 'qiyadat ar-ra'i al-'amm' take upon themselves the resistance against the the Zionist danger; Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.87: 'wa-ma'a anna ar-ra'i al-'amm kana muttafiqan 'ala khuturat al-mas'ala as-sahyuniyya'; Naji 'Allush, Al-Haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya amama al-yahud wa-s-sahyuniyya, 1882-1948 (Beirut, 1974), pp.88ff: the Palestinian people (sha'b filastini) and the Arab consciousness (al-wa'i al-'arabi) are from the start the antagonists of the Zionist movement; H. Hallaq (1978), p.233: 'wa'i al-fallah al-filastini wa-yaqzatuhu li-l-khatr as-sahyuni'; Rafiq an-Natsha, Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani wa-Filastin. As-Sultan alladhi khasara 'arshahu min ajl Filastin (Cairo, 1990), p. 176: Arab protest against Zionist immigration in the year, 1900 'tadullu dalalatan qati'atan 'ala l-wa'i al-filastini al-mubakkir', similar p. 177.
13. Kh. Kasmieh (1973a), p.119: The 'shabiba', who are the 'qiyadat ar-ra'i al-'amm' take upon themselves the resistance against the the Zionist danger; Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.87: 'wa-ma'a anna ar-ra'i al-'amm kana muttafiqan 'ala khuturat al-mas'ala as-sahyuniyya'; Naji 'Allush, Al-Haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya amama al-yahud wa-s-sahyuniyya, 1882-1948 (Beirut, 1974), pp.88ff: the Palestinian people (sha'b filastini) and the Arab consciousness (al-wa'i al-'arabi) are from the start the antagonists of the Zionist movement; H. Hallaq (1978), p.233: 'wa'i al-fallah al-filastini wa-yaqzatuhu li-l-khatr as-sahyuni'; Rafiq an-Natsha, Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani wa-Filastin. As-Sultan alladhi khasara 'arshahu min ajl Filastin (Cairo, 1990), p. 176: Arab protest against Zionist immigration in the year, 1900 'tadullu dalalatan qati'atan 'ala l-wa'i al-filastini al-mubakkir', similar p. 177.
14. Examples given: Kh. Kasmieh, An-Nashat as-sahyuni (1973b), p.68: they are the 'tanbih ar-ra'i al-'amm'; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), p. 162: 'hamlat at-taw'iya bi-l-khatr as-sahyuni' by the press; Rashid Khalidi, 'The Role of the Press in the Early Arab Reaction to Zionism', Peuples Méditerranées, Vol.20 (1982), p. 106: 'The press played a major role in this development of the Arab attitude to Zionism...'; Muhammad 'Abdalqadir, Nakbat al-umma al-'arabiyya bi-suqut al-khilafa al-'uthmaniyya: dirasa li-l-qadiyya al-'arabiyya fi khamsin 'aman, 1875 1915 (Cairo, 1985), p.47: 'as-sahafa la'abat dawran hamman fi iqaz ash-shu'ur al-watani'.
15. Examples given: Kh. Kasmieh, An-Nashat as-sahyuni (1973b), p.68: they are the 'tanbih ar-ra'i al-'amm'; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), p. 162: 'hamlat at-taw'iya bi-l-khatr as-sahyuni' by the press; Rashid Khalidi, 'The Role of the Press in the Early Arab Reaction to Zionism', Peuples Méditerranées, Vol.20 (1982), p. 106: 'The press played a major role in this development of the Arab attitude to Zionism...'; Muhammad 'Abdalqadir, Nakbat al-umma al-'arabiyya bi-suqut al-khilafa al-'uthmaniyya: dirasa li-l-qadiyya al-'arabiyya fi khamsin 'aman, 1875 1915 (Cairo, 1985), p.47: 'as-sahafa la'abat dawran hamman fi iqaz ash-shu'ur al-watani'.
16. Examples given: Kh. Kasmieh, An-Nashat as-sahyuni (1973b), p.68: they are the 'tanbih ar-ra'i al-'amm'; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), p. 162: 'hamlat at-taw'iya bi-l-khatr as-sahyuni' by the press; Rashid Khalidi, 'The Role of the Press in the Early Arab Reaction to Zionism', Peuples Méditerranées, Vol.20 (1982), p. 106: 'The press played a major role in this development of the Arab attitude to Zionism...'; Muhammad 'Abdalqadir, Nakbat al-umma al-'arabiyya bi-suqut al-khilafa al-'uthmaniyya: dirasa li-l-qadiyya al-'arabiyya fi khamsin 'aman, 1875 1915 (Cairo, 1985), p.47: 'as-sahafa la'abat dawran hamman fi iqaz ash-shu'ur al-watani'.
17. Examples given: Kh. Kasmieh, An-Nashat as-sahyuni (1973b), p.68: they are the 'tanbih ar-ra'i al-'amm'; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), p. 162: 'hamlat at-taw'iya bi-l-khatr as-sahyuni' by the press; Rashid Khalidi, 'The Role of the Press in the Early Arab Reaction to Zionism', Peuples Méditerranées, Vol.20 (1982), p. 106: 'The press played a major role in this development of the Arab attitude to Zionism...'; Muhammad 'Abdalqadir, Nakbat al-umma al-'arabiyya bi-suqut al-khilafa al-'uthmaniyya: dirasa li-l-qadiyya al-'arabiyya fi khamsin 'aman, 1875 1915 (Cairo, 1985), p.47: 'as-sahafa la'abat dawran hamman fi iqaz ash-shu'ur al-watani'.
18. S. Seikaly, 'Unequal fortunes: The Arabs of Palestine and the Jews during World War I', in W. al-Qadi (ed.), Studio Arabica et Islamica (Beirut, 1981 ), p.402; Kh. Kasmieh, 'Al-Muqawama al-'arabiyya li-s-sahyuniyya awakhir al-'ahd al-'uthmani, 1908-1917: al-ittijahat ar-ra'isiyya'. Revue d'Histoire Maghrébine, Vol.29-30 (1983), p.387, footnote 68, equates 'ar-ra'i al-'amm' with the journal al-Karmil.
19. S. Seikaly, 'Unequal fortunes: The Arabs of Palestine and the Jews during World War I', in W. al-Qadi (ed.), Studio Arabica et Islamica (Beirut, 1981 ), p.402; Kh. Kasmieh, 'Al-Muqawama al-'arabiyya li-s-sahyuniyya awakhir al-'ahd al-'uthmani, 1908-1917: al-ittijahat ar-ra'isiyya'. Revue d'Histoire Maghrébine, Vol.29-30 (1983), p.387, footnote 68, equates 'ar-ra'i al-'amm' with the journal al-Karmil.
20. R. Khalidi (1982), p. 109.
21. Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), particularly pp.69-80, 99ff, 114f, 136-46, 154-75, 175-90.
22. Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), pp.67, 87.
23. Example given: H. Hallaq (1978), p.323: The Arab newspapers of that time confirm that the reproaches of a collaboration between Jews, Zionists, Freemasons and Young Turks are true.
24. Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.4 and H. Hallaq (1978), p. 12, value the monograph of Neville Mandel, The Arabs and Zionism before World War I (Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1977), as fundamentally subjective and partial, because the author used the Zionist archives in Jerusalem.
25. Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.4 and H. Hallaq (1978), p. 12, value the monograph of Neville Mandel, The Arabs and Zionism before World War I (Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1977), as fundamentally subjective and partial, because the author used the Zionist archives in Jerusalem.
26. N. 'Allush (1974), passim: 'matami' sahyuniyya'; N. 'Allush, Al-Haraka al-qawmiyya al-'arabiyya. Nushu'uha, tatawwuruha, ittijahatuha (Beirut, 1975), p. 16: 'ghazawat al-isti'mar al-gharbi' at the beginning of the nineteenth century; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), p. 160: 'al-matami' as-sahyuniyya', p.161: 'mukhattatatuhum as-sahyuniyya'.
27. N. 'Allush (1974), passim: 'matami' sahyuniyya'; N. 'Allush, Al-Haraka al-qawmiyya al-'arabiyya. Nushu'uha, tatawwuruha, ittijahatuha (Beirut, 1975), p. 16: 'ghazawat al-isti'mar al-gharbi' at the beginning of the nineteenth century; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), p. 160: 'al-matami' as-sahyuniyya', p.161: 'mukhattatatuhum as-sahyuniyya'.
28. N. 'Allush (1974), passim: 'matami' sahyuniyya'; N. 'Allush, Al-Haraka al-qawmiyya al-'arabiyya. Nushu'uha, tatawwuruha, ittijahatuha (Beirut, 1975), p. 16: 'ghazawat al-isti'mar al-gharbi' at the beginning of the nineteenth century; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), p. 160: 'al-matami' as-sahyuniyya', p.161: 'mukhattatatuhum as-sahyuniyya'.
