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2
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0000071925
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Transitions to democracy
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This aspect of the transition to democracy was mentioned years ago by Dankwart Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy," Comparative Politics 2, no. 3 (April 1970): 330-67. However, many transition theorists have tended to overlook or underestimate the importance of acculturation to democratic consolidation.
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(1970)
Comparative Politics
, vol.2
, Issue.3 APRIL
, pp. 330-367
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Rustow, D.1
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3
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0003823969
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Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace
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Neil J. Kritz, ed., Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1995). Corrective justice in the post-communist context specifically is addressed by Bruce Ackerman, The Future of the Liberal Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), and by Vladimir Tismaneanu, "Is the Revolution Over? The Myth of De-communization and the Quest for Justice," in Fantasies of Salvation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).
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(1995)
Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes
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Kritz, N.J.1
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4
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0004167656
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New Haven: Yale University Press
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Neil J. Kritz, ed., Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1995). Corrective justice in the post-communist context specifically is addressed by Bruce Ackerman, The Future of the Liberal Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), and by Vladimir Tismaneanu, "Is the Revolution Over? The Myth of De-communization and the Quest for Justice," in Fantasies of Salvation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).
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(1992)
The Future of the Liberal Revolution
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Ackerman, B.1
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5
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85033878525
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Is the revolution over? The myth of de-communization and the quest for justice
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Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming
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Neil J. Kritz, ed., Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1995). Corrective justice in the post-communist context specifically is addressed by Bruce Ackerman, The Future of the Liberal Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), and by Vladimir Tismaneanu, "Is the Revolution Over? The Myth of De-communization and the Quest for Justice," in Fantasies of Salvation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).
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Fantasies of Salvation
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Tismaneanu, V.1
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6
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2142838130
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Confronting human rights violations committed by former governments: Principles applicable and political constraints
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Jose Zalaquett, "Confronting Human Rights Violations Committed by Former Governments: Principles Applicable and Political Constraints," in Transitional Justice, vol. 1, p. 5.
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Transitional Justice
, vol.1
, pp. 5
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Zalaquett, J.1
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8
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85033881280
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note
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Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the Former German Democratic Republic, "Task, Structure, and Work of This Authority."
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9
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85033880147
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note
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According to an official of the Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service, interview, Berlin, June 5, 1997.
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10
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0002100827
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The communist torturers of Eastern Europe,
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John P. Moran, "The Communist Torturers of Eastern Europe," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27, no. 1 (1994): 100. That would mean one of every eight GDR citizens was a Stasi informer.
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(1994)
Communist and Post-Communist Studies
, vol.27
, Issue.1
, pp. 100
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Moran, J.P.1
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11
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85007717832
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January 20
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Die Zeit (January 20, 1995).
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(1995)
Die Zeit
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12
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0003841028
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September 24
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Washington Post (September 24, 1995).
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(1995)
Washington Post
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13
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85033894340
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note
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Figure for 1980. Figures for other Eastern bloc countries were: Romania 20 percent, Czechoslovakia 14 percent, Bulgaria 13 percent, Poland 12.5 percent, and Hungary 10 percent.
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14
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0003498410
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January 29
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Der Spiegel (January 29, 1996).
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(1996)
Der Spiegel
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15
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84930557620
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The 'gray zone' and the future of dissent in Czechoslovakia
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Jirina Siklova, "The 'Gray Zone' and the Future of Dissent in Czechoslovakia," Social Research 57, no. 2 (summer 1991): 347-63.
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(1991)
Social Research
, vol.57
, Issue.2 SUMMER
, pp. 347-363
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Siklova, J.1
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16
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85033884694
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note
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Stolpe remains the only East German governor in office. Three other governors were removed before their terms expired because of their past affiliations or suspicions of corruption: Duhac in Thüringen, Golmulka in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Gies in Sachsen-Anhalt.
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17
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85033883674
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note
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In December 1993, only 21 percent of those polled in Brandenburg thought that there might be someone better than Stolpe for the job of governor. Sympathy for Stolpe was markedly higher among Easterners polled (73 percent) than among Westerners (38 percent). Der Tagesspiegel (December 4, 1993).
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18
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0001145915
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Dealing with the communist past: Central and Eastern European experiences after 1990
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Helga Welsh, "Dealing with the Communist Past: Central and Eastern European Experiences After 1990," Europe-Asia Studies 48, no. 3 (1996): 413-28.
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(1996)
Europe-Asia Studies
, vol.48
, Issue.3
, pp. 413-428
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Welsh, H.1
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19
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85033894836
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note
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Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the Former German Democratic Republic, "Task, Structure, and Work of This Authority."
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20
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0004012050
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New York: Oxford University Press
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Konrad H. Jarausch, The Rush to German Unity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 173.
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(1994)
The Rush to German Unity
, pp. 173
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Jarausch, K.H.1
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21
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0040109810
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Die last der Vergangenheit: Zum Umgang mit den Stasi-Akten
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Michael Strotmann, "Die Last der Vergangenheit: Zum Umgang mit den Stasi-Akten" (The Burden of the Past: Dealing with the Stasi Files), Deutschland Archiv 26, no. 12 (December 1993): 1372-88.
