A content analysis of three mass communication research traditions: Social science, interpretive studies, and critical analysis

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 114-134

  Fink, Edward J ^a   Gantz, Walter ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039612107     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300111     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars, vol. 2 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989).
2. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
3. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
4. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
5. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
6. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
7. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
8. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
9. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
10. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
11. Thomas W. Benson and W. Barnett Pearce, "Alternative Theoretical Bases for the Study of Human Communication: A Symposium," special issue, Communication Quarterly 25 (winter 1977); Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, eds., Handbook of Communication Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987); Frank E. X. Dance, "Essays in Human Communication Theory: A Comparative Overview," in Human Communication Theory: Comparative Essays, ed. Frank E. X. Dance (NY: Harper & Row, 1982), 286-99; Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O'Keefe, and Ellen Wartella, eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989); Dervin et al., eds., Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars; George Gerbner, ed., "Ferment in the Field," special issue, Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983); Mark R. Levy, ed., "The Future of the Field: Between Fragmentation and Cohesion," special issue, Journal of Communication 43 (summer and autumn 1993); Mary S. Mander, ed., Communications in Transition: Issues and Debates in Current Research (NY: Praeger, 1983); W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon E. Cronen, Communication, Action, and Meaning: The Creation of Social Realities (NY: Praeger, 1980); Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949; reprint, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
12. Alan Gauld and John Shotter, Human Action and Its Psychological Investigation (London: Routledge, 1977); Mary John Smith, Contemporary Communication Research Methods (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1988).
13. Alan Gauld and John Shotter, Human Action and Its Psychological Investigation (London: Routledge, 1977); Mary John Smith, Contemporary Communication Research Methods (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1988).
14. James A. Anderson, Communication Research: Issues and Methods (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987); Jean Folkerts and Steve Lacy, "Journalism History Writing, 1975-83," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 585-88; Stuart Hall, "The Rediscovery of 'Ideology': Return of the Repressed in Media Studies," in Society and the Media, ed. Michael Gurevitch, Tony Bennett, James Curran, and Janet Woollacott (London: Methuen, 1982), 56-90; Richard M. Perloff, "Journalism Research: A 20-Year Perspective," Journalism Quarterly 53 (spring 1976): 123-26; Wilbur Schramm, "Twenty Years of Journalism Research," Public Opinion Quarterly 21 (spring 1957): 91-107.
15. James A. Anderson, Communication Research: Issues and Methods (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987); Jean Folkerts and Steve Lacy, "Journalism History Writing, 1975-83," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 585-88; Stuart Hall, "The Rediscovery of 'Ideology': Return of the Repressed in Media Studies," in Society and the Media, ed. Michael Gurevitch, Tony Bennett, James Curran, and Janet Woollacott (London: Methuen, 1982), 56-90; Richard M. Perloff, "Journalism Research: A 20-Year Perspective," Journalism Quarterly 53 (spring 1976): 123-26; Wilbur Schramm, "Twenty Years of Journalism Research," Public Opinion Quarterly 21 (spring 1957): 91-107.
16. James A. Anderson, Communication Research: Issues and Methods (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987); Jean Folkerts and Steve Lacy, "Journalism History Writing, 1975-83," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 585-88; Stuart Hall, "The Rediscovery of 'Ideology': Return of the Repressed in Media Studies," in Society and the Media, ed. Michael Gurevitch, Tony Bennett, James Curran, and Janet Woollacott (London: Methuen, 1982), 56-90; Richard M. Perloff, "Journalism Research: A 20-Year Perspective," Journalism Quarterly 53 (spring 1976): 123-26; Wilbur Schramm, "Twenty Years of Journalism Research," Public Opinion Quarterly 21 (spring 1957): 91-107.
17. James A. Anderson, Communication Research: Issues and Methods (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987); Jean Folkerts and Steve Lacy, "Journalism History Writing, 1975-83," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 585-88; Stuart Hall, "The Rediscovery of 'Ideology': Return of the Repressed in Media Studies," in Society and the Media, ed. Michael Gurevitch, Tony Bennett, James Curran, and Janet Woollacott (London: Methuen, 1982), 56-90; Richard M. Perloff, "Journalism Research: A 20-Year Perspective," Journalism Quarterly 53 (spring 1976): 123-26; Wilbur Schramm, "Twenty Years of Journalism Research," Public Opinion Quarterly 21 (spring 1957): 91-107.
18. James A. Anderson, Communication Research: Issues and Methods (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987); Jean Folkerts and Steve Lacy, "Journalism History Writing, 1975-83," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 585-88; Stuart Hall, "The Rediscovery of 'Ideology': Return of the Repressed in Media Studies," in Society and the Media, ed. Michael Gurevitch, Tony Bennett, James Curran, and Janet Woollacott (London: Methuen, 1982), 56-90; Richard M. Perloff, "Journalism Research: A 20-Year Perspective," Journalism Quarterly 53 (spring 1976): 123-26; Wilbur Schramm, "Twenty Years of Journalism Research," Public Opinion Quarterly 21 (spring 1957): 91-107.
19. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
20. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
21. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
22. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
23. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
24. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
25. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
26. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
27. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
28. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
29. Gene D. Fowler, "Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Research Perspectives: A Course Supplement" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, November 1984); George Gerbner, "The Importance of Being Critical - in One's Own Fashion," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 355-62; A. Giddens, "The Orthodox Consensus and the Emerging Synthesis," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 53-65; Stuart Hall, "Ideology and Communication Theory," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 40-52; James D. Halloran, "A Case for Critical Eclecticism," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 270-78; Klaus Krippendorff, "On the Ethics of Constructing Communication," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 66-96; John Wills Lloyd, "The Art and Science of Research on Teaching," Remedial and Special Education 8 (January/February 1987): 44-46; Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Everett M. Rogers, "The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research," in Communication Yearbook 5, ed. Michael Burgoon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982), 125-44; Karl Eric Rosengren, "Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?" Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 185-207; Ralph L. Rosnow, Paradigms in Transition: The Methodology of Social Inquiry (NY: Oxford University Press, 1981).
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32. Arthur P. Bochner, "Perspectives on Inquiry: Representation, Conversation, and Reflection," in Handbook of Interpersonal Communication, ed. Mark L. Knapp and Gerald R. Miller (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1985), 27-58; Jürgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971); Robert A. White, "Mass Communication and Culture: Transition to a New Paradigm," Journal of Communication 33 (summer 1983): 279-301.
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34. Robert T. Craig, "Communication as a Practical Discipline," in Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Issues, ed. Dervin et al., 97-120; Stephen W. Littlejohn, Theories of Human Communication, 4th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1992).
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57. Mortimer J. Adler, Intellect: Mind Over Matter (NY: Macmillan, 1990).
58. Littlejohn, Theories of Human Communication.
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60. Littlejohn, Theories of Human Communication.
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