Post-Fordism, union strategy, and the rhetoric of restructuring: The case of Australia, 1980-1996

Theory and Society

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 747-796

  Hampson, Ian ^a   Morgan, David E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039657209     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1007049624344     Document Type: Article

References (333)

1. John Mathews, Tools of Change (Melbourne: Pluto, 1989).
2. In 1994, Mathews declared the theory was "no longer useful" John Mathews. Catching the Wave: Workplace Reform in Australia (Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1994), 309.
3. For example, see the following Australian contributions: Iain Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism," Journal of Australian Political Economy 26 (1990); Peter Gahan, "Forward to the Past? The Case of New Production Concepts," Journal of Industrial Relations 33/2 (1991); Diane Fieldes and Thomas Bramble, "Post-Fordism: Historical Break or Utopian Fantasy?" Journal of Industrial Relations 34/4 (1993); Ian Hampson, "Post-Fordism, the French Regulation School, and the Work of John Mathews," Journal of Australian Political Economy 28 (1991); Ian Hampson, Peter Ewer, and Meg Smith, "Post-Fordism and Workplace Change: Towards a Critical Research Agenda," Journal of Industrial Relations 36/2 (1994). The international literature is reviewed in the article's first section.
4. For example, see the following Australian contributions: Iain Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism," Journal of Australian Political Economy 26 (1990); Peter Gahan, "Forward to the Past? The Case of New Production Concepts," Journal of Industrial Relations 33/2 (1991); Diane Fieldes and Thomas Bramble, "Post-Fordism: Historical Break or Utopian Fantasy?" Journal of Industrial Relations 34/4 (1993); Ian Hampson, "Post-Fordism, the French Regulation School, and the Work of John Mathews," Journal of Australian Political Economy 28 (1991); Ian Hampson, Peter Ewer, and Meg Smith, "Post-Fordism and Workplace Change: Towards a Critical Research Agenda," Journal of Industrial Relations 36/2 (1994). The international literature is reviewed in the article's first section.
5. For example, see the following Australian contributions: Iain Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism," Journal of Australian Political Economy 26 (1990); Peter Gahan, "Forward to the Past? The Case of New Production Concepts," Journal of Industrial Relations 33/2 (1991); Diane Fieldes and Thomas Bramble, "Post-Fordism: Historical Break or Utopian Fantasy?" Journal of Industrial Relations 34/4 (1993); Ian Hampson, "Post-Fordism, the French Regulation School, and the Work of John Mathews," Journal of Australian Political Economy 28 (1991); Ian Hampson, Peter Ewer, and Meg Smith, "Post-Fordism and Workplace Change: Towards a Critical Research Agenda," Journal of Industrial Relations 36/2 (1994). The international literature is reviewed in the article's first section.
6. For example, see the following Australian contributions: Iain Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism," Journal of Australian Political Economy 26 (1990); Peter Gahan, "Forward to the Past? The Case of New Production Concepts," Journal of Industrial Relations 33/2 (1991); Diane Fieldes and Thomas Bramble, "Post-Fordism: Historical Break or Utopian Fantasy?" Journal of Industrial Relations 34/4 (1993); Ian Hampson, "Post-Fordism, the French Regulation School, and the Work of John Mathews," Journal of Australian Political Economy 28 (1991); Ian Hampson, Peter Ewer, and Meg Smith, "Post-Fordism and Workplace Change: Towards a Critical Research Agenda," Journal of Industrial Relations 36/2 (1994). The international literature is reviewed in the article's first section.
7. For example, see the following Australian contributions: Iain Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism," Journal of Australian Political Economy 26 (1990); Peter Gahan, "Forward to the Past? The Case of New Production Concepts," Journal of Industrial Relations 33/2 (1991); Diane Fieldes and Thomas Bramble, "Post-Fordism: Historical Break or Utopian Fantasy?" Journal of Industrial Relations 34/4 (1993); Ian Hampson, "Post-Fordism, the French Regulation School, and the Work of John Mathews," Journal of Australian Political Economy 28 (1991); Ian Hampson, Peter Ewer, and Meg Smith, "Post-Fordism and Workplace Change: Towards a Critical Research Agenda," Journal of Industrial Relations 36/2 (1994). The international literature is reviewed in the article's first section.
8. Paul Kelly, The End of Certainty: Power, Politics and Business in Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, [1992] 1994), 2, passim; Francis Castles, Australian Public Policy and Economic Vulnerability (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1988).
9. Paul Kelly, The End of Certainty: Power, Politics and Business in Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, [1992] 1994), 2, passim; Francis Castles, Australian Public Policy and Economic Vulnerability (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1988).
10. The union movement in Australia is institutionally tied to the ALP. The vast majority of unions are affiliated to the party via the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). Unions have voting rights in policy determination, notably through guaranteed numbers of delegates at national conferences (formally the major policy determination institution), and in the selection of candidates. In addition, the personality of the leader of the ALP played a major role. Hawke enjoyed a reputation as an industrial "Mr. Fixit," who could snatch agreement and "consensus" from the jaws of industrial conflict.
11. ALP/ACTU. Australian Labour Party/Australian Council of Trade Unions, Statement of Accord by the Australian Labor Party and the Australian Council of Trade Unions Regarding Economic Policy (Canberra: AGPS, February, 1983). The full text of the Accord is available in Frank Stillwell, The Accord: And Beyond (Sydney: Pluto, 1986).
12. ALP/ACTU. Australian Labour Party/Australian Council of Trade Unions, Statement of Accord by the Australian Labor Party and the Australian Council of Trade Unions Regarding Economic Policy (Canberra: AGPS, February, 1983). The full text of the Accord is available in Frank Stillwell, The Accord: And Beyond (Sydney: Pluto, 1986).
13. Margaret Gardner, "Labour Movements and Industrial Restructuring: Australia, New Zealand, and the United States," chapter 2, in Kirsten Wever and Lowell Turner, editors, The Comparative Political Economy of Industrial Relations (Madison, Wisconsin: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1995), 47, 61-63.
14. These are now well documented. We are fortunate that several excellent data sets that cover a similar time frame to that of this artic e are in the public arena. The publication by ACIRRT (Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training) Australia at Work: Just Managing? (Sydney, Prentice-Hall, 1999) summarizes a large amount of research into changes in the Australian workplace. This includes a wealth of information from the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations (AWIRS) surveys, of 1990 and 1995. which provides a useful "before" and "after" of the changes. See alison Morehead, Mairi Steel, Michael Alexander, Kerry Stephen, Linton Duffin, Changes at Work: The 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (Melbourne: Addison Wesley Longman, 1997).
15. These are now well documented. We are fortunate that several excellent data sets that cover a similar time frame to that of this artic e are in the public arena. The publication by ACIRRT (Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training) Australia at Work: Just Managing? (Sydney, Prentice-Hall, 1999) summarizes a large amount of research into changes in the Australian workplace. This includes a wealth of information from the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations (AWIRS) surveys, of 1990 and 1995. which provides a useful "before" and "after" of the changes. See alison Morehead, Mairi Steel, Michael Alexander, Kerry Stephen, Linton Duffin, Changes at Work: The 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (Melbourne: Addison Wesley Longman, 1997).
16. Kelly, End of Certainty, chapter 3, especially p. 57. Immediately after the ALP attained power, it encountered a fiscal crisis that enabled it to abrogate many public-spending promises.
17. See Peter Ewer, Winton Higgins, and Annette Stephens, The Unions and the Future of Australian Manufacturing (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987); Peter Ewer and Winton Higgins, "Industry Policy under the Accord: Reform vs Traditionalism in Economic Management," Politics 21/1 (1986).
18. See Peter Ewer, Winton Higgins, and Annette Stephens, The Unions and the Future of Australian Manufacturing (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987); Peter Ewer and Winton Higgins, "Industry Policy under the Accord: Reform vs Traditionalism in Economic Management," Politics 21/1 (1986).
19. For example, see Metal Trades Federation of Unions, Policy for Industry Development and More Jobs (Sydney: MTFU, 1984).
20. Kelly's widely read history of the 1980s barely mentions industry policy. Nor does the purportedly comprehensive history of the battles over Australian industrial relations by Braham Dabscheck. See Kelly, End of Certainty; Braham Dabscheck, The Struggle for Australian Industrial Relations (Sydney: Oxford University Press, 1995).
21. Kelly's widely read history of the 1980s barely mentions industry policy. Nor does the purportedly comprehensive history of the battles over Australian industrial relations by Braham Dabscheck. See Kelly, End of Certainty; Braham Dabscheck, The Struggle for Australian Industrial Relations (Sydney: Oxford University Press, 1995).
22. See Stephen Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State: The Politics of Industry Polier in the Post-War Era (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Stephen Bell, "State Strength and State Weakness: Manufacturing Industry and the Post-War Australian State," chapter 10, in Stephen Bell and Brian Head, editors, State, Economy and Public Policy in Australia (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press); Stephen Bell, "Unequal Partner: Trade Unions and Industry Policy under the Hawke Government," Labour and Industry 4/1 (March 1991): 119-137.
23. See Stephen Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State: The Politics of Industry Polier in the Post-War Era (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Stephen Bell, "State Strength and State Weakness: Manufacturing Industry and the Post-War Australian State," chapter 10, in Stephen Bell and Brian Head, editors, State, Economy and Public Policy in Australia (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press); Stephen Bell, "Unequal Partner: Trade Unions and Industry Policy under the Hawke Government," Labour and Industry 4/1 (March 1991): 119-137.