29. Tawfiq 'Ali Barru, Al-Qadiyya al-'arabiyya fi l-harb al-'alamiyya al-ula, 1914-1918 (Damascus, 1989 [1965]), p.316, makes the Jews responsible for the persecutions because of their unwillingness to integrate and their retreat into the ghettos; one finds an attenuated version of this argument in 'Abdal'aziz Muhammad 'Awad, 'Hijrat al-Yahud ila Filastin wa-mawqif ad-dawla al-'uthmaniyya minha', Majallat al-kulliyyat al-adab, Vol.3, No.3 (Riyadh, 1973/74), p. 156, where he enumerates five reasons for the failed integration of the Jews, only two of which are not of their own doing.
30. Tawfiq 'Ali Barru, Al-Qadiyya al-'arabiyya fi l-harb al-'alamiyya al-ula, 1914-1918 (Damascus, 1989 [1965]), p.316, makes the Jews responsible for the persecutions because of their unwillingness to integrate and their retreat into the ghettos; one finds an attenuated version of this argument in 'Abdal'aziz Muhammad 'Awad, 'Hijrat al-Yahud ila Filastin wa-mawqif ad-dawla al-'uthmaniyya minha', Majallat al-kulliyyat al-adab, Vol.3, No.3 (Riyadh, 1973/74), p. 156, where he enumerates five reasons for the failed integration of the Jews, only two of which are not of their own doing.
31. Ulrich Haarmann, 'Ideology and History, Identity and Alterity. The Arab Image of the Turk from the 'Abbasids to modern Egypt', International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.20, No.2 (1988), p. 187.
32. N.'Allush (1974), pp.77, 109; Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), passim.
33. N.'Allush (1974), pp.77, 109; Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), passim.
34. Albert Hourani, The Ottoman Background of the Modern Middle East (London, 1974), p.2; likewise Muhammed Yousef Muslih, The Origins oj Palestinian Nationalism (New York, 1988), p.44.
35. Albert Hourani, The Ottoman Background of the Modern Middle East (London, 1974), p.2; likewise Muhammed Yousef Muslih, The Origins oj Palestinian Nationalism (New York, 1988), p.44.
36. Ulrike Freitag, Geschichtsschreibung in Syrien, 1920-1990. Zwischen Wissenschaft und Ideologie (Hamburg, 1991 ), pp.230f.
37. Abdeljelil Temimi, 'Arabes et Turcs dans le cadre de l'Empire ottoman'. Revue d'Histoire Maghrébine, Vol.17-18 (1980), pp.76, 92.
38. See for example H. Hallaq (1978), pp.59, 125, 136,274,340; R. an-Natsha, Al-Isti'mar wa-Filastin: Isra'il wa-mashru' isti'mari (Amman, 1984), pp.3ff.
39. See for example H. Hallaq (1978), pp.59, 125, 136,274,340; R. an-Natsha, Al-Isti'mar wa-Filastin: Isra'il wa-mashru' isti'mari (Amman, 1984), pp.3ff.
40. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.35, 46ff, 87; 'Abdal'aziz Muhammad ash-Shinnawi, Ad-Dawla al-'uthmaniyya dawla islamiyya muflara 'alayha (Cairo, 1980-83), p. 1481 ; R. an-Natsha, Al-Islam wa-Filastin. Muhadara (Beirut, 1981 ), pp.53ff; R. an-Natsha (1984), pp.3, 55.
41. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.35, 46ff, 87; 'Abdal'aziz Muhammad ash-Shinnawi, Ad-Dawla al-'uthmaniyya dawla islamiyya muflara 'alayha (Cairo, 1980-83), p. 1481 ; R. an-Natsha, Al-Islam wa-Filastin. Muhadara (Beirut, 1981 ), pp.53ff; R. an-Natsha (1984), pp.3, 55.
42. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.35, 46ff, 87; 'Abdal'aziz Muhammad ash-Shinnawi, Ad-Dawla al-'uthmaniyya dawla islamiyya muflara 'alayha (Cairo, 1980-83), p. 1481 ; R. an-Natsha, Al-Islam wa-Filastin. Muhadara (Beirut, 1981 ), pp.53ff; R. an-Natsha (1984), pp.3, 55.
43. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.27f, 33f,44, 46, 85, 106, 239, 286; Urban Muhammad 'Ali, As-Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani. Hay atuhu wa-ahdath 'ahdihi (Ar-Ramadi, Iraq, 1987), pp.247f; but see the objective argumentation by 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), p.974.
44. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.27f, 33f,44, 46, 85, 106, 239, 286; Urban Muhammad 'Ali, As-Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani. Hay atuhu wa-ahdath 'ahdihi (Ar-Ramadi, Iraq, 1987), pp.247f; but see the objective argumentation by 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), p.974.
45. For example R. an-Natsha (1990), pp.93, 102.
46. M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p. 171.
47. R. an-Natsha (1981), p.61.
48. For example: H. Hallaq (1978), pp.121, 142, 145, 179, 216, 232, 267; M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), pp.15, 38, 205, 210, 212; Muhammad Harb, As-Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani: akhir as-salatin al-'uthmaniyyin al-kibar. 1842-1918 (Damascus, 1990), pp. 113-62 passim.
49. For example: H. Hallaq (1978), pp.121, 142, 145, 179, 216, 232, 267; M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), pp.15, 38, 205, 210, 212; Muhammad Harb, As-Sultan 'Abdalhamid ath-thani: akhir as-salatin al-'uthmaniyyin al-kibar. 1842-1918 (Damascus, 1990), pp. 113-62 passim.
50. For example: Ahmad Sidqi ad-Dajjani, 'Hartzil wa-'Abdalhamid', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.2, No.1 (1975), pp.80, 87,91; H. Hallaq (1978), p.61: 'mu'amara duwaliyya', pp.255 and 263-346 passim: 'mu'amarat sahyuniyya'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.985, 992, 996; M. Harb (1990), pp.60, 77, 235, 279. Extremely often in R. an-Natsha (1990), 'mu'amarat': pp. 14, 33,46, 51,53,60, 182; 'ta'amur': pp.14, 33, 56, 91, 170, 181, 185; 'ta'amaru': p.24; 'muta'amiruna': p.60; 'dasa'is': pp.53, 56; 'makida, maka'id': pp.56, 58.
51. For example: Ahmad Sidqi ad-Dajjani, 'Hartzil wa-'Abdalhamid', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.2, No.1 (1975), pp.80, 87,91; H. Hallaq (1978), p.61: 'mu'amara duwaliyya', pp.255 and 263-346 passim: 'mu'amarat sahyuniyya'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.985, 992, 996; M. Harb (1990), pp.60, 77, 235, 279. Extremely often in R. an-Natsha (1990), 'mu'amarat': pp. 14, 33,46, 51,53,60, 182; 'ta'amur': pp.14, 33, 56, 91, 170, 181, 185; 'ta'amaru': p.24; 'muta'amiruna': p.60; 'dasa'is': pp.53, 56; 'makida, maka'id': pp.56, 58.
52. For example: Ahmad Sidqi ad-Dajjani, 'Hartzil wa-'Abdalhamid', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.2, No.1 (1975), pp.80, 87,91; H. Hallaq (1978), p.61: 'mu'amara duwaliyya', pp.255 and 263-346 passim: 'mu'amarat sahyuniyya'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.985, 992, 996; M. Harb (1990), pp.60, 77, 235, 279. Extremely often in R. an-Natsha (1990), 'mu'amarat': pp. 14, 33,46, 51,53,60, 182; 'ta'amur': pp.14, 33, 56, 91, 170, 181, 185; 'ta'amaru': p.24; 'muta'amiruna': p.60; 'dasa'is': pp.53, 56; 'makida, maka'id': pp.56, 58.
53. For example: Ahmad Sidqi ad-Dajjani, 'Hartzil wa-'Abdalhamid', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.2, No.1 (1975), pp.80, 87,91; H. Hallaq (1978), p.61: 'mu'amara duwaliyya', pp.255 and 263-346 passim: 'mu'amarat sahyuniyya'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.985, 992, 996; M. Harb (1990), pp.60, 77, 235, 279. Extremely often in R. an-Natsha (1990), 'mu'amarat': pp. 14, 33,46, 51,53,60, 182; 'ta'amur': pp.14, 33, 56, 91, 170, 181, 185; 'ta'amaru': p.24; 'muta'amiruna': p.60; 'dasa'is': pp.53, 56; 'makida, maka'id': pp.56, 58.
