Arson, conspiracy and rumour in early modern Europe

Continuity and Change

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 9-29

  Roberts, Penny ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039543416     PISSN: 02684160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0268416097002804     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Nicolas Pithou, 'Histoire ecclésiastique de l'église de la ville de Troyes', Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (hereafter BN), fonds Dupuy, MS 698 (hereafter Pithou); Le Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris sous le règne de François Ier, ed. V. L. Bourrilly (Paris, 1910), 196-202 (hereafter Journal); M. Félibien, Histoire de la ville de Paris, 5 vols. (Paris, 1725), vol. ii, 951-2 (hereafter Félibien); Livre de raison de Me. Nicolas Versoris, ed. G. Fagniez (Paris, 1885), 141-75 (hereafter Versoris).
2. Nicolas Pithou, 'Histoire ecclésiastique de l'église de la ville de Troyes', Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (hereafter BN), fonds Dupuy, MS 698 (hereafter Pithou); Le Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris sous le règne de François Ier, ed. V. L. Bourrilly (Paris, 1910), 196-202 (hereafter Journal); M. Félibien, Histoire de la ville de Paris, 5 vols. (Paris, 1725), vol. ii, 951-2 (hereafter Félibien); Livre de raison de Me. Nicolas Versoris, ed. G. Fagniez (Paris, 1885), 141-75 (hereafter Versoris).
3. Nicolas Pithou, 'Histoire ecclésiastique de l'église de la ville de Troyes', Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (hereafter BN), fonds Dupuy, MS 698 (hereafter Pithou); Le Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris sous le règne de François Ier, ed. V. L. Bourrilly (Paris, 1910), 196-202 (hereafter Journal); M. Félibien, Histoire de la ville de Paris, 5 vols. (Paris, 1725), vol. ii, 951-2 (hereafter Félibien); Livre de raison de Me. Nicolas Versoris, ed. G. Fagniez (Paris, 1885), 141-75 (hereafter Versoris).
4. Nicolas Pithou, 'Histoire ecclésiastique de l'église de la ville de Troyes', Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (hereafter BN), fonds Dupuy, MS 698 (hereafter Pithou); Le Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris sous le règne de François Ier, ed. V. L. Bourrilly (Paris, 1910), 196-202 (hereafter Journal); M. Félibien, Histoire de la ville de Paris, 5 vols. (Paris, 1725), vol. ii, 951-2 (hereafter Félibien); Livre de raison de Me. Nicolas Versoris, ed. G. Fagniez (Paris, 1885), 141-75 (hereafter Versoris).
5. 2a reg. 76, fos. 300-1.
6. For instance, in 1463 Toulouse had been ravaged by fire as was Bourges in 1487; see Bernard Chevalier, Les bonnes villes de France du XIVe au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1982), 188. For English examples see Keith Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic (London, 1971), 17-20, and note 4 below.
7. For instance, in 1463 Toulouse had been ravaged by fire as was Bourges in 1487; see Bernard Chevalier, Les bonnes villes de France du XIVe au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1982), 188. For English examples see Keith Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic (London, 1971), 17-20, and note 4 below.
8. This is especially true of English fires: see E. L. Jones, S. Porter and M. Turner, A gazetteer of English urban fire disasters, 1500-1900, Historical Geography Research Series, 13 (London, 1984); The great fire of Warwick, 1694, ed. M. Farr, Dugdale Society, xxxvi (Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992); Christopher Dyer, 'The great fire of Shipston-on-Stour', Warwickshire History 8 (1992/93), 179-94; C. J. Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief in sixteenth-century England; the Nantwich fire of 1583', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 54 (1981), 171-87; S. Porter, 'Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 97-105; and David Underdown, Fire from heaven (London, 1992). On French fires, see also P. Roberts, 'Agencies human and divine: fire in French cities, c. 1520-1720', in W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts eds., Fear in early modem society (Manchester, 1997), forthcoming.