24. See Stephen Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State: The Politics of Industry Polier in the Post-War Era (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Stephen Bell, "State Strength and State Weakness: Manufacturing Industry and the Post-War Australian State," chapter 10, in Stephen Bell and Brian Head, editors, State, Economy and Public Policy in Australia (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press); Stephen Bell, "Unequal Partner: Trade Unions and Industry Policy under the Hawke Government," Labour and Industry 4/1 (March 1991): 119-137.
25. Werner Sengenberger and Duncan Campbell, editors, Creating Economic Opportunities: The Role of Labour Standards in Industrial Restructuring (Geneva: International Labour Organisation, International Institute for Labour Studies, 1994); Arndt Sorge and Wolfgang Streeck, "Industrial Relations and Technical Change: The Case for an Extended Perspective," chapter 1, in Richard Hyman and Wolfgang Streeck, editors, New Technology and Industrial Relations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 11, 15, 28-31, passim.
26. Werner Sengenberger and Duncan Campbell, editors, Creating Economic Opportunities: The Role of Labour Standards in Industrial Restructuring (Geneva: International Labour Organisation, International Institute for Labour Studies, 1994); Arndt Sorge and Wolfgang Streeck, "Industrial Relations and Technical Change: The Case for an Extended Perspective," chapter 1, in Richard Hyman and Wolfgang Streeck, editors, New Technology and Industrial Relations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 11, 15, 28-31, passim.
27. Werner Sengenberger and Duncan Campbell, editors, Creating Economic Opportunities: The Role of Labour Standards in Industrial Restructuring (Geneva: International Labour Organisation, International Institute for Labour Studies, 1994); Arndt Sorge and Wolfgang Streeck, "Industrial Relations and Technical Change: The Case for an Extended Perspective," chapter 1, in Richard Hyman and Wolfgang Streeck, editors, New Technology and Industrial Relations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 11, 15, 28-31, passim.
28. Post-Fordism had mixed support among union leaders. For example, the powerful ACTU Secretary Bill Kelty is not on record as a post-Fordist. Kelty's orthodox economic views are well known, and his membership on the Board of the Reserve Bank (until 1996) testifies to them. On the other hand, and equally, there is no doubt that some high-level union leaders (e.g., Laurie Carmichael and Max Ogden) embraced post-Fordism. Laurie Carmichael, "After the Revolution: (Micro) Chips with Everything," Australian Left Review, 110 (May-June, 1989); Max Ogden, Towards Best Practice Unions in Australia (Sydney: Pluto, 1993). Post-Fordist self-promotion claims that "The concept of post-Fordism was the gateway through which unions and firms in Australia were enabled to come to grips with the inadequacies of their prevailing models of structural efficiency." See John Mathews, "New Production Systems: A Response to Critics and a Reevaluation," in Journal of Australian Political Economy, 30 (December, 1992), 96. Also see Michael Costa and Mark Duffy, Labour and Prosperity in the '90s (Sydney: Federation Press, 1991), for another overestimation of the influence of post-Fordism.
29. Post-Fordism had mixed support among union leaders. For example, the powerful ACTU Secretary Bill Kelty is not on record as a post-Fordist. Kelty's orthodox economic views are well known, and his membership on the Board of the Reserve Bank (until 1996) testifies to them. On the other hand, and equally, there is no doubt that some high-level union leaders (e.g., Laurie Carmichael and Max Ogden) embraced post-Fordism. Laurie Carmichael, "After the Revolution: (Micro) Chips with Everything," Australian Left Review, 110 (May-June, 1989); Max Ogden, Towards Best Practice Unions in Australia (Sydney: Pluto, 1993). Post-Fordist self-promotion claims that "The concept of post-Fordism was the gateway through which unions and firms in Australia were enabled to come to grips with the inadequacies of their prevailing models of structural efficiency." See John Mathews, "New Production Systems: A Response to Critics and a Reevaluation," in Journal of Australian Political Economy, 30 (December, 1992), 96. Also see Michael Costa and Mark Duffy, Labour and Prosperity in the '90s (Sydney: Federation Press, 1991), for another overestimation of the influence of post-Fordism.
30. Post-Fordism had mixed support among union leaders. For example, the powerful ACTU Secretary Bill Kelty is not on record as a post-Fordist. Kelty's orthodox economic views are well known, and his membership on the Board of the Reserve Bank (until 1996) testifies to them. On the other hand, and equally, there is no doubt that some high-level union leaders (e.g., Laurie Carmichael and Max Ogden) embraced post-Fordism. Laurie Carmichael, "After the Revolution: (Micro) Chips with Everything," Australian Left Review, 110 (May-June, 1989); Max Ogden, Towards Best Practice Unions in Australia (Sydney: Pluto, 1993). Post-Fordist self-promotion claims that "The concept of post-Fordism was the gateway through which unions and firms in Australia were enabled to come to grips with the inadequacies of their prevailing models of structural efficiency." See John Mathews, "New Production Systems: A Response to Critics and a Reevaluation," in Journal of Australian Political Economy, 30 (December, 1992), 96. Also see Michael Costa and Mark Duffy, Labour and Prosperity in the '90s (Sydney: Federation Press, 1991), for another overestimation of the influence of post-Fordism.
31. Post-Fordism had mixed support among union leaders. For example, the powerful ACTU Secretary Bill Kelty is not on record as a post-Fordist. Kelty's orthodox economic views are well known, and his membership on the Board of the Reserve Bank (until 1996) testifies to them. On the other hand, and equally, there is no doubt that some high-level union leaders (e.g., Laurie Carmichael and Max Ogden) embraced post-Fordism. Laurie Carmichael, "After the Revolution: (Micro) Chips with Everything," Australian Left Review, 110 (May-June, 1989); Max Ogden, Towards Best Practice Unions in Australia (Sydney: Pluto, 1993). Post-Fordist self-promotion claims that "The concept of post-Fordism was the gateway through which unions and firms in Australia were enabled to come to grips with the inadequacies of their prevailing models of structural efficiency." See John Mathews, "New Production Systems: A Response to Critics and a Reevaluation," in Journal of Australian Political Economy, 30 (December, 1992), 96. Also see Michael Costa and Mark Duffy, Labour and Prosperity in the '90s (Sydney: Federation Press, 1991), for another overestimation of the influence of post-Fordism.
32. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Maufacturing," Political Quarterly 60/1 ( 1989), idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994); Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s (London: Lawrence and Wishart, in association with Marxism Today, 1989); Robin Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times; John Mathews, A Culture of Power (Australian Fabian Society and Socialist Forum NSW Australia: Pluto Press, 1988): idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," Meanjin 48/1 (1989).
33. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Maufacturing," Political Quarterly 60/1 ( 1989), idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994); Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s (London: Lawrence and Wishart, in association with Marxism Today, 1989); Robin Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times; John Mathews, A Culture of Power (Australian Fabian Society and Socialist Forum NSW Australia: Pluto Press, 1988): idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," Meanjin 48/1 (1989).
34. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Maufacturing," Political Quarterly 60/1 ( 1989), idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994); Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s (London: Lawrence and Wishart, in association with Marxism Today, 1989); Robin Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times; John Mathews, A Culture of Power (Australian Fabian Society and Socialist Forum NSW Australia: Pluto Press, 1988): idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," Meanjin 48/1 (1989).
35. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Maufacturing," Political Quarterly 60/1 ( 1989), idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994); Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s (London: Lawrence and Wishart, in association with Marxism Today, 1989); Robin Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times; John Mathews, A Culture of Power (Australian Fabian Society and Socialist Forum NSW Australia: Pluto Press, 1988): idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," Meanjin 48/1 (1989).
36. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Maufacturing," Political Quarterly 60/1 ( 1989), idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994); Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s (London: Lawrence and Wishart, in association with Marxism Today, 1989); Robin Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times; John Mathews, A Culture of Power (Australian Fabian Society and Socialist Forum NSW Australia: Pluto Press, 1988): idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," Meanjin 48/1 (1989).
37. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Maufacturing," Political Quarterly 60/1 ( 1989), idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994); Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s (London: Lawrence and Wishart, in association with Marxism Today, 1989); Robin Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times; John Mathews, A Culture of Power (Australian Fabian Society and Socialist Forum NSW Australia: Pluto Press, 1988): idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," Meanjin 48/1 (1989).
38. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Maufacturing," Political Quarterly 60/1 ( 1989), idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994); Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s (London: Lawrence and Wishart, in association with Marxism Today, 1989); Robin Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times; John Mathews, A Culture of Power (Australian Fabian Society and Socialist Forum NSW Australia: Pluto Press, 1988): idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," Meanjin 48/1 (1989).
39. Michael Piore and Charles Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Tom Peters, Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution (London: Pan Books, 1988); Elizabeth Moss-Kanter, When Giants Learn to Dance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).
40. Michael Piore and Charles Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Tom Peters, Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution (London: Pan Books, 1988); Elizabeth Moss-Kanter, When Giants Learn to Dance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).
41. Michael Piore and Charles Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Tom Peters, Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution (London: Pan Books, 1988); Elizabeth Moss-Kanter, When Giants Learn to Dance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).
42. Krishan Kumar, From Post-Industrial to Post-Modern Society: New Theories of the Contemporary World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 36, 163; Julie Graham, "Fordism / Post-Fordism, Marxism / Post-Marxism: The Second Cultural Divide?" Rethinking Marxism 4 (Spring, 1991): 39-57. Especially see Mathews, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism."
