Is anyone listening? International relations theory and the problem of policy relevance

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 113, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 43-62

  Lepgold, Joseph ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039658589     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657650     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. See Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1993); Alexander L. George, "Bridging the Gap," General John C. Galvin (ret.), "Breaking Through and Being Heard," Edward Kolodziej, "What is the Challenge and Will We Accept It?," and Joseph Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap, But Do Scholars Want to Bridge It," all found in Mershon International Studies Review 38 (April 1994); David D. Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," Foreign Policy 101 (Winter 1995-96).
2. See Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1993); Alexander L. George, "Bridging the Gap," General John C. Galvin (ret.), "Breaking Through and Being Heard," Edward Kolodziej, "What is the Challenge and Will We Accept It?," and Joseph Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap, But Do Scholars Want to Bridge It," all found in Mershon International Studies Review 38 (April 1994); David D. Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," Foreign Policy 101 (Winter 1995-96).
3. See Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1993); Alexander L. George, "Bridging the Gap," General John C. Galvin (ret.), "Breaking Through and Being Heard," Edward Kolodziej, "What is the Challenge and Will We Accept It?," and Joseph Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap, But Do Scholars Want to Bridge It," all found in Mershon International Studies Review 38 (April 1994); David D. Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," Foreign Policy 101 (Winter 1995-96).
4. See Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1993); Alexander L. George, "Bridging the Gap," General John C. Galvin (ret.), "Breaking Through and Being Heard," Edward Kolodziej, "What is the Challenge and Will We Accept It?," and Joseph Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap, But Do Scholars Want to Bridge It," all found in Mershon International Studies Review 38 (April 1994); David D. Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," Foreign Policy 101 (Winter 1995-96).
5. See Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1993); Alexander L. George, "Bridging the Gap," General John C. Galvin (ret.), "Breaking Through and Being Heard," Edward Kolodziej, "What is the Challenge and Will We Accept It?," and Joseph Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap, But Do Scholars Want to Bridge It," all found in Mershon International Studies Review 38 (April 1994); David D. Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," Foreign Policy 101 (Winter 1995-96).
6. See Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1993); Alexander L. George, "Bridging the Gap," General John C. Galvin (ret.), "Breaking Through and Being Heard," Edward Kolodziej, "What is the Challenge and Will We Accept It?," and Joseph Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap, But Do Scholars Want to Bridge It," all found in Mershon International Studies Review 38 (April 1994); David D. Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," Foreign Policy 101 (Winter 1995-96).
7. Abraham Kaplan, The Conduct of Inquiry (New York: Chandler, 1964), 295-296. (Emphasis in original.)
8. The quoted phrase is found in Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," 64. For the reference to a "chasm," see Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap," 179; for the "two cultures" notion, see George, Bridging the Gap, chap. 1.
9. The quoted phrase is found in Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," 64. For the reference to a "chasm," see Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap," 179; for the "two cultures" notion, see George, Bridging the Gap, chap. 1.
10. The quoted phrase is found in Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," 64. For the reference to a "chasm," see Kruzel, "More a Chasm than a Gap," 179; for the "two cultures" notion, see George, Bridging the Gap, chap. 1.
11. Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 54.
12. William Wallace, "Between Two Worlds: Think Tanks and Foreign Policy" in Christopher Hill and Pamela Beshoff, eds., Two Worlds of International Relations (London: Routledge, 1994), 140.
13. A. J. R. Groom, "Practitioners and Academics: Towards a Happier Relationship?" in Michael Banks, ed., Conflicts in World Society: A New Perspective on International Relations (New York: St. Martin's, 1984), 193.
14. James L. Adams, Flying Buttresses, Entropy, and O-Rings: The World of an Engineer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 40-41.
15. Mark H. Moore, "Social Science and Policy Analysis" in Daniel Callahan and Bruce Jennings, eds., Ethics, the Social Sciences, and Policy Analysis (New York: Plenum Press, 1983), 274.
16. Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge University Press, 1989), 8-10; Kaplan, The Conduct of Inquiry, 347-351.
17. Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge University Press, 1989), 8-10; Kaplan, The Conduct of Inquiry, 347-351.
18. Moore, "Social Science and Policy Analysis," 275-276.
19. See, for example, the very different arguments in Klaus Knorr, The Power of Nations (New York: Basic Books, 1975); Lisa Martin, Corecive Cooperation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott, Economic Sanctions in Support of Foreign Policy Goals (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, October 1993), 64-85; R. Harrison Wagner, "Economic Interdependence, Bargaining Power, and Political Influence," International Organization 42 (Summer 1988).