9. This is especially true of English fires: see E. L. Jones, S. Porter and M. Turner, A gazetteer of English urban fire disasters, 1500-1900, Historical Geography Research Series, 13 (London, 1984); The great fire of Warwick, 1694, ed. M. Farr, Dugdale Society, xxxvi (Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992); Christopher Dyer, 'The great fire of Shipston-on-Stour', Warwickshire History 8 (1992/93), 179-94; C. J. Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief in sixteenth-century England; the Nantwich fire of 1583', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 54 (1981), 171-87; S. Porter, 'Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 97-105; and David Underdown, Fire from heaven (London, 1992). On French fires, see also P. Roberts, 'Agencies human and divine: fire in French cities, c. 1520-1720', in W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts eds., Fear in early modem society (Manchester, 1997), forthcoming.
10. This is especially true of English fires: see E. L. Jones, S. Porter and M. Turner, A gazetteer of English urban fire disasters, 1500-1900, Historical Geography Research Series, 13 (London, 1984); The great fire of Warwick, 1694, ed. M. Farr, Dugdale Society, xxxvi (Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992); Christopher Dyer, 'The great fire of Shipston-on-Stour', Warwickshire History 8 (1992/93), 179-94; C. J. Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief in sixteenth-century England; the Nantwich fire of 1583', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 54 (1981), 171-87; S. Porter, 'Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 97-105; and David Underdown, Fire from heaven (London, 1992). On French fires, see also P. Roberts, 'Agencies human and divine: fire in French cities, c. 1520-1720', in W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts eds., Fear in early modem society (Manchester, 1997), forthcoming.
11. This is especially true of English fires: see E. L. Jones, S. Porter and M. Turner, A gazetteer of English urban fire disasters, 1500-1900, Historical Geography Research Series, 13 (London, 1984); The great fire of Warwick, 1694, ed. M. Farr, Dugdale Society, xxxvi (Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992); Christopher Dyer, 'The great fire of Shipston-on-Stour', Warwickshire History 8 (1992/93), 179-94; C. J. Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief in sixteenth-century England; the Nantwich fire of 1583', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 54 (1981), 171-87; S. Porter, 'Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 97-105; and David Underdown, Fire from heaven (London, 1992). On French fires, see also P. Roberts, 'Agencies human and divine: fire in French cities, c. 1520-1720', in W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts eds., Fear in early modem society (Manchester, 1997), forthcoming.
12. This is especially true of English fires: see E. L. Jones, S. Porter and M. Turner, A gazetteer of English urban fire disasters, 1500-1900, Historical Geography Research Series, 13 (London, 1984); The great fire of Warwick, 1694, ed. M. Farr, Dugdale Society, xxxvi (Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992); Christopher Dyer, 'The great fire of Shipston-on-Stour', Warwickshire History 8 (1992/93), 179-94; C. J. Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief in sixteenth-century England; the Nantwich fire of 1583', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 54 (1981), 171-87; S. Porter, 'Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 97-105; and David Underdown, Fire from heaven (London, 1992). On French fires, see also P. Roberts, 'Agencies human and divine: fire in French cities, c. 1520-1720', in W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts eds., Fear in early modem society (Manchester, 1997), forthcoming.
13. This is especially true of English fires: see E. L. Jones, S. Porter and M. Turner, A gazetteer of English urban fire disasters, 1500-1900, Historical Geography Research Series, 13 (London, 1984); The great fire of Warwick, 1694, ed. M. Farr, Dugdale Society, xxxvi (Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992); Christopher Dyer, 'The great fire of Shipston-on-Stour', Warwickshire History 8 (1992/93), 179-94; C. J. Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief in sixteenth-century England; the Nantwich fire of 1583', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 54 (1981), 171-87; S. Porter, 'Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 97-105; and David Underdown, Fire from heaven (London, 1992). On French fires, see also P. Roberts, 'Agencies human and divine: fire in French cities, c. 1520-1720', in W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts eds., Fear in early modem society (Manchester, 1997), forthcoming.