43. Krishan Kumar, From Post-Industrial to Post-Modern Society: New Theories of the Contemporary World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 36, 163; Julie Graham, "Fordism / Post-Fordism, Marxism / Post-Marxism: The Second Cultural Divide?" Rethinking Marxism 4 (Spring, 1991): 39-57. Especially see Mathews, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism."
44. Krishan Kumar, From Post-Industrial to Post-Modern Society: New Theories of the Contemporary World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 36, 163; Julie Graham, "Fordism / Post-Fordism, Marxism / Post-Marxism: The Second Cultural Divide?" Rethinking Marxism 4 (Spring, 1991): 39-57. Especially see Mathews, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism."
45. Especially see Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
46. Krishan Kumar, Prophecy and Progress: The Sociology of Industrial and Post-Industrial Societies (London: Penguin, 1985). Boris Frankel, The Post-Industrial Utopians (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Richard Badham, Theories of Industrial Society (London: Croom Helm, 1986).
47. Krishan Kumar, Prophecy and Progress: The Sociology of Industrial and Post-Industrial Societies (London: Penguin, 1985). Boris Frankel, The Post-Industrial Utopians (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Richard Badham, Theories of Industrial Society (London: Croom Helm, 1986).
48. Krishan Kumar, Prophecy and Progress: The Sociology of Industrial and Post-Industrial Societies (London: Penguin, 1985). Boris Frankel, The Post-Industrial Utopians (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Richard Badham, Theories of Industrial Society (London: Croom Helm, 1986).
49. Graham, "Fordism / Post-Fordism," 39-57.
50. Francis Fukayama, "The End of History," National Interest (Summer 1989); idem, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free Press, 1992).
51. Francis Fukayama, "The End of History," National Interest (Summer 1989); idem, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free Press, 1992).
52. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Prison Notebooks (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971).
53. Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974); on the recombination of tasks and upgrading of skill, see for example, Paul Adler, "Technology and Us," Socialist Review 85 (1986): 67-98.
54. Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974); on the recombination of tasks and upgrading of skill, see for example, Paul Adler, "Technology and Us," Socialist Review 85 (1986): 67-98.
55. Piore and Sabel, Second Industrial Divide.
56. For example, see Alain Lipietz, Miracles and Mirages: The Crisis in Global Fordism (London: Verso, 1987); idem, Towards a New Economic Order: Postfordism, Ecology and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); Bob Jessop, "Regulation Theory, Post-Fordism and the State: More than a Reply to Werner Bonefield," Capital and Class, 34 (1988): 147-168; Robert Boyer, The Regulation School: An Introduction (New York: Columbia, 1990).
57. For example, see Alain Lipietz, Miracles and Mirages: The Crisis in Global Fordism (London: Verso, 1987); idem, Towards a New Economic Order: Postfordism, Ecology and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); Bob Jessop, "Regulation Theory, Post-Fordism and the State: More than a Reply to Werner Bonefield," Capital and Class, 34 (1988): 147-168; Robert Boyer, The Regulation School: An Introduction (New York: Columbia, 1990).
58. For example, see Alain Lipietz, Miracles and Mirages: The Crisis in Global Fordism (London: Verso, 1987); idem, Towards a New Economic Order: Postfordism, Ecology and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); Bob Jessop, "Regulation Theory, Post-Fordism and the State: More than a Reply to Werner Bonefield," Capital and Class, 34 (1988): 147-168; Robert Boyer, The Regulation School: An Introduction (New York: Columbia, 1990).
59. For example, see Alain Lipietz, Miracles and Mirages: The Crisis in Global Fordism (London: Verso, 1987); idem, Towards a New Economic Order: Postfordism, Ecology and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992); Bob Jessop, "Regulation Theory, Post-Fordism and the State: More than a Reply to Werner Bonefield," Capital and Class, 34 (1988): 147-168; Robert Boyer, The Regulation School: An Introduction (New York: Columbia, 1990).
60. Annemieke Roobeek, (1987) "The Crisis in Fordism and the Rise of a New Technological Paradigm," Futures (April 1987): 129-154.
61. Maryanne Kelley, "Unionization and Job Design under Programmable Automation," Industrial Relations 28/2 (1989): 174-187 Adler, "Technology and Us; Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
62. Maryanne Kelley, "Unionization and Job Design under Programmable Automation," Industrial Relations 28/2 (1989): 174-187 Adler, "Technology and Us; Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
63. Maryanne Kelley, "Unionization and Job Design under Programmable Automation," Industrial Relations 28/2 (1989): 174-187 Adler, "Technology and Us; Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
64. Alex Callinicos, Against Post-Modernism: A Marxist Critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1989).
65. Piore and Sabel, Second Industrial Divide, 7 passim. Piore and Sabel posit a favorable outcome for workers of the transition to flexible specialization, despite insisting that labor will bear the lions' share of the costs of adjustment (see below). This is an important theoretical tension in their work.
66. See Robert Boyer, editor, The Search for Labour Market Flexibility (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 139; Piore and Sabel, Second Industrial Divide, 4; see also Mark Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate," Economic and Industrial Democracy 11 (1990): 9-37; Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, '"Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991).
67. See Robert Boyer, editor, The Search for Labour Market Flexibility (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 139; Piore and Sabel, Second Industrial Divide, 4; see also Mark Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate," Economic and Industrial Democracy 11 (1990): 9-37; Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, '"Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991).
68. See Robert Boyer, editor, The Search for Labour Market Flexibility (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 139; Piore and Sabel, Second Industrial Divide, 4; see also Mark Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate," Economic and Industrial Democracy 11 (1990): 9-37; Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, '"Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991).
69. See Robert Boyer, editor, The Search for Labour Market Flexibility (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 139; Piore and Sabel, Second Industrial Divide, 4; see also Mark Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate," Economic and Industrial Democracy 11 (1990): 9-37; Paul Hirst and Jonathon Zeitlin, '"Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications," Economy and Society 20/1 (1991).
70. Robert Boyer, The Regulation School: An Introduction (New York: Columbia, 1990).
71. The latter concept is similar to the concept of "policy networks" of Peter Katzenstein in his Small States in World Markets (Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1985). It is also similar to the concept of "social structures of accumulation,"as developed by David Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transforration of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
72. The latter concept is similar to the concept of "policy networks" of Peter Katzenstein in his Small States in World Markets (Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1985). It is also similar to the concept of "social structures of accumulation,"as developed by David Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transforration of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
73. For example, Alain Lipietz, "An Alternative Design for the Twenty First Century." CEPREMAP Paper No. 8738 (Paris, 1987): 10 passim; idem, Miracles and Mirages, 191-193; see also Richard Barbrook, "Mistranslations: Lipietz in London and Paris," Science as Culture. 8 (1990): 80-117.
74. For example, Alain Lipietz, "An Alternative Design for the Twenty First Century." CEPREMAP Paper No. 8738 (Paris, 1987): 10 passim; idem, Miracles and Mirages, 191-193; see also Richard Barbrook, "Mistranslations: Lipietz in London and Paris," Science as Culture. 8 (1990): 80-117.
75. For example, Alain Lipietz, "An Alternative Design for the Twenty First Century." CEPREMAP Paper No. 8738 (Paris, 1987): 10 passim; idem, Miracles and Mirages, 191-193; see also Richard Barbrook, "Mistranslations: Lipietz in London and Paris," Science as Culture. 8 (1990): 80-117.
76. Lipietz, Towards a New Economic Order, 25.
77. Regulationist theory has been vulgarized, not least by some of the regulatiomsts themselves. Boyer [see The Regulation School: An Introduction] insists that some of the success of the theory is due to "an unfortunate sort of popularisation" (p. 20), leading to "success based on fashion" (p. 80), based on incomplete knowledge of the key precepts of regulationism. However, many regulationist pieces themselves undoubtedly promote this vulgarization, with their predilection for potted, page-length summaries of complex concepts. For example, see Lipietz, Alternative Design, 3.
78. Regulationist theory has been vulgarized, not least by some of the regulatiomsts themselves. Boyer [see The Regulation School: An Introduction] insists that some of the success of the theory is due to "an unfortunate sort of popularisation" (p. 20), leading to "success based on fashion" (p. 80), based on incomplete knowledge of the key precepts of regulationism. However, many regulationist pieces themselves undoubtedly promote this vulgarization, with their predilection for potted, page-length summaries of complex concepts. For example, see Lipietz, Alternative Design, 3.
79. Carlotta Perez, "Structural Change and Assimilation of New Technologies in the Social and Economic Systems," Futures (October, 1983): 357-375; Christopher Freeman and Carlotta Perez, "The Diffusion of Technical Innovations and Changes of Techno-economic Paradigm," paper prepared for the Venice Conference, January, 1986.
80. Carlotta Perez, "Structural Change and Assimilation of New Technologies in the Social and Economic Systems," Futures (October, 1983): 357-375; Christopher Freeman and Carlotta Perez, "The Diffusion of Technical Innovations and Changes of Techno-economic Paradigm," paper prepared for the Venice Conference, January, 1986.
81. Annemieke Roobeek, (1987) "The Crisis in Fordism and the Rise of a New Technological Paradigm," Futures (April, 1987): 129-154.
82. Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism."
83. Kelly, "Unionization and Job Design," 174-187: Adler, "Technology and Us," 67-98; idem, editor, Technology and the Future of Work (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Zuboff, Age of the Smart Machine.
84. Kelly, "Unionization and Job Design," 174-187: Adler, "Technology and Us," 67-98; idem, editor, Technology and the Future of Work (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Zuboff, Age of the Smart Machine.