54. For example: Ahmad Sidqi ad-Dajjani, 'Hartzil wa-'Abdalhamid', Qadaya 'arabiyya, Vol.2, No.1 (1975), pp.80, 87,91; H. Hallaq (1978), p.61: 'mu'amara duwaliyya', pp.255 and 263-346 passim: 'mu'amarat sahyuniyya'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.985, 992, 996; M. Harb (1990), pp.60, 77, 235, 279. Extremely often in R. an-Natsha (1990), 'mu'amarat': pp. 14, 33,46, 51,53,60, 182; 'ta'amur': pp.14, 33, 56, 91, 170, 181, 185; 'ta'amaru': p.24; 'muta'amiruna': p.60; 'dasa'is': pp.53, 56; 'makida, maka'id': pp.56, 58.
55. H. Hallaq (1978), p.268: 'al-wa'i al-islami'; M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.48: 'al-wa'i al-'arabi al-islami'.
56. M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.39: 'fa-kanat al-yaqza al-qawmiyya hiya al-istijaba li-tilka at-tahaddiyat'.
57. M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.28 and further below: Arab nationalism is "ala mustawa arfa" wa-'umq hadari ab'ad' than European nationalisms.
58. This is the title of a chapter in 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), p.25; compare also M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.62: The Arab population saw the Ottomans not as 'conquerors and aggressors, but as brothers in belief and as protectors of the dar al-islam', similar pp.38, 169.
59. 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.26, 953, 961.
60. Ibid., pp.184, 690, 862.
61. M. Harb (1990), p. 13.
62. M. Harb, Al-'Uthmaniyyun: fi t-tarikh wa-l-hadara (Damascus, 1989), p.31; and see p. 169: Also the Maghreb waits for the Ottoman Empire as protector against the crusading West.
63. M. Harb (1990), p.242.
64. H. Hallaq (1978), p.38. Compare also terms like 'al 'uthman' (pp.11, 68), 'dawlat al-khilafa al-islamiyya' (p.63).
65. Example given: N. 'Allush (1974), pp.77-80; Kh. Kasmieh (1973b), p.65.
66. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.70, 72, 73, 90, 92, 118, 251, 275, 292 with terms like 'al-idara al-fasida', 'an-nizam al-'uthmani al-fasid', 'az-zulm wa-l-fasad 'an al-'arab' and 'ijra' at ta'assufiyya'; U. 'Ali (1987), p.260.
67. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.70, 72, 73, 90, 92, 118, 251, 275, 292 with terms like 'al-idara al-fasida', 'an-nizam al-'uthmani al-fasid', 'az-zulm wa-l-fasad 'an al-'arab' and 'ijra' at ta'assufiyya'; U. 'Ali (1987), p.260.
68. For example H. Hallaq (1978), pp.46, 90, 98, 113, 143, 147, 179, 305; p.208: Resid Bey, mutasarrif of Jerusalem (1904-1906), 'alladhi khada' li-shahwat al-mal as-sahyuni'.
69. A. ad-Dajjani (1975), pp.79-88: passim; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), p.1023: Abdülhamid is "adil muslim 'uthmani'; M. Harb (1990), pp.32f: Abdülhamid is the paragon of a good Muslim and treats his political foes with mercy; and p.70: The Ottoman people calls Abdulhamid 'al-ab al-haqiqi li-l-umma'.
70. A. ad-Dajjani (1975), pp.79-88: passim; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), p.1023: Abdülhamid is "adil muslim 'uthmani'; M. Harb (1990), pp.32f: Abdülhamid is the paragon of a good Muslim and treats his political foes with mercy; and p.70: The Ottoman people calls Abdulhamid 'al-ab al-haqiqi li-l-umma'.
71. Two examples may suffice: M. Harb (1990), p. 130; R. an-Natsha (1981), p.56.
72. R. an-Natsha (1990), p.165; M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.67; U. 'Ali (1987), p.11.
73. M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.63: Abdülhamid reigns with yad hazima; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.5ff; M. Harb (1990), pp.44, 46: compares Abdülhamid's hukm fardi to the hukm diktaturi of the Young Turks.
74. M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.63: Abdülhamid reigns with yad hazima; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.5ff; M. Harb (1990), pp.44, 46: compares Abdülhamid's hukm fardi to the hukm diktaturi of the Young Turks.
75. M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.63: Abdülhamid reigns with yad hazima; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.5ff; M. Harb (1990), pp.44, 46: compares Abdülhamid's hukm fardi to the hukm diktaturi of the Young Turks.
76. H. Hallaq (1978), p.227; R. an-Natsha (1990), p.46.
77. 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), pp.985-1000 regards Abdülhamid's intransigent attitude towards Herzl's designs as one of the achievements (khadamat) of Ottoman rule.
78. Theodor Herzl, Briefe und Tagebücher. Zionistisches Tagebuch (Berlin, 1983), Vol.2, pp.367f.
79. H. Hallaq (1978), p.116.
80. Sa'id al-Afghani, 'Sabab khal' as-sultan 'Abdalhamid', Majallat al-'arabi, Vol.169 (1972), seems to be one of the first authors who took up the old topos; R. an-Natsha (1990), p. 183; U. 'Ali (1987), p.289 and H. Hallaq (1978), pp.359-62 have recourse to al-Afghani.
81. Sa'id al-Afghani, 'Sabab khal' as-sultan 'Abdalhamid', Majallat al-'arabi, Vol.169 (1972), seems to be one of the first authors who took up the old topos; R. an-Natsha (1990), p. 183; U. 'Ali (1987), p.289 and H. Hallaq (1978), pp.359-62 have recourse to al-Afghani.
82. Sa'id al-Afghani, 'Sabab khal' as-sultan 'Abdalhamid', Majallat al-'arabi, Vol.169 (1972), seems to be one of the first authors who took up the old topos; R. an-Natsha (1990), p. 183; U. 'Ali (1987), p.289 and H. Hallaq (1978), pp.359-62 have recourse to al-Afghani.
83. Zeine Nouraddin Zeine, Arab-Turkish Relations and the Emergence of Arab Nationalism (Westport, Conn., 1981 [1958]), p.70; T. Barru (1989), pp.319ff, 327; Muhammad 'Abdarra'uf Salim, Tarikh al-haraka as-sahyuniyya al-haditha, 1897-1918: Qism l: tatawwur al-haraka as-sahyuniyya al-haditha hatta tasrih Balfur (Cairo, 1974), p. 185; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), pp.162, 165, 167.
84. Zeine Nouraddin Zeine, Arab-Turkish Relations and the Emergence of Arab Nationalism (Westport, Conn., 1981 [1958]), p.70; T. Barru (1989), pp.319ff, 327; Muhammad 'Abdarra'uf Salim, Tarikh al-haraka as-sahyuniyya al-haditha, 1897-1918: Qism l: tatawwur al-haraka as-sahyuniyya al-haditha hatta tasrih Balfur (Cairo, 1974), p. 185; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), pp.162, 165, 167.
85. Zeine Nouraddin Zeine, Arab-Turkish Relations and the Emergence of Arab Nationalism (Westport, Conn., 1981 [1958]), p.70; T. Barru (1989), pp.319ff, 327; Muhammad 'Abdarra'uf Salim, Tarikh al-haraka as-sahyuniyya al-haditha, 1897-1918: Qism l: tatawwur al-haraka as-sahyuniyya al-haditha hatta tasrih Balfur (Cairo, 1974), p. 185; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), pp.162, 165, 167.
86. Zeine Nouraddin Zeine, Arab-Turkish Relations and the Emergence of Arab Nationalism (Westport, Conn., 1981 [1958]), p.70; T. Barru (1989), pp.319ff, 327; Muhammad 'Abdarra'uf Salim, Tarikh al-haraka as-sahyuniyya al-haditha, 1897-1918: Qism l: tatawwur al-haraka as-sahyuniyya al-haditha hatta tasrih Balfur (Cairo, 1974), p. 185; S. ar-Rimawi (1980), pp.162, 165, 167.
87. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.309f, 312, 316f, 319, 324, 329, 330; R. an-Natsha (1990), pp.)22ff, M. 'Abdalqadir (1985), p.93; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980), p. 1002; U. 'Ali (1987), pp.293-312 reproduces the complete text, already translated by Tawfiq Husayn in Afaq 'arabiyya, Vol.5, No.9. (1987).
88. H. Hallaq (1978), pp.145, 146, 158, 159, 163, 164, 169, 170, 182. The whole of the third chapter (pp. 121-201 ) above the period 1897-1904 is divided according to the periodizalion in Herzl's diary. Also in the fourth chapter (pp.203-62), that deals with the period after Herzl's death, the Zionist movement functions as the prime actor.