20. See, for example, the very different arguments in Klaus Knorr, The Power of Nations (New York: Basic Books, 1975); Lisa Martin, Corecive Cooperation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott, Economic Sanctions in Support of Foreign Policy Goals (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, October 1993), 64-85; R. Harrison Wagner, "Economic Interdependence, Bargaining Power, and Political Influence," International Organization 42 (Summer 1988).
21. See, for example, the very different arguments in Klaus Knorr, The Power of Nations (New York: Basic Books, 1975); Lisa Martin, Corecive Cooperation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott, Economic Sanctions in Support of Foreign Policy Goals (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, October 1993), 64-85; R. Harrison Wagner, "Economic Interdependence, Bargaining Power, and Political Influence," International Organization 42 (Summer 1988).
22. See, for example, the very different arguments in Klaus Knorr, The Power of Nations (New York: Basic Books, 1975); Lisa Martin, Corecive Cooperation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott, Economic Sanctions in Support of Foreign Policy Goals (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, October 1993), 64-85; R. Harrison Wagner, "Economic Interdependence, Bargaining Power, and Political Influence," International Organization 42 (Summer 1988).
23. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Neorealism and Neoliberalism," World Politics 40 (January 1988): 235-237.
24. Christopher Hill, "Academic International Relations: The Siren Song of Policy Relevance" in Hill and Beshoff, eds., Two Worlds of International Relations (London: Routledge, 1994), 7.
25. Hill, "Academic International Relations," 10.
26. Imre Lakatos, "The Problem of Appraising Scientific Theories: Three Approaches" in Lakatos, Mathematics, Science, and Epistemology, Philosophical Papers, vol. 2, John Worrall and Gregory Currie, eds. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 115-116.
27. Alan C. Lamborn, "Theory and the Politics in World Politics," International Studies Quarterly 41 (June 1997): 187-214.
28. See, for example, Kenneth A. Oye, ed., Cooperation Under Anarchy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Arthur A. Stein, Why Nations Cooperate (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Robert Jervis, "Realism, Game Theory, and Cooperation," World Politics 40 (April 1988).
29. See, for example, Kenneth A. Oye, ed., Cooperation Under Anarchy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Arthur A. Stein, Why Nations Cooperate (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Robert Jervis, "Realism, Game Theory, and Cooperation," World Politics 40 (April 1988).
30. See, for example, Kenneth A. Oye, ed., Cooperation Under Anarchy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Arthur A. Stein, Why Nations Cooperate (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Robert Jervis, "Realism, Game Theory, and Cooperation," World Politics 40 (April 1988).
31. For examples of the Constructivist position, see Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); and Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993). For a recent statement of the choice-theoretic position, see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and David Lalman, War and Reason (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
32. For examples of the Constructivist position, see Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); and Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993). For a recent statement of the choice-theoretic position, see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and David Lalman, War and Reason (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
33. For examples of the Constructivist position, see Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); and Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993). For a recent statement of the choice-theoretic position, see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and David Lalman, War and Reason (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
34. James N. Rosenau, "Before Cooperation: Hegemons, Regimes, and Habit-Driven Actors in World Politics," International Organization 40 (Autumn 1986): 852, 871.
35. Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder."
36. Stephen Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987); Stephen R. David, "Explaining Third World Alignment," World Politics 43 (January 1991); Dan Reiter, "Learning, Realism, and Alliances: The Weight of the Shadow of the Past," World Politics 46 (July 1994).
37. Stephen Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987); Stephen R. David, "Explaining Third World Alignment," World Politics 43 (January 1991); Dan Reiter, "Learning, Realism, and Alliances: The Weight of the Shadow of the Past," World Politics 46 (July 1994).
38. Stephen Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987); Stephen R. David, "Explaining Third World Alignment," World Politics 43 (January 1991); Dan Reiter, "Learning, Realism, and Alliances: The Weight of the Shadow of the Past," World Politics 46 (July 1994).
39. Davis Bobrow, "The Relevance Potential of Different Products," World Politics 24 (Supplement, Spring 1972), 223.
40. Richard N. Haass, Intervention (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment).
41. Donald M. Snow and Eugene Brown, Beyond the Water's Edge: An Introduction to U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997), 239.
42. William Wallace, "Between Two Worlds: Think Tanks and Foreign Policy" in Hill and Beshoff. Two Worlds of International Relations, 146.
43. Bobrow, "The Relevance Potential of Different Products," 223.
44. George, Bridging the Gap, 4 and chap. 1, fn. 2, 147-148.
45. See, for example, Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiro, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
46. Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 192), 60-61.
47. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "The Benefits of a Social-Science Approach to Studying International Affairs" in Ngaire Woods, ed., Explaining International Relations Since 1945 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996), 67.