85. Kelly, "Unionization and Job Design," 174-187: Adler, "Technology and Us," 67-98; idem, editor, Technology and the Future of Work (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Zuboff, Age of the Smart Machine.
86. Kelly, "Unionization and Job Design," 174-187: Adler, "Technology and Us," 67-98; idem, editor, Technology and the Future of Work (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Zuboff, Age of the Smart Machine.
87. For example, Hall and Jacques, editors, New Times; Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism."
88. For example, Hall and Jacques, editors, New Times; Murray, "Fordism and Post-Fordism."
89. For example, David Harvey, The Condition of Post-Modernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989). Useful critiques and overviews are Ash Amin, and Kevin Robins, "The Re-Emergence of Regional Economics? The Mythical Geography of Flexible Accumulation," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 8 (1990): 7-34; Meric Gertler, "The Limits to Flexibility: Comments on the post-Fordist Vision of Production and its Geography," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 4 (1988): 419-432. The Economic Geography/post-Fordism debate has been reviewed by Simon Wilson, A Critique of Post-Fordist Accounts of Industrial Decentralisation and the Politics of the Australian Inter-firm Networking Debate (MA Honours Thesis, University of Wollongong: Department of Science and Technology Studies. 1992).
90. For example, David Harvey, The Condition of Post-Modernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989). Useful critiques and overviews are Ash Amin, and Kevin Robins, "The Re-Emergence of Regional Economics? The Mythical Geography of Flexible Accumulation," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 8 (1990): 7-34; Meric Gertler, "The Limits to Flexibility: Comments on the post-Fordist Vision of Production and its Geography," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 4 (1988): 419-432. The Economic Geography/post-Fordism debate has been reviewed by Simon Wilson, A Critique of Post-Fordist Accounts of Industrial Decentralisation and the Politics of the Australian Inter-firm Networking Debate (MA Honours Thesis, University of Wollongong: Department of Science and Technology Studies. 1992).
91. For example, David Harvey, The Condition of Post-Modernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989). Useful critiques and overviews are Ash Amin, and Kevin Robins, "The Re-Emergence of Regional Economics? The Mythical Geography of Flexible Accumulation," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 8 (1990): 7-34; Meric Gertler, "The Limits to Flexibility: Comments on the post-Fordist Vision of Production and its Geography," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 4 (1988): 419-432. The Economic Geography/post-Fordism debate has been reviewed by Simon Wilson, A Critique of Post-Fordist Accounts of Industrial Decentralisation and the Politics of the Australian Inter-firm Networking Debate (MA Honours Thesis, University of Wollongong: Department of Science and Technology Studies. 1992).
92. For example, David Harvey, The Condition of Post-Modernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989). Useful critiques and overviews are Ash Amin, and Kevin Robins, "The Re-Emergence of Regional Economics? The Mythical Geography of Flexible Accumulation," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 8 (1990): 7-34; Meric Gertler, "The Limits to Flexibility: Comments on the post-Fordist Vision of Production and its Geography," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 4 (1988): 419-432. The Economic Geography/post-Fordism debate has been reviewed by Simon Wilson, A Critique of Post-Fordist Accounts of Industrial Decentralisation and the Politics of the Australian Inter-firm Networking Debate (MA Honours Thesis, University of Wollongong: Department of Science and Technology Studies. 1992).
93. Mathews, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 139-152.
94. Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Manufacturing"; idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism."
95. Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Manufacturing"; idem, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism."
96. Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism." Given that Piore and Sabel are quintessential post-Fordists, Hirst and Zeitlin's attempt to distance themselves from post-Fordism, yet embrace the work of Piore and Sabel at the same time, is somewhat curious.
97. Post-Fordism, for Mathews, entails such far-reaching societal transformations that the socialist goal can be laid aside, and the "metaphor" of a transformation from Fordism to post-Fordism substitutes for the transition from capitalism to socialism. "Post-Fordist analysis is at once visionary and pragmatic. Instead of utilising a category like capitalism, that is essentially vague, and non-surpassable in any real time frame. . . ." See Mathews, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 146.
98. Mathews, Tools of Change, 34.
99. Mathews, A Culture of Power, 20, 23. See also John Mathews, Age of Democracy: The Politics of Post-Fordism (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1989).
100. Mathews, A Culture of Power, 20, 23. See also John Mathews, Age of Democracy: The Politics of Post-Fordism (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1989).
101. Mathews, "New Production Systems: A Response to Critics and a Re-Evaluation," 95. Hampson, Ewer, and Smith, "Post-Fordism and Workplace Change": Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism."
102. Mathews, "New Production Systems: A Response to Critics and a Re-Evaluation," 95. Hampson, Ewer, and Smith, "Post-Fordism and Workplace Change": Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism."
103. Mathews, "New Production Systems: A Response to Critics and a Re-Evaluation," 95. Hampson, Ewer, and Smith, "Post-Fordism and Workplace Change": Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism."
104. See Piore and Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide 7, 86, 160, for whom flexibility requires cheap labor and a marginalized trade union movement. Also see Roobeek, "Crisis of Fordism," for whom the new post-Fordist paradigm requires deregulation of working conditions and wages. See pp. 129, 131, 146.
105. See Piore and Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide 7, 86, 160, for whom flexibility requires cheap labor and a marginalized trade union movement. Also see Roobeek, "Crisis of Fordism," for whom the new post-Fordist paradigm requires deregulation of working conditions and wages. See pp. 129, 131, 146.
106. Karel Williams, Tony Cutler, John Williams, and Chris Haslam, "The End of Mass Production?" Economy and Society 16/3 (1987): 405-439.
107. The growing business lexicon of "best practice" parallelled this "quest for the particular" in management practice, Robert Eccles and Nitin Nohria, Beyond the Hype: Rediscovering the Essence of Management (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Business School Press), 59-84.
108. Werner Bonefeld, "Reformulation of State Theory," Capital and Class No. 33 (1987: 124; Amin and Robins, "The Re-Emergence of Regional Economies?" 14; Lipietz, Miracles and Mirages, 13.
109. Werner Bonefeld, "Reformulation of State Theory," Capital and Class No. 33 (1987: 124; Amin and Robins, "The Re-Emergence of Regional Economies?" 14; Lipietz, Miracles and Mirages, 13.
110. Werner Bonefeld, "Reformulation of State Theory," Capital and Class No. 33 (1987: 124; Amin and Robins, "The Re-Emergence of Regional Economies?" 14; Lipietz, Miracles and Mirages, 13.
111. Nigel Thrift, "New Times and Spaces? The Perils cf Transition Models," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 7 (1989): 127-129.
112. Williams, Cutler, Williams and Haslam, "The End of Mass Production?" Anna Pollert, "Dismantling Flexibility," Capital and Class 34 (1988): 42-75.
113. Williams, Cutler, Williams and Haslam, "The End of Mass Production?" Anna Pollert, "Dismantling Flexibility," Capital and Class 34 (1988): 42-75.
114. Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism," 27.
115. Piore and Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide, 191-192.
116. Piore and Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide, 4, 184.
117. Mathews, Tools of Change, 31.
118. Williams, Cutler, Williams, and Haslam, "The End of Mass Production?"; Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism."
119. Williams, Cutler, Williams, and Haslam, "The End of Mass Production?"; Campbell, "The Australian Trade Union Movement and Post-Fordism."
120. Perez, "Structural Change and Assimilation of New Technologies"; Roobeek, "Crisis in Fordism."
121. Perez, "Structural Change and Assimilation of New Technologies"; Roobeek, "Crisis in Fordism."
122. See Mathews, Tools of Change, 2, 3, 107, 153, 156; idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 144. See above, where weak and strong versions of post-Fordism are distinguished.
123. See Mathews, Tools of Change, 2, 3, 107, 153, 156; idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 144. See above, where weak and strong versions of post-Fordism are distinguished.
124. For examples of this crucial conceptual failure, see Mathews, Tools of Change, 37; idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 44; Richard Curtain and John Mathews. "Two Models of Award Restructuring in Australia," Labour and Industry 3/1 (1990): 73; and Peter Botsman, "Rethinking the Class Struggle: Industrial Democracy and the Politics of Production," Economic and Industrial Democracy 10 (1989): 125.
125. For examples of this crucial conceptual failure, see Mathews, Tools of Change, 37; idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 44; Richard Curtain and John Mathews. "Two Models of Award Restructuring in Australia," Labour and Industry 3/1 (1990): 73; and Peter Botsman, "Rethinking the Class Struggle: Industrial Democracy and the Politics of Production," Economic and Industrial Democracy 10 (1989): 125.
126. For examples of this crucial conceptual failure, see Mathews, Tools of Change, 37; idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 44; Richard Curtain and John Mathews. "Two Models of Award Restructuring in Australia," Labour and Industry 3/1 (1990): 73; and Peter Botsman, "Rethinking the Class Struggle: Industrial Democracy and the Politics of Production," Economic and Industrial Democracy 10 (1989): 125.
127. For examples of this crucial conceptual failure, see Mathews, Tools of Change, 37; idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 44; Richard Curtain and John Mathews. "Two Models of Award Restructuring in Australia," Labour and Industry 3/1 (1990): 73; and Peter Botsman, "Rethinking the Class Struggle: Industrial Democracy and the Politics of Production," Economic and Industrial Democracy 10 (1989): 125.
128. As this concept is outlined by James Womack, Daniel Jones, and Daniel Roos, The Machine that Changed the World (New York: MacMillan, 1990).