89. Islamicizing-revisionist authors frequently refer to such works in English as Leonard Stein, The Balfour Declaration, 1961; Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (3rd ed., 1949); Bernard Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 1961; Isaiah Friedman, The Question of Palestine 1973). Rarely N. Mandel's Arabs and Zionism (1977) is used, not at all the works of Alexander Scholch.
90. Islamicizing-revisionist authors frequently refer to such works in English as Leonard Stein, The Balfour Declaration, 1961; Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (3rd ed., 1949); Bernard Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 1961; Isaiah Friedman, The Question of Palestine 1973). Rarely N. Mandel's Arabs and Zionism (1977) is used, not at all the works of Alexander Scholch.
91. Islamicizing-revisionist authors frequently refer to such works in English as Leonard Stein, The Balfour Declaration, 1961; Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (3rd ed., 1949); Bernard Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 1961; Isaiah Friedman, The Question of Palestine 1973). Rarely N. Mandel's Arabs and Zionism (1977) is used, not at all the works of Alexander Scholch.
92. Islamicizing-revisionist authors frequently refer to such works in English as Leonard Stein, The Balfour Declaration, 1961; Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (3rd ed., 1949); Bernard Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 1961; Isaiah Friedman, The Question of Palestine 1973). Rarely N. Mandel's Arabs and Zionism (1977) is used, not at all the works of Alexander Scholch.
93. Atay, Zeytindaǧi, p.41.
94. Another autobiography, about the years, 1916 and, 1917 at the Sinai- and Palestinian front, was written by a former colonel of the Ottoman cavalry, Şerif Güralp. Despite the title Benî İsrǎil Filistin'e Nasil Döndü (How the Israelites returned to Palestine) (1957) he gives only cursory mention to the Jews in Palestine (pp.90-7).
95. Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Türk İnkilâbi Tarihi, Vol.1, No. 1 (1940), pp.119f.
96. The ninth volume has appeared posthumously in 1996.
97. Türkkaya Ataöv, 'Filistin sorununun ardindaki gerçek: İsrail'in kuruluşuna kadar', Ankara Üniversitési Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol.25, No.3 (Ankara, 1970), pp.29-66; Türkkaya Ataöv, 'The Palestine Question and Turkey', Türk-Arap İlişkileri = Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations, Vol.1 (Ankara, 1986), pp.203-20; İrfan C. Acar, Lübnan bunalimi ve Filistin sorunu (Ankara, 1989); M. Lutfullah Karaman, Uluslararasi ilişkiler çikmazinda Filistin sorunu (Istanbul, 1991); Said Şamil, Yahudi dâvâsi ve Filistin (Istanbul, 1991).
98. Türkkaya Ataöv, 'Filistin sorununun ardindaki gerçek: İsrail'in kuruluşuna kadar', Ankara Üniversitési Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol.25, No.3 (Ankara, 1970), pp.29-66; Türkkaya Ataöv, 'The Palestine Question and Turkey', Türk-Arap İlişkileri = Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations, Vol.1 (Ankara, 1986), pp.203-20; İrfan C. Acar, Lübnan bunalimi ve Filistin sorunu (Ankara, 1989); M. Lutfullah Karaman, Uluslararasi ilişkiler çikmazinda Filistin sorunu (Istanbul, 1991); Said Şamil, Yahudi dâvâsi ve Filistin (Istanbul, 1991).
99. Türkkaya Ataöv, 'Filistin sorununun ardindaki gerçek: İsrail'in kuruluşuna kadar', Ankara Üniversitési Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol.25, No.3 (Ankara, 1970), pp.29-66; Türkkaya Ataöv, 'The Palestine Question and Turkey', Türk-Arap İlişkileri = Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations, Vol.1 (Ankara, 1986), pp.203-20; İrfan C. Acar, Lübnan bunalimi ve Filistin sorunu (Ankara, 1989); M. Lutfullah Karaman, Uluslararasi ilişkiler çikmazinda Filistin sorunu (Istanbul, 1991); Said Şamil, Yahudi dâvâsi ve Filistin (Istanbul, 1991).
100. Türkkaya Ataöv, 'Filistin sorununun ardindaki gerçek: İsrail'in kuruluşuna kadar', Ankara Üniversitési Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol.25, No.3 (Ankara, 1970), pp.29-66; Türkkaya Ataöv, 'The Palestine Question and Turkey', Türk-Arap İlişkileri = Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations, Vol.1 (Ankara, 1986), pp.203-20; İrfan C. Acar, Lübnan bunalimi ve Filistin sorunu (Ankara, 1989); M. Lutfullah Karaman, Uluslararasi ilişkiler çikmazinda Filistin sorunu (Istanbul, 1991); Said Şamil, Yahudi dâvâsi ve Filistin (Istanbul, 1991).
101. Türkkaya Ataöv, 'Filistin sorununun ardindaki gerçek: İsrail'in kuruluşuna kadar', Ankara Üniversitési Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol.25, No.3 (Ankara, 1970), pp.29-66; Türkkaya Ataöv, 'The Palestine Question and Turkey', Türk-Arap İlişkileri = Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations, Vol.1 (Ankara, 1986), pp.203-20; İrfan C. Acar, Lübnan bunalimi ve Filistin sorunu (Ankara, 1989); M. Lutfullah Karaman, Uluslararasi ilişkiler çikmazinda Filistin sorunu (Istanbul, 1991); Said Şamil, Yahudi dâvâsi ve Filistin (Istanbul, 1991).
102. Halil Berktay, 'Der Aufstieg und die gegenwärtige Krise der nationalistischen Geschichts-schreibung in der Türkei', Periplus. Jahrbuch für außereuropäische Geschichte, Vol.1 (1991), p.103.
103. Mim Kemal Öke, Ermeni Meselesi, 1914-1923 (Istanbul, 1986), p.v.
104. For example, Kemal Karpat, 'Remarks on MESA and Nation and Nationality in the Middle East', Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Vol.20 (1986), p.9: 'The Ottoman state was probably the most perfect Islamic state ever to come into existence'; Bilal Eryilmaz, Osmanli Devletinde Gayrimüslim Teb'anin Yönetimi (Istanbul, 1990), p.12; 'This state disposed of a social structure that can be almost called "federation of nations"'; Gülnihal Bozkurt, Alman-İngiliz Belgelerinin ve Siyasî Gelişmelerin Işigi altinda Gayrimüslim Osmanli Vatandaşlarinin Hukukî Durumu (Ankara, 1989), p.ix.
105. For example, Kemal Karpat, 'Remarks on MESA and Nation and Nationality in the Middle East', Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Vol.20 (1986), p.9: 'The Ottoman state was probably the most perfect Islamic state ever to come into existence'; Bilal Eryilmaz, Osmanli Devletinde Gayrimüslim Teb'anin Yönetimi (Istanbul, 1990), p.12; 'This state disposed of a social structure that can be almost called "federation of nations"'; Gülnihal Bozkurt, Alman-İngiliz Belgelerinin ve Siyasî Gelişmelerin Işigi altinda Gayrimüslim Osmanli Vatandaşlarinin Hukukî Durumu (Ankara, 1989), p.ix.
106. For example, Kemal Karpat, 'Remarks on MESA and Nation and Nationality in the Middle East', Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Vol.20 (1986), p.9: 'The Ottoman state was probably the most perfect Islamic state ever to come into existence'; Bilal Eryilmaz, Osmanli Devletinde Gayrimüslim Teb'anin Yönetimi (Istanbul, 1990), p.12; 'This state disposed of a social structure that can be almost called "federation of nations"'; Gülnihal Bozkurt, Alman-İngiliz Belgelerinin ve Siyasî Gelişmelerin Işigi altinda Gayrimüslim Osmanli Vatandaşlarinin Hukukî Durumu (Ankara, 1989), p.ix.
107. M. Öke (1986), p.283.
108. Ibid., p.vi.
109. Ibid., p.ix uses the term 'millî süzgeç'. In the English edition (The Armenian Question, Oxford, 1988, p.5), we find the term translated as 'national view point'.
110. See for example Mini Kemal Öke, II. Abdülhamid, Siyonistler ve Filistin Meselesi, 1876-1909 (Istanbul, 1981), pp.12, 15.
111. B.-Z. Dinur, 'The Historical Foundations of the Rebirth of Israel', in Louis Finkelstein (ed.): The Jews. Their History, Culture and Religion, Vol.1 (1955), pp.454e-f: '...the land was one to which people *went up* (Aliyah), not one to which people merely immigrated'.
112. B.-Z. Dinur (1955), p.454c defines the Yischuv as 'permanent settlement born out of a realization of continuous possession, of ownership'.
