War powers, Bosnia, and the 104th congress

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 113, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 241-258

  Hendrickson, Ryan C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039496536     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657855     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. See Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Stephen R. Weissman, A Culture of Deference (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Barbara Hinckley, Less than Meets the Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Gary M. Stern and Morton Halperin eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power To Go To War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
2. See Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Stephen R. Weissman, A Culture of Deference (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Barbara Hinckley, Less than Meets the Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Gary M. Stern and Morton Halperin eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power To Go To War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
3. See Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Stephen R. Weissman, A Culture of Deference (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Barbara Hinckley, Less than Meets the Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Gary M. Stern and Morton Halperin eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power To Go To War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
4. See Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Stephen R. Weissman, A Culture of Deference (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Barbara Hinckley, Less than Meets the Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Gary M. Stern and Morton Halperin eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power To Go To War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
5. See Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Stephen R. Weissman, A Culture of Deference (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Barbara Hinckley, Less than Meets the Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Gary M. Stern and Morton Halperin eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power To Go To War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
6. Weissman, A Culture of Deference; Fisher, Presidential War Power; and David P. Forsythe and Ryan C. Hendrickson, "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Fall 1996): 950-961.
7. Weissman, A Culture of Deference; Fisher, Presidential War Power; and David P. Forsythe and Ryan C. Hendrickson, "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Fall 1996): 950-961.
8. Weissman, A Culture of Deference; Fisher, Presidential War Power; and David P. Forsythe and Ryan C. Hendrickson, "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Fall 1996): 950-961.
9. Joseph S. Nye, "The Domestic Environment of U.S. Policy Making" in Arnold L. Horblick, ed., U.S.-Soviet Relations: The Next Phase (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986); and Stephen F. Knott, Secret and Sanctioned: Covert Operations and the American Presidency (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996).
10. Joseph S. Nye, "The Domestic Environment of U.S. Policy Making" in Arnold L. Horblick, ed., U.S.-Soviet Relations: The Next Phase (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986); and Stephen F. Knott, Secret and Sanctioned: Covert Operations and the American Presidency (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996).
11. See Maureen Dowd, "The Gap: Guess Who's Coming to Diplomacy" New York Times, 25 September 1994; Jonathan Clarke, "Rhetoric Before Reality," Foreign Affairs 74 (September/October 1995): 2-7; Richard N. Haass, "Paradigm Lost," Foreign Affairs 74 (January/February 1995): 43-58; Stanley Hoffman, "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism," Foreign Policy (Spring 1995): 159-179.
12. See Maureen Dowd, "The Gap: Guess Who's Coming to Diplomacy" New York Times, 25 September 1994; Jonathan Clarke, "Rhetoric Before Reality," Foreign Affairs 74 (September/October 1995): 2-7; Richard N. Haass, "Paradigm Lost," Foreign Affairs 74 (January/February 1995): 43-58; Stanley Hoffman, "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism," Foreign Policy (Spring 1995): 159-179.
13. See Maureen Dowd, "The Gap: Guess Who's Coming to Diplomacy" New York Times, 25 September 1994; Jonathan Clarke, "Rhetoric Before Reality," Foreign Affairs 74 (September/October 1995): 2-7; Richard N. Haass, "Paradigm Lost," Foreign Affairs 74 (January/February 1995): 43-58; Stanley Hoffman, "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism," Foreign Policy (Spring 1995): 159-179.
14. See Maureen Dowd, "The Gap: Guess Who's Coming to Diplomacy" New York Times, 25 September 1994; Jonathan Clarke, "Rhetoric Before Reality," Foreign Affairs 74 (September/October 1995): 2-7; Richard N. Haass, "Paradigm Lost," Foreign Affairs 74 (January/February 1995): 43-58; Stanley Hoffman, "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism," Foreign Policy (Spring 1995): 159-179.
15. Quoted in Clyde Wilcox, The Latest American Revolution? (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), 70.
16. Ibid., 21; and Gary C. Jacobson, The Politics of Congressional Elections, 4th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1997), 162.
17. Ibid., 21; and Gary C. Jacobson, The Politics of Congressional Elections, 4th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1997), 162.
18. Robert W. Gregg, About Face? The United States and the United Nations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993); and David P. Forsythe, The Politics of International Law (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990).