14. This is especially true of English fires: see E. L. Jones, S. Porter and M. Turner, A gazetteer of English urban fire disasters, 1500-1900, Historical Geography Research Series, 13 (London, 1984); The great fire of Warwick, 1694, ed. M. Farr, Dugdale Society, xxxvi (Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992); Christopher Dyer, 'The great fire of Shipston-on-Stour', Warwickshire History 8 (1992/93), 179-94; C. J. Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief in sixteenth-century England; the Nantwich fire of 1583', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 54 (1981), 171-87; S. Porter, 'Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 97-105; and David Underdown, Fire from heaven (London, 1992). On French fires, see also P. Roberts, 'Agencies human and divine: fire in French cities, c. 1520-1720', in W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts eds., Fear in early modem society (Manchester, 1997), forthcoming.
15. This is also reflected in the similarity of the imagery used to describe the spread of both fire and sedition. For example, the archbishop of Paris, Christophe de Beaumont, was nicknamed 'the fire-raiser' (boutefeu) for stirring up popular opinion against government policy in eighteenth-century Paris (cited in Ariette Farge, Subversive words: public opinion in eighteenth-century France, trans. R. Morris (London, 1994; 1st publ. Paris, 1992), 50).
16. See BN, MS fr. 21682, collection Nicolas de La Mare, 'Incendiaires', fos. 134-40.
17. Of the many works that could be cited the classic study is Jean Delumeau's La peur en occident (XIVe-XVIIIe siècles): une cité assiégée (Paris, 1978), esp. chaps. 3, 11 and 12.
18. Michel Balard ed., La circulation des nouvelles au moyen âge (Paris, 1994), 158; quotation taken from J.-N. Kapferer, Rumeurs: le plus vieux média du monde (Paris, 1987).
19. Michel Balard ed., La circulation des nouvelles au moyen âge (Paris, 1994), 158; quotation taken from J.-N. Kapferer, Rumeurs: le plus vieux média du monde (Paris, 1987).
20. The classic text is Georges Lefebvre, La grande peur de 1789 (Paris, 1932), translated as The great fear of 1789: rural panic in Revolutionary France (New York, 1973), esp. pp. 67-74 and 169-97. This theme has been explored most recently in Balard ed., La circulation des nouvelles.
21. The classic text is Georges Lefebvre, La grande peur de 1789 (Paris, 1932), translated as The great fear of 1789: rural panic in Revolutionary France (New York, 1973), esp. pp. 67-74 and 169-97. This theme has been explored most recently in Balard ed., La circulation des nouvelles.
22. The classic text is Georges Lefebvre, La grande peur de 1789 (Paris, 1932), translated as The great fear of 1789: rural panic in Revolutionary France (New York, 1973), esp. pp. 67-74 and 169-97. This theme has been explored most recently in Balard ed., La circulation des nouvelles.
23. Pithou, fo. 196r; here and later, translations from the French documents are my own.
24. For example, Farge, Subversive words.
25. See Philip Benedict, 'The Saint Bartholomew's massacres in the provinces', Historical Journal 21 (1978), 205-25.
26. See Lefebvre, The great fear, in this case, gangs of brigands; see also C. Gauvard, 'Rumeur et stéréotypes à la fin du moyen âge', and C. Beaune, 'La rumeur dans le Journal du bourgeois de Paris', both in Balard ed., La circulation des nouvelles, 157-77 and 191-203.
27. See Lefebvre, The great fear, in this case, gangs of brigands; see also C. Gauvard, 'Rumeur et stéréotypes à la fin du moyen âge', and C. Beaune, 'La rumeur dans le Journal du bourgeois de Paris', both in Balard ed., La circulation des nouvelles, 157-77 and 191-203.
