Path contingency in postcommunist transformations

Comparative Politics

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 253-274

  Johnson, Juliet ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039604304     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422403     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. See William Clark, "Agents and Structures: Two Views of Preferences, Two Views of Institutions," International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1998), 245-70, who in turn credits Nancy Bermeo with coining them.
2. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
3. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
4. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
5. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
6. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
7. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
8. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
9. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
10. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
11. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
12. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
13. Stephen Hanson, in his critical review of five influential books on the postcommunist economic reform process, persuasively argued that "the central role of political elites in promoting post-communist reform emerges as implicitly crucial to the arguments of all five books." Stephen Hanson, "Analyzing Post-communist Economic Change: A Review Essay," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 145-70. Hanson reviewed Jeffrey Sachs, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1995); Marshall Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); J. L. Porket, Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jose Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Other important works include Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Joan Nelson, "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third-World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?," World Politics, 45 (1993), 433-63; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," in Andras Koves and Paul Marer, eds., Foreign Economic Liberalization: Transformations in Socialist and Market Economies (Boulder: Westview, 1990); and Andrew Berg, "Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment?" Journal of Comparative Economics, 18 (1994), 376-409. As Sachs, p. 246, states: "It is up to politicians with vision and daring to create the conditions for Eastern Europe's economic transformation."
14. For example, see Kazimierz Poznánski, Poland's Protracted Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Murrell and Yijiang Wang, "When Privatization Should Be Delayed: The Effect of Communist Legacies on Organizational and Institutional Reforms," Journal of Comparative Economics, 17 (1993), 385-406; Peter Murrell, "The Transition According to Cambridge, Mass," Journal of Economic Literature, 33 (March 1995), 164-78; James Millar, "From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism," The George Washington University 175th Annual Papers, Paper 2 (1996); Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism," American Sociological Review, 57 (1992), 16-38; Lynn Nelson and Irina Kuzes, Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995); and the review essays by Ákos Róna-Tas, Ken Jowitt, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Kazimierz Poznánski in East European Politics and Society, 12 (Winter 1998).
15. For example, see Kazimierz Poznánski, Poland's Protracted Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Murrell and Yijiang Wang, "When Privatization Should Be Delayed: The Effect of Communist Legacies on Organizational and Institutional Reforms," Journal of Comparative Economics, 17 (1993), 385-406; Peter Murrell, "The Transition According to Cambridge, Mass," Journal of Economic Literature, 33 (March 1995), 164-78; James Millar, "From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism," The George Washington University 175th Annual Papers, Paper 2 (1996); Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism," American Sociological Review, 57 (1992), 16-38; Lynn Nelson and Irina Kuzes, Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995); and the review essays by Ákos Róna-Tas, Ken Jowitt, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Kazimierz Poznánski in East European Politics and Society, 12 (Winter 1998).
16. For example, see Kazimierz Poznánski, Poland's Protracted Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Murrell and Yijiang Wang, "When Privatization Should Be Delayed: The Effect of Communist Legacies on Organizational and Institutional Reforms," Journal of Comparative Economics, 17 (1993), 385-406; Peter Murrell, "The Transition According to Cambridge, Mass," Journal of Economic Literature, 33 (March 1995), 164-78; James Millar, "From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism," The George Washington University 175th Annual Papers, Paper 2 (1996); Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism," American Sociological Review, 57 (1992), 16-38; Lynn Nelson and Irina Kuzes, Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995); and the review essays by Ákos Róna-Tas, Ken Jowitt, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Kazimierz Poznánski in East European Politics and Society, 12 (Winter 1998).
17. For example, see Kazimierz Poznánski, Poland's Protracted Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Murrell and Yijiang Wang, "When Privatization Should Be Delayed: The Effect of Communist Legacies on Organizational and Institutional Reforms," Journal of Comparative Economics, 17 (1993), 385-406; Peter Murrell, "The Transition According to Cambridge, Mass," Journal of Economic Literature, 33 (March 1995), 164-78; James Millar, "From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism," The George Washington University 175th Annual Papers, Paper 2 (1996); Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism," American Sociological Review, 57 (1992), 16-38; Lynn Nelson and Irina Kuzes, Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995); and the review essays by Ákos Róna-Tas, Ken Jowitt, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Kazimierz Poznánski in East European Politics and Society, 12 (Winter 1998).