48. See, among many other examples, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, David Newman, and Alvin Rabushka, Forecasting Political Events: The Future of Hong Kong (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and C. H. Kim, "Prospects for a New Regional Order in Northeast Asia," Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 3 (1991); 65-82; Steven J. Brams and Jeffrey M. Togman, "The Dynamics of the Northern Ireland Conflict" in Miroslav Nincic and Joseph Lepgold, eds., Being Useful: Policy Relevance and International Relations Theory (manuscript, 1997).
49. See, among many other examples, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, David Newman, and Alvin Rabushka, Forecasting Political Events: The Future of Hong Kong (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and C. H. Kim, "Prospects for a New Regional Order in Northeast Asia," Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 3 (1991); 65-82; Steven J. Brams and Jeffrey M. Togman, "The Dynamics of the Northern Ireland Conflict" in Miroslav Nincic and Joseph Lepgold, eds., Being Useful: Policy Relevance and International Relations Theory (manuscript, 1997).
50. See, among many other examples, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, David Newman, and Alvin Rabushka, Forecasting Political Events: The Future of Hong Kong (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and C. H. Kim, "Prospects for a New Regional Order in Northeast Asia," Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 3 (1991); 65-82; Steven J. Brams and Jeffrey M. Togman, "The Dynamics of the Northern Ireland Conflict" in Miroslav Nincic and Joseph Lepgold, eds., Being Useful: Policy Relevance and International Relations Theory (manuscript, 1997).
51. Bueno de Mesquita, Newman, and Rabushka, Forecasting Political Events, 7.
52. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 143-165; Hill, "Academic International Relations," 21; George, Bridging the Gap, xviii.
53. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 143-165; Hill, "Academic International Relations," 21; George, Bridging the Gap, xviii.
54. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 143-165; Hill, "Academic International Relations," 21; George, Bridging the Gap, xviii.
55. On the usefulness of identifying manipulable variables, see Stephen Walt, "The Renaissance of Security Studies," International Studies Quarterly 35 (June 1991): 212; on policy risk, see Alan Lamborn The Price of Power (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1991), chap. 3.
56. On the usefulness of identifying manipulable variables, see Stephen Walt, "The Renaissance of Security Studies," International Studies Quarterly 35 (June 1991): 212; on policy risk, see Alan Lamborn The Price of Power (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1991), chap. 3.
57. For example see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Fran Stokman, eds., European Community Decision Making (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "Multilateral Negotiations: A Spatial Analysis of the Arab-Israeli Dispute," International Organization 44 (Summer 1990): 317-340.
58. For example see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Fran Stokman, eds., European Community Decision Making (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "Multilateral Negotiations: A Spatial Analysis of the Arab-Israeli Dispute," International Organization 44 (Summer 1990): 317-340.
59. Moore, "Social Science and Policy Analysis," 290.
60. Robert L. Rothstein, Planning, Prediction, and Policymaking in Foreign Affairs (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), 134.
61. Jack Synder, "Science and Sovietology," World Politics 40 (January 1988): 170; Philip Zelikow, "Foreign Policy Engineering," International Security 18 (Summer 1994): 145.
62. Jack Synder, "Science and Sovietology," World Politics 40 (January 1988): 170; Philip Zelikow, "Foreign Policy Engineering," International Security 18 (Summer 1994): 145.
63. Snyder, "Science and Sovietology," 175-176.
64. See Joseph Lepgold, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, and James Morrow, "The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1985-1993," International Interactions 22 (1996): 41-66.
65. Lamborn, "Theory and the Politics in World Politics," 16.
66. See Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley, Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1963), 5-22, for a discussion of the internal and external validity of various kinds of research designs.
67. Campbell and Stanley, Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs, 17.
68. Robert Jervis, "Models and Cases in the Study of International Conflict" in Robert L. Rothstein, ed., The Evolution of Theory in International Relations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 64, 67.
69. Dean G. Pruitt, "Stability and Sudden Change in Interpersonal and International Affairs," Journal of Conflict Resolution 13 (March 1969): 35.
70. Lamborn, "Theory and the Politics in World Politics"; Robert A. Dahl, "The Concept of Power," Behavioral Science 2 (July 1957); David Baldwin, "Power Analysis and World Politics: New Trends Versus Old Tendencies," World Politics 31 (January 1979). For an expected-utility formulation, see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "Risk, Power Distribution, and the Likelihood of War," International Studies Quarterly 25 (December 1981).
71. Lamborn, "Theory and the Politics in World Politics"; Robert A. Dahl, "The Concept of Power," Behavioral Science 2 (July 1957); David Baldwin, "Power Analysis and World Politics: New Trends Versus Old Tendencies," World Politics 31 (January 1979). For an expected-utility formulation, see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "Risk, Power Distribution, and the Likelihood of War," International Studies Quarterly 25 (December 1981).