113. Jacob Barnai, 'Megamot be-heqer ha-yishuv ha-yehudi be-Frez Yisra'el be-yamey ha-baynayim ve-tahilat ha-'et he-hadasha', Cathedra, Vol.42 (1986), p.110.
114. Shmuel Ettinger, 'Ziyon ve-ha-mehqar ha-histori be-zmanenu', Ziyon, Vol.50 (1985), pp.9-15.
115. For example, M. Avi-Yona, Y. Ben-Zvi et al., The Historical Connection of the Jewish People with Palestine (Jerusalem, 1936); General Council (Vaad Leumi) of the Jewish Community of Palestine: Historical Survey on the Continuity of Jewish Settlement in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1946).
116. For example, M. Avi-Yona, Y. Ben-Zvi et al., The Historical Connection of the Jewish People with Palestine (Jerusalem, 1936); General Council (Vaad Leumi) of the Jewish Community of Palestine: Historical Survey on the Continuity of Jewish Settlement in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1946).
117. Explicit also in Arthur Hertzberg, 'Jewish Modernity. Homegrown or Imposed? The View of Jewish Historians', in Shimon Shamir (ed.), Self-Views in Historical Perspective in Egypt and Israel (Tel Aviv, 1981), p.75.
118. Salo W. Baron, 'Newer Emphases in Jewish History', Jewish Social Studies, Vol.25 (1963), p.238ff.
119. A further example is the popularized anthology by D. Ben-Gurion, The Jews in Their Land (London, 1966).
120. J. Barnai (1986), p. 104. Explicitly formulated in Yizhak Ben-Zvi, Erez-Yisra'el ve-yishuvah bimey ha-shilton ha-'othmani (Jerusalem, 1975 [1955]), p.400.
121. J. Barnai (1986), p. 104. Explicitly formulated in Yizhak Ben-Zvi, Erez-Yisra'el ve-yishuvah bimey ha-shilton ha-'othmani (Jerusalem, 1975 [1955]), p.400.
122. J. Barnai (1986), pp.114, 117-19. Compare also Mordechai Eliav, Erez Yisra'el u-yishuvah ba-me'a ha-y"t, 1777-1917 (Jerusalem, 1978), p.XIff.
123. J. Barnai (1986), pp.114, 117-19. Compare also Mordechai Eliav, Erez Yisra'el u-yishuvah ba-me'a ha-y"t, 1777-1917 (Jerusalem, 1978), p.XIff.
124. C.A.O. van Nieuwenhuijze, Sociology of the Middle East. A Stocktaking and Interpretation (Leiden, 1971), p.244.
125. J. Barnai (1986), p.114 and Aharon Layish, 'Uriel Heyd's Contribution to the Study of Legal, Religious and Political History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey', British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin, Vol.9, No.1 (1982), pp.35-54.
126. J. Barnai (1986), p.114 and Aharon Layish, 'Uriel Heyd's Contribution to the Study of Legal, Religious and Political History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey', British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin, Vol.9, No.1 (1982), pp.35-54.
127. The contributions were published by M. Ma'oz (ed.), Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period (Jerusalem, 1975).
128. Israel Kolatt, 'Reflections on the Historiography of Zionism and the Yishuv', Jerusalem Cathedra, Vol. 1 (1981), pp.317f.
129. Yaakov Shavit, 'Eretz-Israel Research: Development and Trends. Sacred History'. National History, History', Jewish Book Annual, Vol.44 (1986-87), p.28.
130. Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, The Rediscovery of the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century (Jerusalem, 1979), p.230.
131. See Israel Bartal, 'Old Yishuv and New Yishuv. Image and Reality', Jerusalem Cathedra, Vol.1 (1981), pp.216, 229; p.220 refers Bartal to the unjustified opposition of a stagnating Jerusalem and a blossoming Jaffa, thanks to Zionist immigration.
132. S. Ettinger and I. Bartal, 'The First Aliyah. Ideological Roots and Practical Accomplishments', Jerusalem Cathedra, Vol.2 (1982), p.223 finish an article with the following phrase: 'Despite the paucity of its real accomplishments, the First Aliyah expressed a turning point in the history both of the Jewish community in Palestine and of the Jewish people as a whole.'
133. The 'back-water' term generally appears on the first or on one of the first pages of a treatise or chapter, examples: Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine (Oxford, 1968), p.v: the Egyptian occupation implies the end of 'centuries of confusion and backwardness...'; Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism. 1897-1918 (Oxford, 1977), p.23: 'The country became notorious for its backwardness'; Simon Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London, 1978), p. 14: 'backwater of a putrefying Empire'; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p.11: 'At the beginning of the 19th century Palestine was but a derelict province of the decaying Ottoman Empire'; idem, Jerusalem: Old City (Jerusalem, 1984), p.104: The first sentence in the chapter that deals with the Ottoman rule runs: 'For hundreds of years after the end of the Crusader period, Jerusalem, like the Holy Land as a whole, was a backwater', further: p.398; Vol.2, p.459; Arnold Blumberg, Zion before Zionism, 1838-1880 (Syracuse, NY, 1985), p.48: 'Europeans represented an enclave of civilization surrounded by a backwater of barbarism'; David Landes, 'Passionate Pilgrims and Others: Visitors to the Holy Land in the 19th Century', in M. Davis (ed.), With Eyes Toward Zion (New York, 1986), p.5; Jacob Landau, 'The United States and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Sharon (ed.), The Holy Land in History and Thought (Leiden, 1988), p.274. The corresponding terms in Hebrew are to be found for example in M. Eliav, Erez Yisra'el (1978), p.xii: 'provinziya zanuha u-haseret hashivut' (deserted and unimportant province), p.1: 'mahoz nidah u-mepaggeret' (remote and backward area), again p.11 : 'provinziya nidehet'.
134. The 'back-water' term generally appears on the first or on one of the first pages of a treatise or chapter, examples: Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine (Oxford, 1968), p.v: the Egyptian occupation implies the end of 'centuries of confusion and backwardness...'; Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism. 1897-1918 (Oxford, 1977), p.23: 'The country became notorious for its backwardness'; Simon Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London, 1978), p. 14: 'backwater of a putrefying Empire'; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p.11: 'At the beginning of the 19th century Palestine was but a derelict province of the decaying Ottoman Empire'; idem, Jerusalem: Old City (Jerusalem, 1984), p.104: The first sentence in the chapter that deals with the Ottoman rule runs: 'For hundreds of years after the end of the Crusader period, Jerusalem, like the Holy Land as a whole, was a backwater', further: p.398; Vol.2, p.459; Arnold Blumberg, Zion before Zionism, 1838-1880 (Syracuse, NY, 1985), p.48: 'Europeans represented an enclave of civilization surrounded by a backwater of barbarism'; David Landes, 'Passionate Pilgrims and Others: Visitors to the Holy Land in the 19th Century', in M. Davis (ed.), With Eyes Toward Zion (New York, 1986), p.5; Jacob Landau, 'The United States and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Sharon (ed.), The Holy Land in History and Thought (Leiden, 1988), p.274. The corresponding terms in Hebrew are to be found for example in M. Eliav, Erez Yisra'el (1978), p.xii: 'provinziya zanuha u-haseret hashivut' (deserted and unimportant province), p.1: 'mahoz nidah u-mepaggeret' (remote and backward area), again p.11 : 'provinziya nidehet'.
135. The 'back-water' term generally appears on the first or on one of the first pages of a treatise or chapter, examples: Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine (Oxford, 1968), p.v: the Egyptian occupation implies the end of 'centuries of confusion and backwardness...'; Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism. 1897-1918 (Oxford, 1977), p.23: 'The country became notorious for its backwardness'; Simon Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London, 1978), p. 14: 'backwater of a putrefying Empire'; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p.11: 'At the beginning of the 19th century Palestine was but a derelict province of the decaying Ottoman Empire'; idem, Jerusalem: Old City (Jerusalem, 1984), p.104: The first sentence in the chapter that deals with the Ottoman rule runs: 'For hundreds of years after the end of the Crusader period, Jerusalem, like the Holy Land as a whole, was a backwater', further: p.398; Vol.2, p.459; Arnold Blumberg, Zion before Zionism, 1838-1880 (Syracuse, NY, 1985), p.48: 'Europeans represented an enclave of civilization surrounded by a backwater of barbarism'; David Landes, 'Passionate Pilgrims and Others: Visitors to the Holy Land in the 19th Century', in M. Davis (ed.), With Eyes Toward Zion (New York, 1986), p.5; Jacob Landau, 'The United States and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Sharon (ed.), The Holy Land in History and Thought (Leiden, 1988), p.274. The corresponding terms in Hebrew are to be found for example in M. Eliav, Erez Yisra'el (1978), p.xii: 'provinziya zanuha u-haseret hashivut' (deserted and unimportant province), p.1: 'mahoz nidah u-mepaggeret' (remote and backward area), again p.11 : 'provinziya nidehet'.