18. For example, see Kazimierz Poznánski, Poland's Protracted Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Murrell and Yijiang Wang, "When Privatization Should Be Delayed: The Effect of Communist Legacies on Organizational and Institutional Reforms," Journal of Comparative Economics, 17 (1993), 385-406; Peter Murrell, "The Transition According to Cambridge, Mass," Journal of Economic Literature, 33 (March 1995), 164-78; James Millar, "From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism," The George Washington University 175th Annual Papers, Paper 2 (1996); Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism," American Sociological Review, 57 (1992), 16-38; Lynn Nelson and Irina Kuzes, Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995); and the review essays by Ákos Róna-Tas, Ken Jowitt, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Kazimierz Poznánski in East European Politics and Society, 12 (Winter 1998).
19. For example, see Kazimierz Poznánski, Poland's Protracted Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Murrell and Yijiang Wang, "When Privatization Should Be Delayed: The Effect of Communist Legacies on Organizational and Institutional Reforms," Journal of Comparative Economics, 17 (1993), 385-406; Peter Murrell, "The Transition According to Cambridge, Mass," Journal of Economic Literature, 33 (March 1995), 164-78; James Millar, "From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism," The George Washington University 175th Annual Papers, Paper 2 (1996); Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism," American Sociological Review, 57 (1992), 16-38; Lynn Nelson and Irina Kuzes, Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995); and the review essays by Ákos Róna-Tas, Ken Jowitt, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Kazimierz Poznánski in East European Politics and Society, 12 (Winter 1998).
20. For example, see Kazimierz Poznánski, Poland's Protracted Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Murrell and Yijiang Wang, "When Privatization Should Be Delayed: The Effect of Communist Legacies on Organizational and Institutional Reforms," Journal of Comparative Economics, 17 (1993), 385-406; Peter Murrell, "The Transition According to Cambridge, Mass," Journal of Economic Literature, 33 (March 1995), 164-78; James Millar, "From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism," The George Washington University 175th Annual Papers, Paper 2 (1996); Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism," American Sociological Review, 57 (1992), 16-38; Lynn Nelson and Irina Kuzes, Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995); and the review essays by Ákos Róna-Tas, Ken Jowitt, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Kazimierz Poznánski in East European Politics and Society, 12 (Winter 1998).
21. For a critique of the QWERTY model, see Stan Liebowitz and Stephen Margolis, "The Fable of the Keys," Journal of Law and Economics, 33 (1990), 1-26.
22. David Stark and László Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 7.
23. Kathleen Thelen, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," Annual Review of Political Science, 2 (1999), 387.
24. Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 296.
25. Joel Hellman, Review of Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies, East European Constitutional Review, (Summer 1998), 72.
26. Ellen Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Antonia Maioni, "Parting at the Crossroads: The Development of Health Insurance in Canada and the United States, 1940-1965," Comparative Politics, 29 (July 1997), 411-31.
27. Ellen Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Antonia Maioni, "Parting at the Crossroads: The Development of Health Insurance in Canada and the United States, 1940-1965," Comparative Politics, 29 (July 1997), 411-31.
28. M. Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
29. Path contingency takes issue on this point with punctuated equilibrium and critical junctures. See Stephen Krasner, "Approaches to the State," Comparative Politics, 16 (1984), 223-46; Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, The Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
30. Path contingency takes issue on this point with punctuated equilibrium and critical junctures. See Stephen Krasner, "Approaches to the State," Comparative Politics, 16 (1984), 223-46; Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, The Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
31. David Waldner, State Building and Late Development (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
32. Elster, Offe, and Preuss, p. 31.
33. For example, see Maxim Boyko, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, Privatizing Russia (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995); Vladimir Andreev, "The Privatization of State Enterprises in Russia," Review of Central and East European Law, 3 (1992), 265-75.
