The United States, Irish Americans and the Northern Ireland peace process

International Affairs

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 521-536

  Guelke, Adrian ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039607987     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2625555     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. President Clinton has characterized his policy as being 'to stand with those who take risks for peace'. See Text: Clinton remarks at the Irish American awards (Washington DC: Office of the Press Secretary, 1996).
2. See the account in Charles Callan Tansill, America and the fight for Irish freedom (New York: The Devin-Adair Co., 1957), pp. 34-8.
3. Irish Voice (New York), 17 March 1990.
4. Donald Akenson, 'The Irish in North America: Catholic or Protestant?', The Irish Review 11, Winter 1991/92, p. 20.
5. See e.g. Freedom and peace for Ireland . . . An American issue (Washington DC: Irish National Caucus, undated leaflet c. 1980).
6. In 1985 Niall O'Dowd described the MacBride principles as 'the most important initiative to spring from Irish America in recent times'. Quoted in Kenneth A. Bertsch, The MacBride principles and US companies in Northern Ireland 1991 (Washington DC: Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1992), p. 59.
7. Quoted in Gregory Teer, 'An Irish policy in California', Fortnight (Belfast), no. 207, Sept. 1984.
8. Bertsch, MacBride principles, p. 92.
9. Ibid., pp. 81-92.
10. Irish Times, 16 Sept. 1987.
11. Irish Lobby (Washington DC), June-July 1992.
12. Quoted in Conor O'Clery, 'Irish-American leaders reject priest's criticisms of Clinton', Irish Times, 29 April 1996.
13. Ibid.
14. See Barry White, John Hume: statesman of the troubles (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1984), p. 191.
15. The statement is quoted in full in Jack Holland, The American connection: US guns, money and influence in Northern Ireland (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1988), pp. 127-8.
16. White, John Hume, p. 194.
17. Quoted in Bernard Crick, 'The pale green internationalists', New Statesman, 7 Dec. 1979.
18. The Conservative manifesto 1979 (London: Conservative Party, 1979), p. 22.
19. See Malcolm Rutherford, 'The military becomes impatient', Financial Times, 21 Sept. 1979.
20. Fortnight, no. 174, Dec. 1979-Jan. 1980.
21. Tim Pat Coogan, The troubles: Ireland's ordeal 1966-1995 and the search for peace (London: Hutchinson, 1995), p. 350.
22. New York Times, 27 Dec. 1993.
23. Quoted in Coogan, The troubles, p. 373.
24. Stephen Castle, Leonard Doyle, Alan Murdoch and Paul Routledge, 'Was it Washington that won the peace in Ulster?', Independent on Sunday, 4 Sept. 1994. The story carried the sub-heading: 'How London was sidelined in the final Irish-American push that led to the IRA ceasefire'. See also Conor O'Clery, 'Seismic change in the role of Irish Americans paves the way to ceasefire', Irish Times, 1 Sept. 1994.
25. Stephen Castle, Leonard Doyle, Alan Murdoch and Paul Routledge, 'Was it Washington that won the peace in Ulster?', Independent on Sunday, 4 Sept. 1994. The story carried the sub-heading: 'How London was sidelined in the final Irish-American push that led to the IRA ceasefire'. See also Conor O'Clery, 'Seismic change in the role of Irish Americans paves the way to ceasefire', Irish Times, 1 Sept. 1994.
26. From a document circulated by the republican leadership in the summer of 1994, quoted in Eamonn Mallie and David McKittrick, The fight for peace: the secret story behind the Irish peace process (London: Heinemann, 1996), p. 383.
27. See e.g. the coverage of the announcement of the Provisional IRA ceasefire in the Boston Globe, 1 Sept. 1994. See also Andrew J. Wilson, Irish America and the Ulster conflict 1968-1995 (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1995), p. 296.
28. See e.g. the coverage of the announcement of the Provisional IRA ceasefire in the Boston Globe, 1 Sept. 1994. See also Andrew J. Wilson, Irish America and the Ulster conflict 1968-1995 (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1995), p. 296.
29. See e.g. Robin Wilson, 'Ten steps to reconstituting polities', Democratic Dialogue, 3 March 1996, p. 71.
30. For a brief discussion of this issue, see Adrian Guelke, 'The United States and the Northern Ireland question' in Brian Barton and Patrick J. Roche, eds, The Northern Ireland question: perspectives and policies (Aldershot: Avebury, 1994), pp. 208-9. Much of the material in this article on the longer-established Irish-American organizations is drawn from this chapter, which examines their activities in greater detail.