136. The 'back-water' term generally appears on the first or on one of the first pages of a treatise or chapter, examples: Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine (Oxford, 1968), p.v: the Egyptian occupation implies the end of 'centuries of confusion and backwardness...'; Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism. 1897-1918 (Oxford, 1977), p.23: 'The country became notorious for its backwardness'; Simon Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London, 1978), p. 14: 'backwater of a putrefying Empire'; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p.11: 'At the beginning of the 19th century Palestine was but a derelict province of the decaying Ottoman Empire'; idem, Jerusalem: Old City (Jerusalem, 1984), p.104: The first sentence in the chapter that deals with the Ottoman rule runs: 'For hundreds of years after the end of the Crusader period, Jerusalem, like the Holy Land as a whole, was a backwater', further: p.398; Vol.2, p.459; Arnold Blumberg, Zion before Zionism, 1838-1880 (Syracuse, NY, 1985), p.48: 'Europeans represented an enclave of civilization surrounded by a backwater of barbarism'; David Landes, 'Passionate Pilgrims and Others: Visitors to the Holy Land in the 19th Century', in M. Davis (ed.), With Eyes Toward Zion (New York, 1986), p.5; Jacob Landau, 'The United States and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Sharon (ed.), The Holy Land in History and Thought (Leiden, 1988), p.274. The corresponding terms in Hebrew are to be found for example in M. Eliav, Erez Yisra'el (1978), p.xii: 'provinziya zanuha u-haseret hashivut' (deserted and unimportant province), p.1: 'mahoz nidah u-mepaggeret' (remote and backward area), again p.11 : 'provinziya nidehet'.
137. The 'back-water' term generally appears on the first or on one of the first pages of a treatise or chapter, examples: Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine (Oxford, 1968), p.v: the Egyptian occupation implies the end of 'centuries of confusion and backwardness...'; Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism. 1897-1918 (Oxford, 1977), p.23: 'The country became notorious for its backwardness'; Simon Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London, 1978), p. 14: 'backwater of a putrefying Empire'; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p.11: 'At the beginning of the 19th century Palestine was but a derelict province of the decaying Ottoman Empire'; idem, Jerusalem: Old City (Jerusalem, 1984), p.104: The first sentence in the chapter that deals with the Ottoman rule runs: 'For hundreds of years after the end of the Crusader period, Jerusalem, like the Holy Land as a whole, was a backwater', further: p.398; Vol.2, p.459; Arnold Blumberg, Zion before Zionism, 1838-1880 (Syracuse, NY, 1985), p.48: 'Europeans represented an enclave of civilization surrounded by a backwater of barbarism'; David Landes, 'Passionate Pilgrims and Others: Visitors to the Holy Land in the 19th Century', in M. Davis (ed.), With Eyes Toward Zion (New York, 1986), p.5; Jacob Landau, 'The United States and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Sharon (ed.), The Holy Land in History and Thought (Leiden, 1988), p.274. The corresponding terms in Hebrew are to be found for example in M. Eliav, Erez Yisra'el (1978), p.xii: 'provinziya zanuha u-haseret hashivut' (deserted and unimportant province), p.1: 'mahoz nidah u-mepaggeret' (remote and backward area), again p.11 : 'provinziya nidehet'.
138. The 'back-water' term generally appears on the first or on one of the first pages of a treatise or chapter, examples: Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine (Oxford, 1968), p.v: the Egyptian occupation implies the end of 'centuries of confusion and backwardness...'; Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism. 1897-1918 (Oxford, 1977), p.23: 'The country became notorious for its backwardness'; Simon Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London, 1978), p. 14: 'backwater of a putrefying Empire'; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p.11: 'At the beginning of the 19th century Palestine was but a derelict province of the decaying Ottoman Empire'; idem, Jerusalem: Old City (Jerusalem, 1984), p.104: The first sentence in the chapter that deals with the Ottoman rule runs: 'For hundreds of years after the end of the Crusader period, Jerusalem, like the Holy Land as a whole, was a backwater', further: p.398; Vol.2, p.459; Arnold Blumberg, Zion before Zionism, 1838-1880 (Syracuse, NY, 1985), p.48: 'Europeans represented an enclave of civilization surrounded by a backwater of barbarism'; David Landes, 'Passionate Pilgrims and Others: Visitors to the Holy Land in the 19th Century', in M. Davis (ed.), With Eyes Toward Zion (New York, 1986), p.5; Jacob Landau, 'The United States and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Sharon (ed.), The Holy Land in History and Thought (Leiden, 1988), p.274. The corresponding terms in Hebrew are to be found for example in M. Eliav, Erez Yisra'el (1978), p.xii: 'provinziya zanuha u-haseret hashivut' (deserted and unimportant province), p.1: 'mahoz nidah u-mepaggeret' (remote and backward area), again p.11 : 'provinziya nidehet'.
139. The 'back-water' term generally appears on the first or on one of the first pages of a treatise or chapter, examples: Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine (Oxford, 1968), p.v: the Egyptian occupation implies the end of 'centuries of confusion and backwardness...'; Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism. 1897-1918 (Oxford, 1977), p.23: 'The country became notorious for its backwardness'; Simon Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London, 1978), p. 14: 'backwater of a putrefying Empire'; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p.11: 'At the beginning of the 19th century Palestine was but a derelict province of the decaying Ottoman Empire'; idem, Jerusalem: Old City (Jerusalem, 1984), p.104: The first sentence in the chapter that deals with the Ottoman rule runs: 'For hundreds of years after the end of the Crusader period, Jerusalem, like the Holy Land as a whole, was a backwater', further: p.398; Vol.2, p.459; Arnold Blumberg, Zion before Zionism, 1838-1880 (Syracuse, NY, 1985), p.48: 'Europeans represented an enclave of civilization surrounded by a backwater of barbarism'; David Landes, 'Passionate Pilgrims and Others: Visitors to the Holy Land in the 19th Century', in M. Davis (ed.), With Eyes Toward Zion (New York, 1986), p.5; Jacob Landau, 'The United States and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Sharon (ed.), The Holy Land in History and Thought (Leiden, 1988), p.274. The corresponding terms in Hebrew are to be found for example in M. Eliav, Erez Yisra'el (1978), p.xii: 'provinziya zanuha u-haseret hashivut' (deserted and unimportant province), p.1: 'mahoz nidah u-mepaggeret' (remote and backward area), again p.11 : 'provinziya nidehet'.
140. The 'back-water' term generally appears on the first or on one of the first pages of a treatise or chapter, examples: Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine (Oxford, 1968), p.v: the Egyptian occupation implies the end of 'centuries of confusion and backwardness...'; Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism. 1897-1918 (Oxford, 1977), p.23: 'The country became notorious for its backwardness'; Simon Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London, 1978), p. 14: 'backwater of a putrefying Empire'; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p.11: 'At the beginning of the 19th century Palestine was but a derelict province of the decaying Ottoman Empire'; idem, Jerusalem: Old City (Jerusalem, 1984), p.104: The first sentence in the chapter that deals with the Ottoman rule runs: 'For hundreds of years after the end of the Crusader period, Jerusalem, like the Holy Land as a whole, was a backwater', further: p.398; Vol.2, p.459; Arnold Blumberg, Zion before Zionism, 1838-1880 (Syracuse, NY, 1985), p.48: 'Europeans represented an enclave of civilization surrounded by a backwater of barbarism'; David Landes, 'Passionate Pilgrims and Others: Visitors to the Holy Land in the 19th Century', in M. Davis (ed.), With Eyes Toward Zion (New York, 1986), p.5; Jacob Landau, 'The United States and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Sharon (ed.), The Holy Land in History and Thought (Leiden, 1988), p.274. The corresponding terms in Hebrew are to be found for example in M. Eliav, Erez Yisra'el (1978), p.xii: 'provinziya zanuha u-haseret hashivut' (deserted and unimportant province), p.1: 'mahoz nidah u-mepaggeret' (remote and backward area), again p.11 : 'provinziya nidehet'.
141. See, for example, Usiel Schmelz, 'Some Demographic Peculiarities of the Jews of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Ma'oz (1975), p.119; M. Ma'oz, 'Yerushalayim be-me'a ha-shanim ha-aharonot la-shilton ha-turki-'ottomani', in Menachem Friedman (ed.), Praqim be-toldot ha-yishuv ha-yehudi birushalayim (Jerusalem, 1973), p.260; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 11 ; J.Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London, 1979), p.9 and peripeteia at p. 17.