129. For example, Martin Kenney and Richard Florida, "Japan's Role in a Post-Fordist Age," Futures (April, 1989): 122; Michael Dertouzos, Robert Lester, and Robert Solow, Made in America - Regaining the Competitive Edge (Cambridge. Mass: MIT Press, 1989), 127-128; Especially see John Mathews, Ford Australia Plastics Plant: Transition to Teamwork through Quality Enhancement, UNSW Studies in Organisational Analysis and Innovation No. 3 (1991): 9, 21; Stewart R. Clegg, "Post-modern Management?" Journal of Organisational Change Management 5/2 (1992).
130. For example, Martin Kenney and Richard Florida, "Japan's Role in a Post-Fordist Age," Futures (April, 1989): 122; Michael Dertouzos, Robert Lester, and Robert Solow, Made in America - Regaining the Competitive Edge (Cambridge. Mass: MIT Press, 1989), 127-128; Especially see John Mathews, Ford Australia Plastics Plant: Transition to Teamwork through Quality Enhancement, UNSW Studies in Organisational Analysis and Innovation No. 3 (1991): 9, 21; Stewart R. Clegg, "Post-modern Management?" Journal of Organisational Change Management 5/2 (1992).
131. For example, Martin Kenney and Richard Florida, "Japan's Role in a Post-Fordist Age," Futures (April, 1989): 122; Michael Dertouzos, Robert Lester, and Robert Solow, Made in America - Regaining the Competitive Edge (Cambridge. Mass: MIT Press, 1989), 127-128; Especially see John Mathews, Ford Australia Plastics Plant: Transition to Teamwork through Quality Enhancement, UNSW Studies in Organisational Analysis and Innovation No. 3 (1991): 9, 21; Stewart R. Clegg, "Post-modern Management?" Journal of Organisational Change Management 5/2 (1992).
132. For example, Martin Kenney and Richard Florida, "Japan's Role in a Post-Fordist Age," Futures (April, 1989): 122; Michael Dertouzos, Robert Lester, and Robert Solow, Made in America - Regaining the Competitive Edge (Cambridge. Mass: MIT Press, 1989), 127-128; Especially see John Mathews, Ford Australia Plastics Plant: Transition to Teamwork through Quality Enhancement, UNSW Studies in Organisational Analysis and Innovation No. 3 (1991): 9, 21; Stewart R. Clegg, "Post-modern Management?" Journal of Organisational Change Management 5/2 (1992).
133. For example, Roobeek, "Crisis in Fordism," Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Manufacturing," John Mathews, G. Hall, and H. Smith, Towards Flexible Skill Formation and Technological Literacy: Challenges Facing the Educational System, Discussion Paper 1, Coordinating Divisions, Ministry of Education, Victoria (1987). Compare with Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate."
134. For example, Roobeek, "Crisis in Fordism," Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Manufacturing," John Mathews, G. Hall, and H. Smith, Towards Flexible Skill Formation and Technological Literacy: Challenges Facing the Educational System, Discussion Paper 1, Coordinating Divisions, Ministry of Education, Victoria (1987). Compare with Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate."
135. For example, Roobeek, "Crisis in Fordism," Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Manufacturing," John Mathews, G. Hall, and H. Smith, Towards Flexible Skill Formation and Technological Literacy: Challenges Facing the Educational System, Discussion Paper 1, Coordinating Divisions, Ministry of Education, Victoria (1987). Compare with Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate."
136. For example, Roobeek, "Crisis in Fordism," Hirst and Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialisation and the Competitive Failure of U.K. Manufacturing," John Mathews, G. Hall, and H. Smith, Towards Flexible Skill Formation and Technological Literacy: Challenges Facing the Educational System, Discussion Paper 1, Coordinating Divisions, Ministry of Education, Victoria (1987). Compare with Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate."
137. Bob Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State," in Ash Amin, editor,
138. Bob Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State," in Ash Amin, editor, Post-Fordism: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994): compare with the analysis by Paul Burnham, The Recomposition of National States in the Global Economy: Implications for the Restructuring of Labour/Capital Relations, Paper given to the Globalisation of Production and Restructuring of Labour Conference, Warwick Univesity, September, 1996.
139. For example, Roobeek, "Crisis in Fordism," 129, 131, 146.
140. Elam, "Puzzling Out the Post-Fordist Debate."
141. Peter Gourevitch, Andrew Martin, George Ross, Chris Allan, Stephen Bornstein, and Andre Markovits, editors, Unions & Economic Crisis: West Germany and Sweden (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984).
142. Sengenberger and Campbell, editors, Creating Economic Opportunities; Sorge and Streeck, "Industrial Relations and Technical Change"; ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 11, 15, 28-31, passim.
143. Sengenberger and Campbell, editors, Creating Economic Opportunities; Sorge and Streeck, "Industrial Relations and Technical Change"; ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 11, 15, 28-31, passim.
144. Sengenberger and Campbell, editors, Creating Economic Opportunities; Sorge and Streeck, "Industrial Relations and Technical Change"; ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 11, 15, 28-31, passim.
145. For example, Piore and Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide, 7, 86, 160-161.
146. Paul Blyton and Jonathon Morris, "HRM and the Limits of Flexibility," in Paul Blyton and Peter Turnbull, editors, Reassessing Human Resource Management (London: Sage, 1992).
147. Business Council of Australia, "Enterprise Bargaining: What it Really Means," Business Council Bulletin, No. 63 (April, 1990): 9; idem, Enterprise Based Bargaining Units: A Better Way of Working (Melbourne: BCA, 1989), 94-96.
148. Business Council of Australia, "Enterprise Bargaining: What it Really Means," Business Council Bulletin, No. 63 (April, 1990): 9; idem, Enterprise Based Bargaining Units: A Better Way of Working (Melbourne: BCA, 1989), 94-96.
149. A. Sivanandan, "All that Melts into Air is Solid: the Hokum of New Times," Race and Class 31/3 (1989): 1-30.
150. For a recent and thoughtful analysis, see Michael Rosen, On Voluntary Servitude: False Consciousness and the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1996).
151. Gramsci, Selections; Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, translated by W. Moore and P. Cammack (London: Verso, 1985).
152. Gramsci, Selections; Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, translated by W. Moore and P. Cammack (London: Verso, 1985).
153. E. Doyle McCarthy, Knowledge as Culture: The New Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1996).
154. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by R. Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), and idem, Language and Symbolic Power, translated by G. Raymomd and M. Adamson (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991).
155. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by R. Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), and idem, Language and Symbolic Power, translated by G. Raymomd and M. Adamson (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991).
156. See for example, Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Hemel Hampstead: Harvester, 1991).
157. Economy and Society, special issue on "Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism and Governmentality," 22/3 (1993); Peter Miller and Nicholas Rose, 1990, "Governing Economic Life," Economy and Society 19/1 (1990): 1-31. This approach has been strongly criticized for its reductionlist concern with identity, disciplinary action, and neglect of the materiality of capitalist class relations, see Callinicos, Against Post-Modernism.
158. Economy and Society, special issue on "Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism and Governmentality," 22/3 (1993); Peter Miller and Nicholas Rose, 1990, "Governing Economic Life," Economy and Society 19/1 (1990): 1-31. This approach has been strongly criticized for its reductionlist concern with identity, disciplinary action, and neglect of the materiality of capitalist class relations, see Callinicos, Against Post-Modernism.
159. Economy and Society, special issue on "Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism and Governmentality," 22/3 (1993); Peter Miller and Nicholas Rose, 1990, "Governing Economic Life," Economy and Society 19/1 (1990): 1-31. This approach has been strongly criticized for its reductionlist concern with identity, disciplinary action, and neglect of the materiality of capitalist class relations, see Callinicos, Against Post-Modernism.
160. Nicholas Rose, "Government, Authority and Expertise in Advanced Liberalism," Economy and Society 22/3 (1993): 289.
161. McCarthy, Knowledge as Culture, 44.
162. Ivestan Maszaros, The Power of Ideology (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester, 1989).
163. Boyer, The Regulation School.
164. ACIRRT, Australia at Work: 23-24.
165. Ewer, Higgins, and Stephens, Unions and the Future of Australian Manufacturing.
166. Francis Castles, Australian Public Policy and Economic Vulnerability (Sydney: Allen and Unwin 1988).
167. ABS, Trade Union Statistics, Australia (ABS Cat. no. 6325.0) various issues.
168. Stuart Macintyre, "Labour, Capital and Arbitration 1980-1920," chapter 5, in Brian Head, editor, State and Economy in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press (1986): 107-109.
169. Castles, Australian Public Policy.
170. Kelly, End of Certainty.
171. Anne Capling and Bryan Galligan, Beyond the Protective State: The Political Economv of Australia's Manufacturing Industry Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State; Winton Higgins, "Missing the Boat: Labor and Industry in the Eighties," chapter 7, in Bryan Galligan and Gwynneth Singleton, editors. Business and Government Under Labor (Sydney: Longman Cheshire, 1994).
172. Anne Capling and Bryan Galligan, Beyond the Protective State: The Political Economv of Australia's Manufacturing Industry Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State; Winton Higgins, "Missing the Boat: Labor and Industry in the Eighties," chapter 7, in Bryan Galligan and Gwynneth Singleton, editors. Business and Government Under Labor (Sydney: Longman Cheshire, 1994).
173. Anne Capling and Bryan Galligan, Beyond the Protective State: The Political Economv of Australia's Manufacturing Industry Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State; Winton Higgins, "Missing the Boat: Labor and Industry in the Eighties," chapter 7, in Bryan Galligan and Gwynneth Singleton, editors. Business and Government Under Labor (Sydney: Longman Cheshire, 1994).