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(1993)
Deutschland Archiv
, vol.26
, Issue.12 DECEMBER
, pp. 1372-1388
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Strotmann, M.1
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22
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0039518161
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The clean-up bureau
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Wprost [Warsaw] no. 2
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Gauck interview in Wprost [Warsaw] and reprinted as "The Clean-Up Bureau," Uncaptive Minds 5, no. 2 (20) (summer 1992): 128.
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(1992)
Uncaptive Minds
, vol.5
, Issue.20 SUMMER
, pp. 128
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Gauck1
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23
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5844283225
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West german elites: Cartel of anxiety, power elite, or responsive representatives?
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ed. Ursula Hoffmann-Lange Boulder: Westview Press
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Ursula Hoffmann-Lange, "West German Elites: Cartel of Anxiety, Power Elite, or Responsive Representatives?" in Social and Political Structures in West Germany, ed. Ursula Hoffmann-Lange (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991).
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(1991)
Social and Political Structures in West Germany
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Hoffmann-Lange, U.1
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24
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0007269798
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Children of a lesser god
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Inga Markovits, "Children of a Lesser God," Michigan Law Review, no. 7 (June 1996): 2270-308.
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(1996)
Michigan Law Review
, vol.7
, Issue.JUNE
, pp. 2270-2308
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Markovits, I.1
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25
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85033894235
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Treatment of the secret police files
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"Treatment of the Secret Police Files," in Transitional Justice, vol. 2, pp. 602-25.
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Transitional Justice
, vol.2
, pp. 602-625
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26
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0040109802
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Elite circulation and institutional consolidation in Eastern Germany
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Chicago, September 21-24
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Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," paper presented at the annual meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, September 21-24, 1995, pp. 10-11.
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(1995)
Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association
, pp. 10-11
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Derlien, H.-U.1
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27
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85033892894
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note
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Chapter XX, Section III, of the Unification Treaty established the legal guidelines for screening personnel.
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28
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0003841030
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August 26
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Washington Post (August 26, 1997).
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(1997)
Washington Post
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29
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84966120746
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Justice after transitions
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Jamal Benomar, "Justice After Transitions," Journal of Democracy 4, no. 1 (January 1993): 20-27.
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(1993)
Journal of Democracy
, vol.4
, Issue.1 JANUARY
, pp. 20-27
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Benomar, J.1
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30
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85033873449
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note
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This problem was frequently mentioned to the author during interviews with Eastern parliamentarians in Brandenburg in 1994.
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31
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85033877818
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note
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Interviews with parliamentary group leaders of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Social Democrats (SPD), and Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) conducted in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Thüringen in 1997.
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33
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0003841028
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September 24
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Washington Post (September 24, 1995).
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(1995)
Washington Post
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34
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84937296371
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Overcoming the legacies of dictatorship
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May/June
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Tina Rosenberg, "Overcoming the Legacies of Dictatorship," Foreign Affairs 74, no. 3 (May/June 1995): 151.
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(1995)
Foreign Affairs
, vol.74
, Issue.3
, pp. 151
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Rosenberg, T.1
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35
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0003841028
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September 24
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Washington Post (September 24, 1995).
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(1995)
Washington Post
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37
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0038925585
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See the critiques of the trials by Rosenberg, "Overcoming the Legacies," and Mark Gibney, "Prosecuting Human Rights Violations from a Previous Regime: The East European Experience," East European Quarterly 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 93-110.
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Overcoming the Legacies
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Rosenberg1
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38
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0038925585
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Prosecuting human rights violations from a previous regime: The East European experience
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See the critiques of the trials by Rosenberg, "Overcoming the Legacies," and Mark Gibney, "Prosecuting Human Rights Violations from a Previous Regime: The East European Experience," East European Quarterly 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 93-110.
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(1997)
East European Quarterly
, vol.31
, Issue.1 MARCH
, pp. 93-110
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Gibney, M.1
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40
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0004047063
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June 2
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New York Times (June 2, 1995).
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(1995)
New York Times
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41
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0038925562
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Merkwürdige Schlußstrich-Diskussion
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Karl Wilhelm Fricke, "Merkwürdige Schlußstrich-Diskussion" (A Noteworthy Discussion about Drawing the Line), Deutschland Archiv 28, no. 2 (February 1995): 113-15.
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(1995)
Deutschland Archiv
, vol.28
, Issue.2 FEBRUARY
, pp. 113-115
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Fricke, K.W.1
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42
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85051019707
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Justice after transition: On the choices successor elites make in dealing with the past
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Luc Huyse, "Justice After Transition: On the Choices Successor Elites Make in Dealing with the Past," in Transitional Justice, vol. 1, p. 345.
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Transitional Justice
, vol.1
, pp. 345
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Huyse, L.1
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44
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0003841030
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August 26
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Washington Post (August 26, 1997).
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(1997)
Washington Post
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46
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85033871356
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Background Information available from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission website: http://www.truth.org.za.
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47
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85033896796
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note
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The CDU parliamentary group named seven members and five outside experts; the SPD, five members and three experts; the Free Democrats (FDP), two members and one expert; and the Alliance 90/Greens and the PDS/Left List each sent one member and one expert.
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48
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85033901085
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Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland
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12/7820 May 31
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From the foreword of the Report of the Enquete Kommission, "Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland" (Working Through the History and Outcomes of the SED Dictatorship in Germany), Drucksache 12/7820 (May 31, 1994): 5.
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(1994)
Drucksache
, pp. 5
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Kommission, E.1
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