142. See, for example, Usiel Schmelz, 'Some Demographic Peculiarities of the Jews of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Ma'oz (1975), p.119; M. Ma'oz, 'Yerushalayim be-me'a ha-shanim ha-aharonot la-shilton ha-turki-'ottomani', in Menachem Friedman (ed.), Praqim be-toldot ha-yishuv ha-yehudi birushalayim (Jerusalem, 1973), p.260; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 11 ; J.Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London, 1979), p.9 and peripeteia at p. 17.
143. See, for example, Usiel Schmelz, 'Some Demographic Peculiarities of the Jews of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Ma'oz (1975), p.119; M. Ma'oz, 'Yerushalayim be-me'a ha-shanim ha-aharonot la-shilton ha-turki-'ottomani', in Menachem Friedman (ed.), Praqim be-toldot ha-yishuv ha-yehudi birushalayim (Jerusalem, 1973), p.260; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 11 ; J.Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London, 1979), p.9 and peripeteia at p. 17.
144. See, for example, Usiel Schmelz, 'Some Demographic Peculiarities of the Jews of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century', in M. Ma'oz (1975), p.119; M. Ma'oz, 'Yerushalayim be-me'a ha-shanim ha-aharonot la-shilton ha-turki-'ottomani', in Menachem Friedman (ed.), Praqim be-toldot ha-yishuv ha-yehudi birushalayim (Jerusalem, 1973), p.260; Y. Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 11 ; J.Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London, 1979), p.9 and peripeteia at p. 17.
145. Introductory sentence by Ruth Kark, 'Contribution of the Ottoman Regime to the Development of Jerusalem and Jaffa', in David Kushner, Palestine in the Lute Ottoman Period. Political, Social and Economic Transformation (Leiden, 1986), p.46; compare also the first sentence in R. Kark, 'Transportation in Nineteenth-Century Palestine: Reintroduction of the Wheel', in R. Kark (ed.), The Land that Became Israel. Studies in Historical Geography (New Haven, 1990), pp.57-76; as a third example see the beginning of R. Kark's article 'Ha-Qehilla ha-yehudit be-Yaffo be-sof tequfat ha-shilton ha-'othmani', Cathedra, Vol.16 (1980), p. 13.
146. Introductory sentence by Ruth Kark, 'Contribution of the Ottoman Regime to the Development of Jerusalem and Jaffa', in David Kushner, Palestine in the Lute Ottoman Period. Political, Social and Economic Transformation (Leiden, 1986), p.46; compare also the first sentence in R. Kark, 'Transportation in Nineteenth-Century Palestine: Reintroduction of the Wheel', in R. Kark (ed.), The Land that Became Israel. Studies in Historical Geography (New Haven, 1990), pp.57-76; as a third example see the beginning of R. Kark's article 'Ha-Qehilla ha-yehudit be-Yaffo be-sof tequfat ha-shilton ha-'othmani', Cathedra, Vol.16 (1980), p. 13.
147. Introductory sentence by Ruth Kark, 'Contribution of the Ottoman Regime to the Development of Jerusalem and Jaffa', in David Kushner, Palestine in the Lute Ottoman Period. Political, Social and Economic Transformation (Leiden, 1986), p.46; compare also the first sentence in R. Kark, 'Transportation in Nineteenth-Century Palestine: Reintroduction of the Wheel', in R. Kark (ed.), The Land that Became Israel. Studies in Historical Geography (New Haven, 1990), pp.57-76; as a third example see the beginning of R. Kark's article 'Ha-Qehilla ha-yehudit be-Yaffo be-sof tequfat ha-shilton ha-'othmani', Cathedra, Vol.16 (1980), p. 13.
148. Y. Ben-Arieh, 'Hitpathut ha-'arim be-Erez-Yisra'el', in Y. Ben-Arieh and I. Bartal (eds.), Ha-Historiya shel Erez-Yisra 'el, Vol.8: Shilhey ha-tequfa ha-'ottomanit (Jerusalem, 1983), p.85.
149. David Landes, 'Palestine before the Zionists', Commentary, Vol.61, No.2 (1976), p.48ff and somehow attenuated also in D. Landes (1986), p. 10f; J. Peters, From Time Immemorial. The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict over Palestine (New York, 1985), pp.157-161.
150. David Landes, 'Palestine before the Zionists', Commentary, Vol.61, No.2 (1976), p.48ff and somehow attenuated also in D. Landes (1986), p. 10f; J. Peters, From Time Immemorial. The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict over Palestine (New York, 1985), pp.157-161.
151. Mordechai Eliav, Erez Yisra 'el ve-yishuvah ba-me 'a ha-19 (1978).
152. Ruth Kark, A City in Evolution (1990).
153. Similar in Y. Ben-Arieh (1984), pp.107, 139; idem, Jerusalem: The New City (1986), pp.452-8.
154. Similar in Y. Ben-Arieh (1984), pp.107, 139; idem, Jerusalem: The New City (1986), pp.452-8.
155. G.W. Bowersock, 'Palestine: Ancient History and Modern Polities', in Edward Said (ed.). Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (London, 1988), p.186.
156. In his introduction to A. Schölch (ed.). Palestinians over the Green Line: Studies on the Relations between Palestinians on Both Sides of the 1949 Armistice Line since 1967 (London, 1983), p. 11; he refers here to J. Landau, The Arabs in Israel. A Political Study (London, 1969).
157. In his introduction to A. Schölch (ed.). Palestinians over the Green Line: Studies on the Relations between Palestinians on Both Sides of the 1949 Armistice Line since 1967 (London, 1983), p. 11; he refers here to J. Landau, The Arabs in Israel. A Political Study (London, 1969).
158. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
159. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
160. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
161. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
162. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
163. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
164. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
165. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
166. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
167. For example, N. Mandel (1977), pp.3, 19, 36; I. Friedman (1977), p.30: 'Even Muslim Arabs were reported to be prepossessed by one idea ... the hope of deliverance from the rapacious rule of the Turkish pashas'; M. Eliav (1978), p.254; Yehuda Slutsky, 'Israel. State of (Historical Survey)', Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.9 (1971), p.325; Alexander Carmel, Geschichte Haifas in der türkischen Zeit, 1516-1918 (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp.63f; S. Schama (1978), pp.76 and 169: corruption is part of common-day life in the Ottoman Empire; J. Landau (1979), p.24; Avner Levi, 'Ha-'aliya ha-yehudit le-Erez-Yisra'el lefi hamasmakhim shel 'Ali Ekrem, mutazarrif Yerushalayim', Cathedra, Vol.12 (1980), p.173; Yaakov Ro'i, 'The Zionist Attitude to the Arabs, 1908-1914', in E. Kedourie and S.G. Haim (eds.), Israel and Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries (London, 1982), p.19; R. Kark (1986), p.55; Yossi Katz, 'Paths of Zionist Political Action in Turkey 1882-1914. The Plan for Jewish Settlement in Turkey in the Young Turk Era', International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (1987), p.118; David Kushner, The Ottoman Governors of Jerusalem, 1864-1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23 (1987), pp.280. 282; R. Kark (1990), pp.31, 50.
168. K. Karpat (1986), p.7.
169. William Haddad, 'Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire', in W. Haddad and W. Ochsenwald (eds.), Nationalism in a Non-National State (Columbus, 1977), p.4.
170. Georg Elwert, 'Nationalismus und Ethnizität. Über die Bildung von Wir-Gruppen', Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Vol.3 (1989), p.457.
171. D. Landes (1976), p.55.
172. This argumentation is of course not restricted to Arab historians alone; see for instance examples in England analysed by Michael Billig, 'Anti-Semitic Themes and the British Far Left: Some Social-Psychological Observations on Indirect Aspects of Conspiracy Tradition', in Carl Graumann and Serge Moscovici (eds.), Changing Conceptions of Conspiracy (New York, 1987), citation on p. 130.
173. R. Abou-El-Haj (1982), p. 188.
174. Youssef M. Choueri, Arab History and the Nation-State: A Study in Modern Arab Historiography, 1820-1980 (London, 1989), p.190.
175. As example see the emphatic article of Tarif Khalidi, 'Palestinian Historiography, 1900-1948', Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 10, No.3 (1981), pp.59-76.
176. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (New York, 1991 [1983]), p.46.