28. See Lefebvre, The great fear, in this case, gangs of brigands; see also C. Gauvard, 'Rumeur et stéréotypes à la fin du moyen âge', and C. Beaune, 'La rumeur dans le Journal du bourgeois de Paris', both in Balard ed., La circulation des nouvelles, 157-77 and 191-203.
29. BM Troyes, fonds Boutiot, AA 31, folder v.
30. Ibid., AA 36 and 37.
31. Henry Heller, Iron and blood: civil wars in sixteenth-century France (Toronto, 1991), 28 and 43; David Potter, A history of France, 1460-1560 (London, 1995), 16.
32. Henry Heller, Iron and blood: civil wars in sixteenth-century France (Toronto, 1991), 28 and 43; David Potter, A history of France, 1460-1560 (London, 1995), 16.
33. Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: la violence au temps des troubles de religion (c. 1525-c. 1610), 2 vols. (Paris, 1990), vol. i, 108, and in general pp. 106-14. In February 1524, 'the rumour of the imminence of a universal flood went round Paris' (Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu, vol. i, 23; Pithou, fos. 29v-30r). Also see R. W. Scribner, For the sake of simple folk: popular propaganda for the German Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 123-6.
34. Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: la violence au temps des troubles de religion (c. 1525-c. 1610), 2 vols. (Paris, 1990), vol. i, 108, and in general pp. 106-14. In February 1524, 'the rumour of the imminence of a universal flood went round Paris' (Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu, vol. i, 23; Pithou, fos. 29v-30r). Also see R. W. Scribner, For the sake of simple folk: popular propaganda for the German Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 123-6.
35. Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: la violence au temps des troubles de religion (c. 1525-c. 1610), 2 vols. (Paris, 1990), vol. i, 108, and in general pp. 106-14. In February 1524, 'the rumour of the imminence of a universal flood went round Paris' (Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu, vol. i, 23; Pithou, fos. 29v-30r). Also see R. W. Scribner, For the sake of simple folk: popular propaganda for the German Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 123-6.
36. Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: la violence au temps des troubles de religion (c. 1525-c. 1610), 2 vols. (Paris, 1990), vol. i, 108, and in general pp. 106-14. In February 1524, 'the rumour of the imminence of a universal flood went round Paris' (Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu, vol. i, 23; Pithou, fos. 29v-30r). Also see R. W. Scribner, For the sake of simple folk: popular propaganda for the German Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 123-6.
37. See P. Driart, Chronique parisienne (1522-35), ed. F. Bournon (Paris, 1895), 87-8, and on the panic caused by the predictions.
38. Crouzet (Les guerriers de Dieu, vol. i, 113) States that rumour was 'subject to the exaggeration and all the projections of the collective imagination'.
39. For example, see Roger Chartier, 'Culture as appropriation: popular cultural uses in early modern France', in S. L. Kaplan ed., Understanding popular culture (New York, 1984), 229-53.
40. Versoris, no. 163.
41. The Parisian memoirs are Journal, Versoris and Félibien (see note 1, above, for full references for these and Pithou).
42. Pithou, fo. 29r.
43. Ibid., fo. 27; cf. Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic, 19-20, and Underdown, Fire from heaven.
44. Ibid., fo. 27; cf. Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic, 19-20, and Underdown, Fire from heaven.
45. Ibid., fo. 27; cf. Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic, 19-20, and Underdown, Fire from heaven.
46. Pithou, fos. 28v-29r.
47. Underdown, Fire from heaven, 5. On Nantwich, see Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief', 177.
48. Underdown, Fire from heaven, 5. On Nantwich, see Kitching, 'Fire disasters and fire relief', 177.
49. 'The true report of the burning of the steeple and church of Paul's in London', in A. F. Pollard ed., Tudor tracts, 1532-1588 (Westminster, 1903), 403-8.