174. Francis Castles. The Working Class and Welfare (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1985).
175. Kelly, End of Certainty.
176. ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 23-25.
177. ABS, Labour Force, Australia (ABS Cat. nos. 62-3.0 and 6204.0) various issues.
178. ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 27.
179. ACIRRT, Australia at work, 2.
180. This argument parallels exactly the argument of Krishan Kumar in Prophecy and Progress that the transition from industrial to post-industrial societies is an inappropriate metaphor, because no society (except arguably Britain in the Industrial Revolution) ever employed a majority (more than 50 percent) of its workforce in manufacturing.
181. David H. Plowman, Wage Indexation (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1981); Stephen Deery and David H. Plowman, Australian Industrial Relations, third edition (Sydney: McGraw Hill, 1991), 364-365.
182. David H. Plowman, Wage Indexation (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1981); Stephen Deery and David H. Plowman, Australian Industrial Relations, third edition (Sydney: McGraw Hill, 1991), 364-365.
183. Peter Beilharz, Transforming Labor: Labor Tradition and the Labor Decade in Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994); James Hagan, History of the ACTU (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1981).
184. Peter Beilharz, Transforming Labor: Labor Tradition and the Labor Decade in Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994); James Hagan, History of the ACTU (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1981).
185. See Gwynneth Singleton, The Accord and the Australian Labour Movement (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1990), chapters 7 and 8 are particularly comprehensive; Ewer, Higgins, and Stephens, Unions and the Future, especially pp. 97-100 and chapter 2.
186. See Gwynneth Singleton, The Accord and the Australian Labour Movement (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1990), chapters 7 and 8 are particularly comprehensive; Ewer, Higgins, and Stephens, Unions and the Future, especially pp. 97-100 and chapter 2.
187. For example, Winton Higgins, "Political Unionism and the Corporatist Thesis," Economic and Industrial Democracy 6 (1985); idem, "Unions as Bearers of Industrial Regeneration: Reflections on the Australian Case," Economic and Industrial Democracy 8 (1987); Castles, Australian Public Policy, 161.
188. For example, Winton Higgins, "Political Unionism and the Corporatist Thesis," Economic and Industrial Democracy 6 (1985); idem, "Unions as Bearers of Industrial Regeneration: Reflections on the Australian Case," Economic and Industrial Democracy 8 (1987); Castles, Australian Public Policy, 161.
189. For example, Winton Higgins, "Political Unionism and the Corporatist Thesis," Economic and Industrial Democracy 6 (1985); idem, "Unions as Bearers of Industrial Regeneration: Reflections on the Australian Case," Economic and Industrial Democracy 8 (1987); Castles, Australian Public Policy, 161.
190. Wallace Clement and Rianne Mahon, editors, Swedish Social Democracy: A Model in Transition (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1994), John Fulcher, Unions. Employers and the State (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
191. Wallace Clement and Rianne Mahon, editors, Swedish Social Democracy: A Model in Transition (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1994), John Fulcher, Unions, Employers and the State (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
192. Walter Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1993), John Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (London: McMillan, 1979).
193. Walter Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1993), John Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (London: McMillan, 1979).
194. Winton Higgins, "Working Class Mobilization and Socialism in Sweden," in Paul Boreham and Geoff Dow, Work and Inequality (South Melbourne: MacMillan Press, Vol. 1, 1980); Winton Higgins and Nixon Apple, "How Limited is Reformism?" Theory and Society 12 (1983): 603-629; Higgins "Unions as Bearers," 213-236; Peter Beilharz and Rob Watts, "Industry Policy: Making History? A Comment on Ewer and Higgins," Politics (May, 1984): 40-44.
195. Winton Higgins, "Working Class Mobilization and Socialism in Sweden," in Paul Boreham and Geoff Dow, Work and Inequality (South Melbourne: MacMillan Press, Vol. 1, 1980); Winton Higgins and Nixon Apple, "How Limited is Reformism?" Theory and Society 12 (1983): 603-629; Higgins "Unions as Bearers," 213-236; Peter Beilharz and Rob Watts, "Industry Policy: Making History? A Comment on Ewer and Higgins," Politics (May, 1984): 40-44.
196. Winton Higgins, "Working Class Mobilization and Socialism in Sweden," in Paul Boreham and Geoff Dow, Work and Inequality (South Melbourne: MacMillan Press, Vol. 1, 1980); Winton Higgins and Nixon Apple, "How Limited is Reformism?" Theory and Society 12 (1983): 603-629; Higgins "Unions as Bearers," 213-236; Peter Beilharz and Rob Watts, "Industry Policy: Making History? A Comment on Ewer and Higgins," Politics (May, 1984): 40-44.
197. Winton Higgins, "Working Class Mobilization and Socialism in Sweden," in Paul Boreham and Geoff Dow, Work and Inequality (South Melbourne: MacMillan Press, Vol. 1, 1980); Winton Higgins and Nixon Apple, "How Limited is Reformism?" Theory and Society 12 (1983): 603-629; Higgins "Unions as Bearers," 213-236; Peter Beilharz and Rob Watts, "Industry Policy: Making History? A Comment on Ewer and Higgins," Politics (May, 1984): 40-44.
198. John Mathews, "The Politics of the Accord," in David McKnight, Moving Left (Sydney: Pluto, 1986), 177.
199. Ewer, Higgins, and Stephens, Unions and the Future.
200. ALP/ACTU Australian Labour Party/Australian Council of Trade Unions, Statement of Accord by the Australian Labour Party and the Australian Council of Trade Unions Regarding Economic Policy (Canberra: AGPS. February 1983), 416.
201. Higgins, "Political Unionism and the Corporatist Thesis," 351.
202. The distinction between job control unionism and the wider societal focus of some European unionism is examined well in Herding's comparative analysis of American and German unionism, see Richard Herding, Job Control and Union Structure: A Study on Plant-Level Industrial Conflict in the United States with a Comparative Perspective on West Germany (Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1972).
203. Gardner, "Labour Movements and Industrial Restructuring," 35. Korpi, Democratic Class Struggle.
204. Gardner, "Labour Movements and Industrial Restructuring," 35. Korpi, Democratic Class Struggle.
205. R. Martin, Trade Unions: Purposes and Forms (London: Clarendon, 1989); see notes 105-107.
206. Michael Pusey, Economic Rationalism in Canberra: A Nation Building State Changes its Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
207. John Edwards, Keating: The Inside Story (Sydney: Penguin, 1996), 161-162, 506; Kelly, End of Certainty.
208. John Edwards, Keating: The Inside Story (Sydney: Penguin, 1996), 161-162, 506; Kelly, End of Certainty.
209. Edwards, Keating, 173, 198.
210. Stillwell, The Accord.
211. Kelly, End of Certainty.
212. Edwards, Keating, 201.
213. Peter Ewer, Ian Hampson, Chris Lloyd, John Rainford, Steve Rix, and Meg Smith, Politics and the Accord (Sydney: Pluto, 1991), 30.
214. John Ravenhill, "Australia and the Global Economy," chapter 3, in Stephen Bell and Brian Head, editors, State, Economy and Public Policy in Australia (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1994), 90; M. Daly "No Economy is an Island," chapter 5, in Stewart Rees, Gordon Rodley, and Frank Stilwell, editors, Beyond the Market: Alternatives to Economic Rationalism (Sydney: Pluto, 1993), 77.
215. John Ravenhill, "Australia and the Global Economy," chapter 3, in Stephen Bell and Brian Head, editors, State, Economy and Public Policy in Australia (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1994), 90; M. Daly "No Economy is an Island," chapter 5, in Stewart Rees, Gordon Rodley, and Frank Stilwell, editors, Beyond the Market: Alternatives to Economic Rationalism (Sydney: Pluto, 1993), 77.
216. R. Davidson, "The Failures of Financial Deregulation in Australia," chapter 21, in Stephen Bell and John Wanna, editors Business-Government Relations in Australia, (Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, 1992), 222.
217. Davidson, "Failures of Financial Deregulation," 224; M. Daly "No Economy is an Island," 77.
218. Davidson, "Failures of Financial Deregulation," 224; M. Daly "No Economy is an Island," 77.
219. Ewer, Hampson, Lloyd, Rainford, Rix, and Smith, Politics and the Accord, 66, 70: Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State, 163
220. Ewer, Hampson, Lloyd, Rainford, Rix, and Smith, Politics and the Accord, 66, 70: Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State, 163
221. Douglas McEachern, Business Mates: The Power and Politics of the Hawke Era (Sydney: Prentice Hall, 1991), 64, 80; Davidson, 'Failures of Financial Deregulation in Australia," 223; Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State, 163; Capling and Galligan, Beyond the Protective State, 123.
222. Douglas McEachern, Business Mates: The Power and Politics of the Hawke Era (Sydney: Prentice Hall, 1991), 64, 80; Davidson, 'Failures of Financial Deregulation in Australia," 223; Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State, 163; Capling and Galligan, Beyond the Protective State, 123.
223. Douglas McEachern, Business Mates: The Power and Politics of the Hawke Era (Sydney: Prentice Hall, 1991), 64, 80; Davidson, 'Failures of Financial Deregulation in Australia," 223; Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State, 163; Capling and Galligan, Beyond the Protective State, 123.
224. Douglas McEachern, Business Mates: The Power and Politics of the Hawke Era (Sydney: Prentice Hall, 1991), 64, 80; Davidson, 'Failures of Financial Deregulation in Australia," 223; Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State, 163; Capling and Galligan, Beyond the Protective State, 123.
225. Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State, 162
226. Australian Council of Trade Unons/Trade Development Council Secretariat, Australia Reconstructed (Canberra: AGPS, 1987).
227. Confederation of Australian Industry, Employer Perspectives on the ACTU/TDC Report "Australia Reconstructed" (Melbourne: CAI, 1987); Confederation of Australian Industry, "Old Wine in New Bottles: A Critique of 'Australia Reconstructed,'" Industrial Review (September, 1987): Business Council of Australia, "Industry Policy Approaches," Business Council Bulletin 22 (April, 1987): 9-13, Business Council of Australia, "The Investment Response to Devaluation," Business Council Bulletin 37 (August/September. 1987): 1-9; see McEachern, Business Mates, 70-71.
228. Confederation of Australian Industry, Employer Perspectives on the ACTU/TDC Report "Australia Reconstructed" (Melbourne: CAI, 1987); Confederation of Australian Industry, "Old Wine in New Bottles: A Critique of 'Australia Reconstructed,'" Industrial Review (September, 1987): Business Council of Australia, "Industry Policy Approaches," Business Council Bulletin 22 (April, 1987): 9-13, Business Council of Australia, "The Investment Response to Devaluation," Business Council Bulletin 37 (August/September. 1987): 1-9; see McEachern, Business Mates, 70-71.
229. Confederation of Australian Industry, Employer Perspectives on the ACTU/TDC Report "Australia Reconstructed" (Melbourne: CAI, 1987); Confederation of Australian Industry, "Old Wine in New Bottles: A Critique of 'Australia Reconstructed,'" Industrial Review (September, 1987): Business Council of Australia, "Industry Policy Approaches," Business Council Bulletin 22 (April, 1987): 9-13, Business Council of Australia, "The Investment Response to Devaluation," Business Council Bulletin 37 (August/September. 1987): 1-9; see McEachern, Business Mates, 70-71.
230. Confederation of Australian Industry, Employer Perspectives on the ACTU/TDC Report "Australia Reconstructed" (Melbourne: CAI, 1987); Confederation of Australian Industry, "Old Wine in New Bottles: A Critique of 'Australia Reconstructed,'" Industrial Review (September, 1987): Business Council of Australia, "Industry Policy Approaches," Business Council Bulletin 22 (April, 1987): 9-13, Business Council of Australia, "The Investment Response to Devaluation," Business Council Bulletin 37 (August/September. 1987): 1-9; see McEachern, Business Mates, 70-71.
231. Confederation of Australian Industry, Employer Perspectives on the ACTU/TDC Report "Australia Reconstructed" (Melbourne: CAI, 1987); Confederation of Australian Industry, "Old Wine in New Bottles: A Critique of 'Australia Reconstructed,'" Industrial Review (September, 1987): Business Council of Australia, "Industry Policy Approaches," Business Council Bulletin 22 (April, 1987): 9-13, Business Council of Australia, "The Investment Response to Devaluation," Business Council Bulletin 37 (August/September. 1987): 1-9; see McEachern, Business Mates, 70-71.
232. Robert Hawke, Industry Statement (Canberra: AGPS, 1988).
233. Industry Commission, Annual Reports 1990-91 (Canberra: AGPS, 1991), 237.
234. Metal Trades Federation of Unions, Policy for Industry Development and More Jobs (Sydney: MTFU, 1984). With them went the proposals to support the so-called technology sector - the metal and engineering sector, which produced capital goods for the rest of the economy, and was a milestone along the "high road."
235. Sydney Morning Herald, 21/2/84.
236. Sydney Morning Herald, 21/2/84; 12/4/84; 11/10 '84: 1.
237. Sydney Morning Herald, 21/2/84; 12/4/84; 11/10 '84: 1.
238. Sydney Morning Herald, 21/2/84; 12/4/84; 11/10 '84: 1.
239. Bell, Australian Manufacturing and the State, 162.
240. E.g., see Kelly, End of Certainty, 115, 119, 520. As the literature on competitiveness makes clear, industrial relations is only one of the conditions of national competitiveness. Mechanisms to overcome tendencies toward the distortion of investment are more important. E.g., see Karel Williams, John Williams, and John Thomas Why are the British Bad at Manufacturing? (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983).
241. E.g., see Kelly, End of Certainty, 115, 119, 520. As the literature on competitiveness makes clear, industrial relations is only one of the conditions of national competitiveness. Mechanisms to overcome tendencies toward the distortion of investment are more important. E.g., see Karel Williams, John Williams, and John Thomas Why are the British Bad at Manufacturing? (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983).
242. Laurie Carmichael, "Counsel for the Defence: An Interview with Laurie Carmichael," Australian Left Review 108 (May-June, 1988): 21-25; Carmichael, "After the Revolution": 23-25.
243. Laurie Carmichael, "Counsel for the Defence: An Interview with Laurie Carmichael," Australian Left Review 108 (May-June, 1988): 21-25; Carmichael, "After the Revolution": 23-25.
244. For example, Australian Metal Workers' Union, Award Restructuring: Guidelines for Organisers (AMWU, 1988).
245. Richard Hyman, "Flexible Specialisation: Miracle or Myth?" in Richard Hyman and Wolfgang Streeck, editors, New Technology and Industrial Relations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 53; John Grahl and Paul Teague, "Labour Market Flexibility in West Germany, Britain and France," West European Politics 12 (April, 1989): 91-111.
246. Richard Hyman, "Flexible Specialisation: Miracle or Myth?" in Richard Hyman and Wolfgang Streeck, editors, New Technology and Industrial Relations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 53; John Grahl and Paul Teague, "Labour Market Flexibility in West Germany, Britain and France," West European Politics 12 (April, 1989): 91-111.
247. Ewer, Hampson, Lloyd, Rainford, Rix, and Smith, Politics and the Accord, chapter 7.
248. Mathews, Catching the Wave, 214-215.
249. Business Council of Australia, Enterprise Based Bargaining Units: A Better Way of Working (Melbourne: BCA, 1989).
250. Business Council of Australia, "Submission to the Training Costs Review Committee," Business Council Bulletin 70 (November, 1990): 8-9; Michael Angwin and Peter McLaughlin, "Current Debate: Enterprise Bargaining. The Business Council's Reform Agenda," Labour and Industry 3/1 (1990): 11-12.
251. Business Council of Australia, "Submission to the Training Costs Review Committee," Business Council Bulletin 70 (November, 1990): 8-9; Michael Angwin and Peter McLaughlin, "Current Debate: Enterprise Bargaining. The Business Council's Reform Agenda," Labour and Industry 3/1 (1990): 11-12.
252. Business Council of Australia, Enterprise Based Bargaining Units, 96.
253. Business Council of Australia, "Submission to the Training Costs Review," 13.
254. John Niland, Enterprise Bargaining for Enterprise Agreements (Sydney: Skillworks, 1992), 2.
255. Dabscheck, Struggle for Australian Industrial Relations, 31.
256. Ewer, Hampson, Lloyd, Rainford, Rix, and Smith, Politics and the Accord, 42.
257. Traditionally, under Australian industrial relations arbitration legislation, industrial tribunals have the power to establish wage principles to guide decisions to enhance predictability and fairness in the system.
258. Frank Stilwell, "Wages Policy and the Accord," Journal of Australian Political Economy 28 (November, 1991): 37-38.
259. Dabscheck, The Struggle for Australian Industrial Relations, 61-62.
260. The reversal was doubly curious, given the staunch defense of industrial relations centralization undertaken in Australia Reconstructed only two years earlier -however, those two years themselves were marked by considerable decentralization.
261. David E. Morgan, "Models of Enterprise Bargaining: The Dynamics of Industrial Relations and Institutional Change," in David E. Morgan, editor. Dimensions of Enterprise Bargaining and Organisational Relations, UNSW Studies in Australian Industrial Relations (Kensington, NSW: Industrial Relations Research Centre, 1994), 34ff.
262. Evatt Foundation, Unions 2001 (Sydney: Evatt Foundation, 1995).
263. Morgan, "Models of Enterprise Bargaining," 32-69.
264. Curtain and Mathews, "Two Models of Award Restructuring," 61.
265. John Mathews, Towards an Australian Model of Wages-Linked Structural Adjustment, paper prepared for the Swedish Centre for Working Life, Stockholm, (1988), 47.
266. Richard Badham and John Mathews, "The New Production Systems Debate," Labour and Industry 2/2 (June, 1989): 230.
267. Mathews, Age of Democracy, ii.
268. Fred Hilmer, Michael Angwin, James Layt, Glenn Dudley, Paul Barratt, and Peter McLaughlin, Working Relations: A Fresh Start for Australian Enterprises (Melbourne: BCA, 1993), 5, 139, 149.
269. Mathews, Age of Democracy, iii.
270. Badham and Mathews, "The New Production Systems Debate," 233.
271. Mathews, Towards an Australian Model, 46.
272. Barbara Lepani, (1990), The Impact of Technological Change on the Workplace: What is the Effect on Industrial Relations? paper presented to the Employee Relations and Enterprise Bargaining Conference (IBC, Melbourne and Sydney, February-March, 1991), 7.