177. Y. Choueri (1989), citation on p. 197.
178. As examples: 'A. 'Awad, 'Mutasarrafiyat al-Quds awakhir al-'ahd al-'uthmani', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.4 (1971), p.138, footnote 1: 'bi-ruh al-i'tidal wa-l-insaf wa-an usajjil al-haqa'iq kama hiyya duna at-tahazzub'; H. Hallaq (1979), p.23: 'uslub 'ilmi wa-watha'iqi'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980-1983), pp.5, 1028: 'dirasa 'ilmiyya mawdu'iyya muhayada'; T. Barru (1989), p. 10: 'Other serious works do not exist.'; A. Temimi in his foreword to the first number (1990) of his new journal Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studies. - Compare also the claim for the exlusive right to treat Islamic (and therefore also Ottoman) history by Islamicizing-revisionist historians, such as Muhammad Harb (1989), p.8.
179. As examples: 'A. 'Awad, 'Mutasarrafiyat al-Quds awakhir al-'ahd al-'uthmani', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.4 (1971), p.138, footnote 1: 'bi-ruh al-i'tidal wa-l-insaf wa-an usajjil al-haqa'iq kama hiyya duna at-tahazzub'; H. Hallaq (1979), p.23: 'uslub 'ilmi wa-watha'iqi'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980-1983), pp.5, 1028: 'dirasa 'ilmiyya mawdu'iyya muhayada'; T. Barru (1989), p. 10: 'Other serious works do not exist.'; A. Temimi in his foreword to the first number (1990) of his new journal Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studies. - Compare also the claim for the exlusive right to treat Islamic (and therefore also Ottoman) history by Islamicizing-revisionist historians, such as Muhammad Harb (1989), p.8.
180. As examples: 'A. 'Awad, 'Mutasarrafiyat al-Quds awakhir al-'ahd al-'uthmani', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.4 (1971), p.138, footnote 1: 'bi-ruh al-i'tidal wa-l-insaf wa-an usajjil al-haqa'iq kama hiyya duna at-tahazzub'; H. Hallaq (1979), p.23: 'uslub 'ilmi wa-watha'iqi'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980-1983), pp.5, 1028: 'dirasa 'ilmiyya mawdu'iyya muhayada'; T. Barru (1989), p. 10: 'Other serious works do not exist.'; A. Temimi in his foreword to the first number (1990) of his new journal Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studies. - Compare also the claim for the exlusive right to treat Islamic (and therefore also Ottoman) history by Islamicizing-revisionist historians, such as Muhammad Harb (1989), p.8.
181. As examples: 'A. 'Awad, 'Mutasarrafiyat al-Quds awakhir al-'ahd al-'uthmani', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.4 (1971), p.138, footnote 1: 'bi-ruh al-i'tidal wa-l-insaf wa-an usajjil al-haqa'iq kama hiyya duna at-tahazzub'; H. Hallaq (1979), p.23: 'uslub 'ilmi wa-watha'iqi'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980-1983), pp.5, 1028: 'dirasa 'ilmiyya mawdu'iyya muhayada'; T. Barru (1989), p. 10: 'Other serious works do not exist.'; A. Temimi in his foreword to the first number (1990) of his new journal Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studies. - Compare also the claim for the exlusive right to treat Islamic (and therefore also Ottoman) history by Islamicizing-revisionist historians, such as Muhammad Harb (1989), p.8.
182. As examples: 'A. 'Awad, 'Mutasarrafiyat al-Quds awakhir al-'ahd al-'uthmani', Shu'un Filastiniyya, Vol.4 (1971), p.138, footnote 1: 'bi-ruh al-i'tidal wa-l-insaf wa-an usajjil al-haqa'iq kama hiyya duna at-tahazzub'; H. Hallaq (1979), p.23: 'uslub 'ilmi wa-watha'iqi'; 'A. ash-Shinnawi (1980-1983), pp.5, 1028: 'dirasa 'ilmiyya mawdu'iyya muhayada'; T. Barru (1989), p. 10: 'Other serious works do not exist.'; A. Temimi in his foreword to the first number (1990) of his new journal Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studies. -Compare also the claim for the exlusive right to treat Islamic (and therefore also Ottoman) history by Islamicizing-revisionist historians, such as Muhammad Harb (1989), p.8.
183. H. Tanyu, Tarih boyunca Yahudiler ve Türkler (Istanbul, 1976), Vol.1, p.10; compare also the first number of the journal Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations (1986) and see also above.
184. H. Tanyu, Tarih boyunca Yahudiler ve Türkler (Istanbul, 1976), Vol.1, p.10; compare also the first number of the journal Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations (1986) and see also above.
185. D.C. Gordon, Self-Determination and History in the Third World (Princeton, NJ, 1971), p.8.
186. A particularly evident example is H. Hallaq (1978), pp.141, 142, 244, 256, 342, who counters the Zionist desertification topos with the contention that the Zionists are responsible for Palestine's economic stagnation and degeneration.
187. The abundant and reiterative work of R. an-Natsha and C.R. Atilhan are in this regard representative.
188. Isaiah Berlin, Historical Inevitability (London, 1959), citations on p. 14, 17.
189. Ömer Kürkçüoǧlu, Osmanli Devletine kam Arap battmsizlik hareketi, 1908-1916 (Ankara, 1982), p.249, 250, 252. Compare also Mini Kemal Öke, Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu, 1840-1914 (1982), p.208: The Young Turks are forced by the course of events to pursue a nationalist line.
190. Ömer Kürkçüoǧlu, Osmanli Devletine kam Arap battmsizlik hareketi, 1908-1916 (Ankara, 1982), p.249, 250, 252. Compare also Mini Kemal Öke, Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu, 1840-1914 (1982), p.208: The Young Turks are forced by the course of events to pursue a nationalist line.
191. A. Schölch, Palästina im Umbruch 1856-1882. Untersuchungen zur wirtschaftlichen und sozio-politischen Entwicklung (Stuttgart, 1986), p.4.
192. R. an-Natsha (1990), p.46.
193. Walid Khalidi, Before their Diaspora. A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876-1948 (Washington, DC, 1984), p.32.
194. J. Peters (1985), p.4.
195. S. Musa, 'Nizam milkiyyat al-aradi fi Filastin fi awakhir al-'ahd al-'uthmani', Shu 'un Filastiniyya, Vol.95 (1979), p.75.
196. M. Ma'oz (1973), passim; idem, 'Yerushalayim he-hadasha: temurot politiyot vehevratiyot', in Eli Shaltiel (ed.), Praqim be-toldot Yerushalayim ba-zaman he-hadash (Jerusalem, 1981), p.76; M. Eliav (1978), p.XII; Zalman Shazar in D. Ben-Gurion (1974), p.6; taken to its extremes in J. Peters (1985), p.205.
197. M. Ma'oz (1973), passim; idem, 'Yerushalayim he-hadasha: temurot politiyot vehevratiyot', in Eli Shaltiel (ed.), Praqim be-toldot Yerushalayim ba-zaman he-hadash (Jerusalem, 1981), p.76; M. Eliav (1978), p.XII; Zalman Shazar in D. Ben-Gurion (1974), p.6; taken to its extremes in J. Peters (1985), p.205.
198. M. Ma'oz (1973), passim; idem, 'Yerushalayim he-hadasha: temurot politiyot vehevratiyot', in Eli Shaltiel (ed.), Praqim be-toldot Yerushalayim ba-zaman he-hadash (Jerusalem, 1981), p.76; M. Eliav (1978), p.XII; Zalman Shazar in D. Ben-Gurion (1974), p.6; taken to its extremes in J. Peters (1985), p.205.
199. H. Hallaq (1978), p.230: 'rudud al-fi'l al-'arabiyya didda al-yahud'.
200. As counterparts see M. Eliav, 'Me'orbutam shel nazigey Germaniya ve-Ostriya be-eru'ey, 1918 be-Erez-Yisra'el', Cathedra, Vol.48 (1988), p.90; and idem (1978), p.442, I. Friedman, 'Germaniya ve-ha-ziyonut, 1897-1918', Cathedra, Vol.16 (1980), p.29; on the Arab side Kh. Kasmieh (1983), p.390; S. Seikaly (1981), p.403ff; M. Salim (1974), p. 199.
201. As counterparts see M. Eliav, 'Me'orbutam shel nazigey Germaniya ve-Ostriya be-eru'ey, 1918 be-Erez-Yisra'el', Cathedra, Vol.48 (1988), p.90; and idem (1978), p.442, I. Friedman, 'Germaniya ve-ha-ziyonut, 1897-1918', Cathedra, Vol.16 (1980), p.29; on the Arab side Kh. Kasmieh (1983), p.390; S. Seikaly (1981), p.403ff; M. Salim (1974), p. 199.
202. Whether Jews or Arabs in Palestine during the First World War did suffer more severely under Djemal Pasha's repression does not concern Turkish historians. But B. Eryilmaz (1990), p. 198, is convinced that the Turks suffered more than the Armenians.