50. Félibien, 951.
51. Archives Départementales de l'Aube (hereafter AD Aube), G 1282, fo. 46.
52. BM Troyes, fonds Boutiot, A 6, council deliberations, fo. 172r.
53. Ibid., AA 32, folder ii, no. 1.
54. Félibien, 951; Journal, 196 and 198; cathedral chapter, AD Aube, G 1283, 1 June.
55. Félibien, 951; Journal, 196 and 198; cathedral chapter, AD Aube, G 1283, 1 June.
56. Cronique du roy Françoys premier de ce nom, ed. G. Guiffrey (Paris, 1860), 39, note 2, a reference (MS, S.G. fr., no. 1556, fo. 51) which I have tried in vain to trace to its original source.
57. Pithou, fo. 29r. This behaviour is reminiscent of the contemporary sacrifices of live animals, such as cats, on St John's day, in the hope that such rituals would appease divine wrath; see J. Goudsblom, Fire and civilization (London, 1992), 133.
58. The surveillance of inn guests was a regular precaution when there was any possibility of an outside threat; see, for example, BM Troyes, fonds Boutiot, AA 32, folder ii, no. 1.
59. Versoris, 142; Félibien, 952; Journal, 200.
60. Versoris, 142; Félibien, 952; Journal, 200.
61. Versoris, 142; Félibien, 952; Journal, 200.
62. Ordonnances des roys de France: règne de François Ier (9 vols., Paris, 1902-1975), vol. iv, 30-2, 25 and 28 June 1524; from AN, Y 8, fos. 198v-199.
63. 4 (livre rouge neuf), fo. 122v.
64. Journal, 196 and 198.
65. BM Troyes, fonds Boutiot, BB 14, folder i, no. 1, 19 April.
66. BM Troyes, MS 1291, fo. 85.
67. I am indebted to Dr Peter Maxwell-Stuart for suggesting this association.
68. Versons, 143; Journal, 63, no. 153. The Burgundian, and therefore imperial, association is noteworthy. Compare the black crosses of Saint-André referred to in Journal, 199, and the red and white crosses on the doors of infected plague victims in London in 1665-1666.
69. Versons, 143; Journal, 63, no. 153. The Burgundian, and therefore imperial, association is noteworthy. Compare the black crosses of Saint-André referred to in Journal, 199, and the red and white crosses on the doors of infected plague victims in London in 1665-1666.
70. BM Troyes, fonds Boutiot, BB 14, folder i, nos. 7 and 8.
71. A. Abbiateci, 'Arsonists in eighteenth-century France: an essay in the typology of crime', in R. Forster and O. Ranum eds., Deviants and the abandoned in French society (Baltimore, 1978), 176; first published in Annales, E.S.C. 25 (1970), 229-48.
72. A. Abbiateci, 'Arsonists in eighteenth-century France: an essay in the typology of crime', in R. Forster and O. Ranum eds., Deviants and the abandoned in French society (Baltimore, 1978), 176; first published in Annales, E.S.C. 25 (1970), 229-48.
73. For further recent discussion of conspiracy theories and their role in early modern society, see C. Ginzburg, 'Présomptions sur le sabbat', Annales, E.S.C. 39 (1984), 341-54, and 'Le démon du soupçon', with M. Gauchet, Histoire 84 (1985), 48-56; and D. Groh, 'La tentation des théories de conspiration', Storia délia Storiografia 14 (1988), 96-118. For a stimulating study of the origins of the persecution of such groups in the medieval period, see R. I. Moore, The formation of a persecuting society: power and deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987). Also suggestive are the comments in D. B. Davis ed., The fear of conspiracy: images of un-American subversion from the Revolution to the present (Ithaca and London, 1971), esp. pp. xiv-xviii and 361-2.
