Democratic transition: A critical overview

Issues and Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 133-148

  Guo, Sujian ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039698244     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
2. Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen, eds., Democratization in Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1994), 2.
3. Helga A. Welsh, "Political Transition Processes in Central and Eastern Europe," Comparative Politics 27 (July 1994): 379.
4. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 95-99.
5. Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963); Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966). Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens provide a comprehensive review of the modernization literature on democratization. See their Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 12-39.
6. Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963); Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966). Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens provide a comprehensive review of the modernization literature on democratization. See their Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 12-39.
7. Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963); Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966). Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens provide a comprehensive review of the modernization literature on democratization. See their Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 12-39.
8. Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963); Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966). Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens provide a comprehensive review of the modernization literature on democratization. See their Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 12-39.
9. Guillermo A. O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1979); Philippe C. Schmitter, "Still the Century of Corporatism?" Review of Politics 36 (January 1974): 85-131.
10. Guillermo A. O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1979); Philippe C. Schmitter, "Still the Century of Corporatism?" Review of Politics 36 (January 1974): 85-131.
11. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961); Arend Lijphart, The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968); Dankwart A. Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model," Comparative Politics 2 (April 1970): 337-63; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
12. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961); Arend Lijphart, The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968); Dankwart A. Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model," Comparative Politics 2 (April 1970): 337-63; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
13. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961); Arend Lijphart, The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968); Dankwart A. Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model," Comparative Politics 2 (April 1970): 337-63; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
14. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961); Arend Lijphart, The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968); Dankwart A. Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model," Comparative Politics 2 (April 1970): 337-63; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
15. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Guillermo A. O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guiseppe di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
16. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Guillermo A. O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guiseppe di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
17. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Guillermo A. O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guiseppe di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
18. Guillermo A. O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Tentative Conclusions," in O'Donnell and Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, part 4:19, 48.
19. Herbert Kitschelt, "Political Regime Change: Structure and Process-Driven Explanations?" American Political Science Review 86, no. 4 (December 1992): 1032.
20. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1984): 734-48; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press, 1985); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988): 66-94; Wlater W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Patrick H. O'Neil, "Revolution From Within: Institutional Analysis, Transitions from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary," World Politics 48 (July 1996): 579-603.
21. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1984): 734-48; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press, 1985); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988): 66-94; Wlater W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Patrick H. O'Neil, "Revolution From Within: Institutional Analysis, Transitions from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary," World Politics 48 (July 1996): 579-603.
22. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1984): 734-48; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press, 1985); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988): 66-94; Wlater W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Patrick H. O'Neil, "Revolution From Within: Institutional Analysis, Transitions from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary," World Politics 48 (July 1996): 579-603.
23. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1984): 734-48; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press, 1985); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988): 66-94; Wlater W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Patrick H. O'Neil, "Revolution From Within: Institutional Analysis, Transitions from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary," World Politics 48 (July 1996): 579-603.
24. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1984): 734-48; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press, 1985); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988): 66-94; Wlater W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Patrick H. O'Neil, "Revolution From Within: Institutional Analysis, Transitions from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary," World Politics 48 (July 1996): 579-603.
25. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1984): 734-48; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press, 1985); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988): 66-94; Wlater W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Patrick H. O'Neil, "Revolution From Within: Institutional Analysis, Transitions from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary," World Politics 48 (July 1996): 579-603.
26. Ali R. Abootalebi, "Democratization in Developing Countries: 1980-1989," Journal of Developing Areas 29 (July 1995): 508.
27. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 6-7.
28. Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal 43, no. 2 (1991): 272-74;
29. O'Neil, "Revolution From Within," 579-603;
30. Welsh, "Political Transition Processes in Central and Eastern Europe," 383.
31. O'Neil, "Revolution From Within," 579-603.
32. Welsh, "Political Transition Processes in Central and Eastern Europe," 383.
33. Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, "The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions," Comparative Politics 29 (April 1997): 263-84.
34. Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), 4, 7-8.
35. Omar G. Encarnación, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," Comparative Politics 28 (July 1996): 482-83; Nancy Bermeo, "Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions: Lessons from Spain," Journal of Politics 56 (August 1994): 619-23; Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb, eds., Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Jeffrey Frieden, Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1960-1985 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991); Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
36. Omar G. Encarnación, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," Comparative Politics 28 (July 1996): 482-83; Nancy Bermeo, "Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions: Lessons from Spain," Journal of Politics 56 (August 1994): 619-23; Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb, eds., Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Jeffrey Frieden, Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1960-1985 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991); Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
37. Omar G. Encarnación, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," Comparative Politics 28 (July 1996): 482-83; Nancy Bermeo, "Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions: Lessons from Spain," Journal of Politics 56 (August 1994): 619-23; Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb, eds., Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Jeffrey Frieden, Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1960-1985 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991); Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
38. Omar G. Encarnación, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," Comparative Politics 28 (July 1996): 482-83; Nancy Bermeo, "Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions: Lessons from Spain," Journal of Politics 56 (August 1994): 619-23; Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb, eds., Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Jeffrey Frieden, Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1960-1985 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991); Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
39. Omar G. Encarnación, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," Comparative Politics 28 (July 1996): 482-83; Nancy Bermeo, "Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions: Lessons from Spain," Journal of Politics 56 (August 1994): 619-23; Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb, eds., Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Jeffrey Frieden, Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1960-1985 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991); Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy.
40. For a discussion on these lessons, see Encarnación "The Politics of Dual Transitions," 480-81, 481-83; Bermeo, "Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions," 619-23.
41. For a discussion on these lessons, see Encarnación "The Politics of Dual Transitions," 480-81, 481-83; Bermeo, "Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions," 619-23.
42. Haggard and Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitons, 2.
43. Karl and Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," 270.
44. Haggard and Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, 5-6.
45. Ibid., 6-7, 7-8.
46. Nancy Bermeo, "Rethinking Regime Change," Comparative Politics 22 (April 1990): 367.
47. Sujian Guo, "Democratic Transition: A Comparative Study of China and the Former Soviet Union," Issues & Studies 34, no. 8 (August 1998): 71.
48. Gabriel A. Almond and Laura Roselle, "Model Fitting in Communism Studies," in Post-Communist Studies and Political Science: Methodology and Empirical Theory in Sovietology, ed. Frederic J. Fleron, Jr. and Erik P. Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 62.
49. k. By pointing this out, the argument shows that, given the particular circumstances and the laws in question, the occurrence of the phenomenon was to be expected; and it is in this sense that the explanation enables us to understand why the phenomenon occurred." See Carl G. Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation (New York: Free Press, 1965), 337.
50. Jack Snyder, "Science and Sovietology: Bridging the Methods Gap in Soviet Foreign Policy," in Fleron and Hoffmann, Post-Communist Studies and Political Science, 113; Mary Hesse, Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1980), viii.
51. Jack Snyder, "Science and Sovietology: Bridging the Methods Gap in Soviet Foreign Policy," in Fleron and Hoffmann, Post-Communist Studies and Political Science, 113; Mary Hesse, Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1980), viii.
52. Frederic J. Fleron, Jr., "The Logic of Inquiry in Post-Soviet Studies: Art or Science?" Communist and Post-Communist Studies 29, no. 3 (1996): 270.
53. Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979), chap. 2; David Collier, "The Comparative Method," in Political Science: The State of the Discipline II, ed. Ada W. Finiftre (Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association, 1993), 105-13.
54. Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979), chap. 2; David Collier, "The Comparative Method," in Political Science: The State of the Discipline II, ed. Ada W. Finiftre (Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association, 1993), 105-13.
55. Przeworski and Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry, 33.
56. Ibid., 20-23.
57. Imre Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Philosophical Papers I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 35.