273. Curtain and Mathews, "Two Models of Award Restructuring," 65.
274. Ewer, Hampson, Lloyd, Rainford, Rix, and Smith, Politics and the Accord, 47-48.
275. For example, see Anon, Partners in Productivity (Tokyo: Information Section, Australian Embassy, 1992).
276. Australian Financial Review, 25/1/91, 12/2/91.
277. Australian Financial Review, 25/1/91, 12/2/91.
278. Womack, Jones, and Roos, The Machine that Changed the World.
279. For example, Knuth Dohse, Ulrich Jurgens, and Thomas Malsh, "From 'Fordism' to Toyotism? The Social Organisation of the Labor Process in the Japanese Automobile Industry," Politics and Society 14/2 (1985): 115-146; Michael Parker and Jane Slaughter, "Management by Stress," Technology Review 91/17, (1988): 37-44.
280. For example, Knuth Dohse, Ulrich Jurgens, and Thomas Malsh, "From 'Fordism' to Toyotism? The Social Organisation of the Labor Process in the Japanese Automobile Industry," Politics and Society 14/2 (1985): 115-146; Michael Parker and Jane Slaughter, "Management by Stress," Technology Review 91/17, (1988): 37-44.
281. See, for example, Mathews, Ford Plastics Plant, 9, 21.
282. Sorge and Streeck, "Industrial Relations and Technical Change."
283. See Åke Sandberg, Enriching Production: Perspectives on Volvo's Uddevalla Plant as an Alternative to Lean Production (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995).
284. See Christian Berggren, Alternatives to Lean Production, Work Organisation in the Swedish Auto Industry (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1992), chapter 1; Parker and Slaughter, "Management by Stress."
285. See Christian Berggren, Alternatives to Lean Production, Work Organisation in the Swedish Auto Industry (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1992), chapter 1; Parker and Slaughter, "Management by Stress."
286. Badham and Mathews had earlier distinguished between "more or less worker oriented forms of post-Fordism" (see Badham and Mathews, "New Production Systems Debate," 205), but it was not until later that Mathews identified two "competing paradigms of productive efficienty" - lean production and what he calls the "socio-technical systems paradigm," Mathews, Catching the Wave: chapter 2.
287. Badham and Mathews had earlier distinguished between "more or less worker oriented forms of post-Fordism" (see Badham and Mathews, "New Production Systems Debate," 205), but it was not until later that Mathews identified two "competing paradigms of productive efficienty" - lean production and what he calls the "socio-technical systems paradigm," Mathews, Catching the Wave: chapter 2.
288. Mathews, Tools of Change, 7; idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 144.
289. Mathews, Tools of Change, 7; idem, "From Post-Industrialism to Post-Fordism," 144.
290. Curtain and Mathews, "Two Models of Award Restructuring," 73.
291. Botsman, "Rethinking the Class Struggle," 125.
292. Interviews, Union officials from the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union, 1991-1993.
293. Anon, The Australian Vehicle Manufacturing Industry: Award Restructuring. Report of the Tripartite Study Mission to Japan, United States of America, Federal Republic of Germany, and Sweden (Melbourne: Ramsay Ware, 1988): 11-13; Gayle Tierney, Overview - Work Organisation in the Vehicle Industry, Amalgamated Metals and Engineering Unions - Vehicle Division (Work Organization Seminar, December 8-10, 1993), 2.
294. Anon, The Australian Vehicle Manufacturing Industry: Award Restructuring. Report of the Tripartite Study Mission to Japan, United States of America, Federal Republic of Germany, and Sweden (Melbourne: Ramsay Ware, 1988): 11-13; Gayle Tierney, Overview - Work Organisation in the Vehicle Industry, Amalgamated Metals and Engineering Unions - Vehicle Division (Work Organization Seminar, December 8-10, 1993), 2.
295. The Australian, 27/7/91: 39.
296. See Ewer, Hampson, Lloyd, Rainford, Rix, and Smith, Politics and the Accord, chapter 7.
297. NTB Network, 1/6/91, 1, 10.
298. Weekend Australian, 3-4/4/93; Allen Consulting Group, Successful Reform: Competitive Skills for Australians and Australian Enterprises (Report to the Australian National Training Authority, 1994), 34.
299. Weekend Australian, 3-4/4/93; Allen Consulting Group, Successful Reform: Competitive Skills for Australians and Australian Enterprises (Report to the Australian National Training Authority, 1994), 34.
300. Australian Financial Review, 17/8/93.
301. Dabscheck, Struggle for Australian Industrial Relations, 109-113.
302. Ron Callus, Alison Morehead, Mark Cully, John Buchanan, Industrial Relations at Work (Canberra: AGPS, 1991), 108-119, 132-140.
303. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Labour Force, Australia, ABS Cat. nos. 6202.0 and 6204.0, various issues.
304. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Labour Force, Australia, ABS Cat. nos. 62-2.0, various issues.
305. ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 128.
306. Greg Bamber and Russell Lansbury, editors, International and Comparative Industrial Relations: A Study of Industrialised Market Economies (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, fourth edition, 1998), 110, 133; ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 140.
307. Greg Bamber and Russell Lansbury, editors, International and Comparative Industrial Relations: A Study of Industrialised Market Economies (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, fourth edition, 1998), 110, 133; ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 140.
308. Data from ABS, Labour Force, Australia, ABS, Cat. nos. 6203.0 and 6204.0, various issues.
309. ACIRRT, Australia at Work, chapter 6, especially pp. 128, 136-138.
310. See ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 44, 50, chapter 5.
311. See ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 103.
312. See ACIRRT, Australia at Work, chapter 5.
313. Department Industrial Relations, Enterprise Bargaining in Australia: Annual Report 1994 (Canberra: AGPS, 1995), 290. Also see ACIRRT, Australia at Work. More than a third of clerks, professionals, and managers report stress as their most recent work illness or injury. Stress accounts for above average days off for clerks, sales and service workers, machine operators, and drivers. Morehead, et al., Changes at Work, 125-126.
314. Department Industrial Relations, Enterprise Bargaining in Australia: Annual Report 1994 (Canberra: AGPS, 1995), 290. Also see ACIRRT, Australia at Work. More than a third of clerks, professionals, and managers report stress as their most recent work illness or injury. Stress accounts for above average days off for clerks, sales and service workers, machine operators, and drivers. Morehead, et al., Changes at Work, 125-126.
315. Department Industrial Relations, Enterprise Bargaining in Australia: Annual Report 1994 (Canberra: AGPS, 1995), 290. Also see ACIRRT, Australia at Work. More than a third of clerks, professionals, and managers report stress as their most recent work illness or injury. Stress accounts for above average days off for clerks, sales and service workers, machine operators, and drivers. Morehead, et al., Changes at Work, 125-126.
316. ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 66-69.
317. Estimates of real wage falls vary by data and method of analysis. See, for example, J. Borland and R. Wilkins, "Earnings Inequality in Australia," Economic Record 72/2 (1996): 7-23.
318. ACIRRT, Australia at Work, chapter 4.
319. Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development, Employment Outlook (Paris: OECD, 1997), 71.
320. For example, Gerald Griffen and Stuart Evenson, "The Decline of Trade Union Density - A Survey of the Literature," Journal of Industrial Relations 38 (1996): 505-547: J. Borland and S. Ouliaris, "The Determinants of Australian Trade Union Membership," Journal of Applied Economietrics 9/4 (1994): 453-468.
321. For example, Gerald Griffen and Stuart Evenson, "The Decline of Trade Union Density - A Survey of the Literature," Journal of Industrial Relations 38 (1996): 505-547: J. Borland and S. Ouliaris, "The Determinants of Australian Trade Union Membership," Journal of Applied Economietrics 9/4 (1994): 453-468.
322. Paul Berry and David Kitchener, Can Unions Survive? (Melbourne: Building Workers Industrial Union, 1989).
323. ABS, Industrial Disputes, Australia, ABS, Cat. no. 6322.0, various issues.
324. John Beggs and Bruce Chapman, "An Empirical Analysis of Australian Strike Activity," Journal of Industrial Relations 29 (1987): 137-149; A Morris and K. Wilson, "Corporatism and Australian Strike Activity," Australian Bulletin of Labour 21 (1995): 153-173.
325. John Beggs and Bruce Chapman, "An Empirical Analysis of Australian Strike Activity," Journal of Industrial Relations 29 (1987): 137-149; A Morris and K. Wilson, "Corporatism and Australian Strike Activity," Australian Bulletin of Labour 21 (1995): 153-173.
326. ACIRRT, Australia at Work, 79.
327. Chris Lloyd, "Accord in Discord," Australian Left Review (July 1990): 11-13: Ewer, Hampson, Lloyd, Rainford, Rix, and Smith, Politics and the Accord.
328. Chris Lloyd, "Accord in Discord," Australian Left Review (July 1990): 11-13: Ewer, Hampson, Lloyd, Rainford, Rix, and Smith, Politics and the Accord.
329. Weekend Australian, 11-12/5/96: Sydney Morning Herald, 11/5/96. ACIRRT, Australia at Work.
330. Weekend Australian, 11-12/5/96: Sydney Morning Herald, 11/5/96. ACIRRT, Australia at Work.
331. Weekend Australian, 11-12/5/96: Sydney Morning Herald, 11/5/96. ACIRRT, Australia at Work.
332. Federal Campaign Consultative Panel, Draft Report (Australian Labor Party, New South Wales Branch, 1996), 7.
333. ACIRRT, Australia at Work. In 10 percent of workplaces, workers were not even informed of the changes. Managers report that, in only 20 percent of workplaces had workers either made decisions regarding change, or been involved in them. If workers are asked. 58 percent thought they had little or no influence, only 13 percent thought they had some influence. See pp. 54-55.