74. For further recent discussion of conspiracy theories and their role in early modern society, see C. Ginzburg, 'Présomptions sur le sabbat', Annales, E.S.C. 39 (1984), 341-54, and 'Le démon du soupçon', with M. Gauchet, Histoire 84 (1985), 48-56; and D. Groh, 'La tentation des théories de conspiration', Storia délia Storiografia 14 (1988), 96-118. For a stimulating study of the origins of the persecution of such groups in the medieval period, see R. I. Moore, The formation of a persecuting society: power and deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987). Also suggestive are the comments in D. B. Davis ed., The fear of conspiracy: images of un-American subversion from the Revolution to the present (Ithaca and London, 1971), esp. pp. xiv-xviii and 361-2.
75. For further recent discussion of conspiracy theories and their role in early modern society, see C. Ginzburg, 'Présomptions sur le sabbat', Annales, E.S.C. 39 (1984), 341-54, and 'Le démon du soupçon', with M. Gauchet, Histoire 84 (1985), 48-56; and D. Groh, 'La tentation des théories de conspiration', Storia délia Storiografia 14 (1988), 96-118. For a stimulating study of the origins of the persecution of such groups in the medieval period, see R. I. Moore, The formation of a persecuting society: power and deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987). Also suggestive are the comments in D. B. Davis ed., The fear of conspiracy: images of un-American subversion from the Revolution to the present (Ithaca and London, 1971), esp. pp. xiv-xviii and 361-2.
76. For further recent discussion of conspiracy theories and their role in early modern society, see C. Ginzburg, 'Présomptions sur le sabbat', Annales, E.S.C. 39 (1984), 341-54, and 'Le démon du soupçon', with M. Gauchet, Histoire 84 (1985), 48-56; and D. Groh, 'La tentation des théories de conspiration', Storia délia Storiografia 14 (1988), 96-118. For a stimulating study of the origins of the persecution of such groups in the medieval period, see R. I. Moore, The formation of a persecuting society: power and deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987). Also suggestive are the comments in D. B. Davis ed., The fear of conspiracy: images of un-American subversion from the Revolution to the present (Ithaca and London, 1971), esp. pp. xiv-xviii and 361-2.
77. For further recent discussion of conspiracy theories and their role in early modern society, see C. Ginzburg, 'Présomptions sur le sabbat', Annales, E.S.C. 39 (1984), 341-54, and 'Le démon du soupçon', with M. Gauchet, Histoire 84 (1985), 48-56; and D. Groh, 'La tentation des théories de conspiration', Storia délia Storiografia 14 (1988), 96-118. For a stimulating study of the origins of the persecution of such groups in the medieval period, see R. I. Moore, The formation of a persecuting society: power and deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987). Also suggestive are the comments in D. B. Davis ed., The fear of conspiracy: images of un-American subversion from the Revolution to the present (Ithaca and London, 1971), esp. pp. xiv-xviii and 361-2.
78. See for example R. Clifton, 'Fear of popery', in C. Russell ed., Origins of the English Civil War (London, 1973), 144-67.
79. On collective fears see esp. Delumeau, La peur en occident.
80. R. Scribner, 'The mordbrenner fear in sixteenth-century Germany: political paranoia or the revenge of the outcast?', in Richard J. Evans ed., The German underworld (London, 1988), 29-56.
81. Ibid., 36-8.
82. Pithou, fos. 27 and 29.
83. Scribner, 'The mordbrenner fear', 31.
84. Ibid., 42-3.
85. Among more recent works on the poor in this period, see R. Jütte, Poverty and deviance in early modern Europe (Cambridge, 1994), chap. 1, and B. Geremek, Poverty: a history (Oxford, 1994), trans. A. Kolakowska, esp. chap. 3. The classic French study is J.-P. Gutton, La société et les pauvres en Europe, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1974).
86. Among more recent works on the poor in this period, see R. Jütte, Poverty and deviance in early modern Europe (Cambridge, 1994), chap. 1, and B. Geremek, Poverty: a history (Oxford, 1994), trans. A. Kolakowska, esp. chap. 3. The classic French study is J.-P. Gutton, La société et les pauvres en Europe, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1974).