34. For example, see Maxim Boyko, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, Privatizing Russia (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995); Vladimir Andreev, "The Privatization of State Enterprises in Russia," Review of Central and East European Law, 3 (1992), 265-75.
35. Aslund, p. 7.
36. See Berg; Aslund; Josef Brada, "The Transformation from Communism to Capitalism: How Far? How Fast?," Post-Soviet Affairs, 9 (1993), 87-109; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," The Economist, Jan. 13, 1990 (the first of many such statements); Kevin Murphy, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, "The Transition to a Market Economy: Pitfalls of Partial Reform," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1992), 889-906; Richard Ericson, "The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (Fall 1991), 11-27; Joan Bennett and Maxim Boyko, "Savings and Stabilization Policy in a Pre-Post-Socialist Economy," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 27 (August 1995), 907-19.
37. See Berg; Aslund; Josef Brada, "The Transformation from Communism to Capitalism: How Far? How Fast?," Post-Soviet Affairs, 9 (1993), 87-109; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," The Economist, Jan. 13, 1990 (the first of many such statements); Kevin Murphy, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, "The Transition to a Market Economy: Pitfalls of Partial Reform," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1992), 889-906; Richard Ericson, "The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (Fall 1991), 11-27; Joan Bennett and Maxim Boyko, "Savings and Stabilization Policy in a Pre-Post-Socialist Economy," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 27 (August 1995), 907-19.
38. See Berg; Aslund; Josef Brada, "The Transformation from Communism to Capitalism: How Far? How Fast?," Post-Soviet Affairs, 9 (1993), 87-109; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," The Economist, Jan. 13, 1990 (the first of many such statements); Kevin Murphy, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, "The Transition to a Market Economy: Pitfalls of Partial Reform," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1992), 889-906; Richard Ericson, "The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (Fall 1991), 11-27; Joan Bennett and Maxim Boyko, "Savings and Stabilization Policy in a Pre-Post-Socialist Economy," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 27 (August 1995), 907-19.
39. See Berg; Aslund; Josef Brada, "The Transformation from Communism to Capitalism: How Far? How Fast?," Post-Soviet Affairs, 9 (1993), 87-109; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," The Economist, Jan. 13, 1990 (the first of many such statements); Kevin Murphy, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, "The Transition to a Market Economy: Pitfalls of Partial Reform," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1992), 889-906; Richard Ericson, "The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (Fall 1991), 11-27; Joan Bennett and Maxim Boyko, "Savings and Stabilization Policy in a Pre-Post-Socialist Economy," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 27 (August 1995), 907-19.
40. See Berg; Aslund; Josef Brada, "The Transformation from Communism to Capitalism: How Far? How Fast?," Post-Soviet Affairs, 9 (1993), 87-109; Jeffrey Sachs, "Poland and Eastern Europe: What Is to Be Done?," The Economist, Jan. 13, 1990 (the first of many such statements); Kevin Murphy, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, "The Transition to a Market Economy: Pitfalls of Partial Reform," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1992), 889-906; Richard Ericson, "The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (Fall 1991), 11-27; Joan Bennett and Maxim Boyko, "Savings and Stabilization Policy in a Pre-Post-Socialist Economy," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 27 (August 1995), 907-19.
41. See Murrell and Wang; Peter Murrell, "What Is Shock Therapy? What Did It Do in Poland and Russia?," Post-Soviet Affairs, 9 (1993), 111-40; David Stark, "Path-Dependence and Privatization Strategies in East Central Europe," East European Politics and Society, 6 (1992), 17-54; Andreas Pickel, "Jump-Starting a Market Economy: A Critique of the Radical Strategy for Economic Reform in Light of the East German Experience," Studies in Comparative Communism, 25 (June 1992), 177-91.