72. Lamborn, "Theory and the Politics in World Politics"; Robert A. Dahl, "The Concept of Power," Behavioral Science 2 (July 1957); David Baldwin, "Power Analysis and World Politics: New Trends Versus Old Tendencies," World Politics 31 (January 1979). For an expected-utility formulation, see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "Risk, Power Distribution, and the Likelihood of War," International Studies Quarterly 25 (December 1981).
73. Lamborn, "Theory and the Politics in World Politics"; Robert A. Dahl, "The Concept of Power," Behavioral Science 2 (July 1957); David Baldwin, "Power Analysis and World Politics: New Trends Versus Old Tendencies," World Politics 31 (January 1979). For an expected-utility formulation, see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "Risk, Power Distribution, and the Likelihood of War," International Studies Quarterly 25 (December 1981).
74. Arthur Stinchcombe, Constructing Social Theories (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 44, 47.
75. Christopher H. Achen and Duncan Snidal, "Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case Studies," World Politics 16 (January 1989): 157, (Emphasis in original.)
76. See, for instance, Chalmers Johnson, "Preconception vs. Observation, or the Contributions of Rational Choice Theory and Area Studies to Contemporary Political Science," PS: Political Science and Politics 30 (June 1997).
77. Robert Bates, "Area Studies and the Discipline: A Useful Controversy?" PS: Political Science and Politics 30 (June 1997).
78. Alexander L. George, Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy: The Use of Information and Advice (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980), 240-242, 244-245.
79. Diesing, Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences, 190; Alexander L. George, "Case Studies and Theory Development: The Method of Structured, Focused Comparison" in Paul Gordon Lauren, ed., Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory and Policy (New York: The Free Press, 1979), 59.
80. Diesing, Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences, 190; Alexander L. George, "Case Studies and Theory Development: The Method of Structured, Focused Comparison" in Paul Gordon Lauren, ed., Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory and Policy (New York: The Free Press, 1979), 59.
81. Paul Davidson Reynolds, A Primer in Theory Construction (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1971), 91.
82. For an example, see Bueno de Mesquita, "Multilateral Negotiations: A Spatial Analysis of the Arab-Israeli Dispute."
83. See, among others, Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Makes of It"; Martha Finnemore, "International Organizations as Teachers of Norms," International Organization 47 (Autumn 1993).
84. See, among others, Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Makes of It"; Martha Finnemore, "International Organizations as Teachers of Norms," International Organization 47 (Autumn 1993).
85. George, Bridging the Gap, 120-125.
86. One exception is David Baldwin, Economic Statecraft (Princeton University Press, 1985).
87. Compare Dahl, "The Concept of Power"; Baldwin, "Power Analysis and World Politics"; and Lamborn, The Price of Power with Robert Gilpin's noncontextual definition of power: "In this book, power refers simply to the military, economic, and technological capabilities states." See his War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 13.
88. Compare Dahl, "The Concept of Power"; Baldwin, "Power Analysis and World Politics"; and Lamborn, The Price of Power with Robert Gilpin's noncontextual definition of power: "In this book, power refers simply to the military, economic, and technological capabilities states." See his War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 13.
89. Compare Dahl, "The Concept of Power"; Baldwin, "Power Analysis and World Politics"; and Lamborn, The Price of Power with Robert Gilpin's noncontextual definition of power: "In this book, power refers simply to the military, economic, and technological capabilities states." See his War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 13.
90. Compare Dahl, "The Concept of Power"; Baldwin, "Power Analysis and World Politics"; and Lamborn, The Price of Power with Robert Gilpin's noncontextual definition of power: "In this book, power refers simply to the military, economic, and technological capabilities states." See his War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 13.
91. Charles E. Lindlom, Inquiry and Change: The Troubled Attempt to Understand and Shape Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 4, 149-150; Morris Janowitz, "Military Institutions, the Draft, and the Volunteer Army" in Bernard Barber, Effective Social Science (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1987), 75-76.
92. Charles E. Lindlom, Inquiry and Change: The Troubled Attempt to Understand and Shape Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 4, 149-150; Morris Janowitz, "Military Institutions, the Draft, and the Volunteer Army" in Bernard Barber, Effective Social Science (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1987), 75-76.
93. Paul Diesing, Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences (Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, 1971), 189.
94. John C. McKinney, Constructive Typology and Social Theory (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966), 36; Diesing, Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences, 189.
95. John C. McKinney, Constructive Typology and Social Theory (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966), 36; Diesing, Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences, 189.
96. See Joseph Lepgold and George Shambaugh, "Who Owes What to Whom, and How Much? Modeling Reciprocity Relationships in International Relations" (unpublished manuscript, September 1997).