87. Among more recent works on the poor in this period, see R. Jütte, Poverty and deviance in early modern Europe (Cambridge, 1994), chap. 1, and B. Geremek, Poverty: a history (Oxford, 1994), trans. A. Kolakowska, esp. chap. 3. The classic French study is J.-P. Gutton, La société et les pauvres en Europe, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1974).
88. Abbiateci, 'Arsonists in eighteenth-century France', 157.
89. Scribner, 'The mordbrenner fear', 49; he attributes this to Protestants' apocalyptic mentality, but as we have seen this was equally true of Catholics. See also Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu.
90. Scribner, 'The mordbrenner fear', 49; he attributes this to Protestants' apocalyptic mentality, but as we have seen this was equally true of Catholics. See also Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu.
91. BM Troyes, fonds Boutiot, A 13, 15 Apr. 1562; and BB 14, folder i, no. 25.
92. Barbara B. Diefendorf, Beneath the cross: Catholics and Huguenots in sixteenth-century Paris (Oxford, 1991), 80.
93. Mack P. Holt, 'Wine, community and reformation in sixteenth-century Burgundy', Past and Present 138 (1993), 62.
94. Calendar of state papers, domestic series (Charles II), 1666-1667 (London, 1864), 107, 110, 116, 127 and 167. On suspicions of Catholics starting fires in the 1640s, see Clifton, 'Fear of popery', 158 and 160.
95. Calendar of state papers, domestic series (Charles II), 1666-1667 (London, 1864), 107, 110, 116, 127 and 167. On suspicions of Catholics starting fires in the 1640s, see Clifton, 'Fear of popery', 158 and 160.
96. Scribner, 'The mordbrenner fear', 32 and 37.
97. Calendar of state papers, 107-8.
98. Ibid., 95, 99, 103, 105 and 110.
99. Ibid., 110 and 103, 106 and 116.
100. J. D. Jones, 'The Hampshire beacon plot of 1586', Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club (1968), 105-18.
101. Calendar of state papers, 175 and 108.
102. Pithou, fo. 28r.
103. Farr ed., The great fire of Warwick, 1694, 116.
104. Calendar of state papers, 105, 110, 116 and 127.
105. Pithou, fos. 28v-29r; Journal, 197-8.
106. Pithou, fos. 28v-29r; Journal, 197-8.
107. 'The true report of the burning of the steeple and church', 406.
108. R. J. Knecht, Renaissance warrior and patron: the reign of Francis I (Cambridge, 1994), 337-8. Suspicion of poisoning was a common assumption following the death of any prominent political figure in early modern France.
109. Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic, 667.
110. E. W. Monter, Witchcraft in France and Switzerland (Ithaca, 1976), 47.
111. Ibid., 42 and 44. Savoyards were also under suspicion in 1789; see Lefebvre, The great fear, 52.
112. Ibid., 42 and 44. Savoyards were also under suspicion in 1789; see Lefebvre, The great fear, 52.
113. J. Boutier, A. Dewerpe and D. Nordman, Un tour de France royal: le voyage de Charles IX (1564-1566) (Paris, 1984), 149-51.
114. Cf. Scribner, 'The mordbrenner fear', and Lefebvre, The great fear.
115. Cf. Scribner, 'The mordbrenner fear', and Lefebvre, The great fear.
116. Such a view is supported by Clifton, 'Fear of popery', esp. on pp. 158-62 and 165.
117. Roberts, 'Agencies human and divine: fire in French cities'.
118. For instance, see Nicolas de Lamare, Traité de la police (4 vols., Paris, 1705-1738), vol. iv, 137.
119. For more on the implications of this development, see L. Bourquin, Noblesse seconde et pouvoir en Champagne aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles (Paris, 1994), 195-222.