42. See Murrell and Wang; Peter Murrell, "What Is Shock Therapy? What Did It Do in Poland and Russia?," Post-Soviet Affairs, 9 (1993), 111-40; David Stark, "Path-Dependence and Privatization Strategies in East Central Europe," East European Politics and Society, 6 (1992), 17-54; Andreas Pickel, "Jump-Starting a Market Economy: A Critique of the Radical Strategy for Economic Reform in Light of the East German Experience," Studies in Comparative Communism, 25 (June 1992), 177-91.
43. See Murrell and Wang; Peter Murrell, "What Is Shock Therapy? What Did It Do in Poland and Russia?," Post-Soviet Affairs, 9 (1993), 111-40; David Stark, "Path-Dependence and Privatization Strategies in East Central Europe," East European Politics and Society, 6 (1992), 17-54; Andreas Pickel, "Jump-Starting a Market Economy: A Critique of the Radical Strategy for Economic Reform in Light of the East German Experience," Studies in Comparative Communism, 25 (June 1992), 177-91.
44. Kathleen Thelen, "Timing and Temporality in the Analysis of Institutional Evolution and Change," Studies in American Political Development (forthcoming).
45. Cynthia Roberts and Thomas Sherlock, "Bringing the Russian State Back In: Explanations of the Derailed Transition to Market Democracy," Comparative Politics, 3' (July 1999), 477-98. More generally, see Eric Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981); and Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
46. 1 (July 1999), 477-98. More generally, see Eric Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981); and Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
47. 1 (July 1999), 477-98. More generally, see Eric Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981); and Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
48. M. Steven Fish, "The Determinants of Economic Reform in the Post-Communist World," East European Politics and Societies, 12 (Winter 1998), 31-78.
49. Stark and Bruszt, ch. 7.
50. John Mayer et al., "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology, 103 (July 1997), 155.
51. Mikhail Gorbachev, "Strengthen the Key Element of the Economy," Pravda and Izvestiia, Dec. 10, 1990, pp. 1-2, translated in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 42:49 (1990), 9.
52. Mikhail Gorbachev, "Strengthen the Key Element of the Economy," Pravda and Izvestiia, Dec. 10, 1990, pp. 1-2, translated in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 42:49 (1990), 9.
53. Andrew Warner, "The Emerging Russian Banking System," Economics of Transition, 6 (1998), 333-47.
54. Aleksandr Kuznetsov (Inkombank), quoted in Voprosy ekonomiki, "Rossiiskaia reforma: Vzgliad iz kommercheskogo banka" [Russian reform: View from a commercial bank], 2 (1993), 136.
55. For a detailed analysis of the development of financial-industrial groups, see Juliet Johnson, "Russia's Emerging Financial-Industrial Groups," Post-Soviet Affairs, 13 (1997), 333-65.
56. "Virtual Banking," Russia Review (November 1998), 27, 31.
57. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Russian Federation, 1997-1998 (Paris: OECD, 1997).
58. Waldner, p. 217.
59. Jacek Rostowski, "Problems of Creating Stable Monetary Systems in Post-Communist Economies," Europe-Asia Studies, 45 (1993), 445-61; Ronald McKinnon, "Financial Control in the Transition from Classical Socialism to a Market Economy," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (Fall 1991), 107-22.
60. Jacek Rostowski, "Problems of Creating Stable Monetary Systems in Post-Communist Economies," Europe-Asia Studies, 45 (1993), 445-61; Ronald McKinnon, "Financial Control in the Transition from Classical Socialism to a Market Economy," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (Fall 1991), 107-22.
61. Roberts and Sherlock, p. 488.
62. Thelen, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics"; also, see Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 13, for an economics-based critique of equilibrium arguments.
63. Thelen, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics"; also, see Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 13, for an economics-based critique of equilibrium arguments.
64. Quoted in Daniel Yergin and Thane Gustafson, "Russia's Struggles: Waiting for the Taxman," Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1998, p. C3.
65. Brada, pp. 107-8.