19. Robert W. Gregg, About Face? The United States and the United Nations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993); and David P. Forsythe, The Politics of International Law (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990).
20. Quoted in Pat Towell, "House Votes to Sharply Reign in U.S. Peacekeeping Expenses," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 18 February 1995, 535.
21. Quoted in Donna Cassata, "As UN Marks its 50th Year, Congress Demands Change," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 21 October 1995, 3214.
22. Congressional Record, 104th Congress, 1st sess., 4 January 1995, E 24.
23. Larry Combest, "Report: National Security Revitalization Act," International Relations Committee, House of Representatives, Rept. 104-18, Part 3, 6 February 1995.
24. 59 Stat. 621, sec. 6 (1945). See also Fisher, Presidential War Power, 79-84; and Jane Stromseth, "Treaty Constraints: The United Nations Charter and War Powers" in Stern and Halperin eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power to Go to War.
25. 59 Stat. 621, sec. 6 (1945). See also Fisher, Presidential War Power, 79-84; and Jane Stromseth, "Treaty Constraints: The United Nations Charter and War Powers" in Stern and Halperin eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power to Go to War.
26. 59 Stat. 621, sec. 6 (1945). See also Fisher, Presidential War Power, 79-84; and Jane Stromseth, "Treaty Constraints: The United Nations Charter and War Powers" in Stern and Halperin eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power to Go to War.
27. Floyd Spence, "Report: National Security Revitalization Act," International Relations Committee, House of Representatives, Part 1, 6 February 1995.
28. Towell, "House Votes to Sharply Reign," 535.
29. Congressional Record, 16 February 1995, H 1862.
30. Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1995 (Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly Almanac Press, 1995), 9-16.
31. Ibid., H-40. The act was slightly watered down by Doug Bereuter's (R-NE) proposal to allow the president to deploy troops under UN authorization if U.S. national security interests were at stake. Ibid., 9-18.
32. Ibid., H-40. The act was slightly watered down by Doug Bereuter's (R-NE) proposal to allow the president to deploy troops under UN authorization if U.S. national security interests were at stake. Ibid., 9-18.
33. Dole had earlier introduced another version of his Peace Powers Act in 1994. See Congressional Record, 103rd Congress, 2nd sess., 25 January 1994, S 180.
34. Congressional Record, 4 January 1995, S 101.
35. Ibid. Dole also kept the reporting requirements as set forth in the WPR.
36. Ibid.
37. Ellen C. Collier, "Statutory Constraints: The War Powers Resolution" in Stern and Halperin, eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power To Go To War, 77.
38. Stromseth, "Treaty Constraints: The United Nations Charter and War Powers"; and Fisher, Presidential War Powers.
39. Stromseth, "Treaty Constraints: The United Nations Charter and War Powers"; and Fisher, Presidential War Powers.
40. Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, "The Peace Powers Act (S.5) and the National Security Revitalization Act (H.R. 7)," 21 March 1995, 63.
41. Ibid., 25.
42. Congressional Record, 7 June 1995, H 5655-H 5656.
43. Ibid., H5672.
44. Carroll J. Doherty, "House Approves Overhaul of Agencies, Policies," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 10 June 1995, 1656.
45. Congressional Record, 7 June 1995, H 5673.
46. Bill Clinton, "Remarks at a Town Meeting in Detroit," Public Papers of the Presidents, 10 February 1993; and "The President's News Conference with President Francois Mitterand of France," Public Papers of the Presidents, 9 March 1993.
47. Bill Clinton, "Remarks at a Town Meeting in Detroit," Public Papers of the Presidents, 10 February 1993; and "The President's News Conference with President Francois Mitterand of France," Public Papers of the Presidents, 9 March 1993.
48. Bill Clinton, "US Support of UN Efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina," Department of State Dispatch, 19 April 1993.
49. Bill Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders Reporting on NATO Action in Bosnia," Public Papers of the Presidents, 1 March 1994; and Bill Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Protection of United Nations Personnel in Bosnia-Herzegovina," Public Papers of the Presidents, 12 April 1994.
50. Bill Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders Reporting on NATO Action in Bosnia," Public Papers of the Presidents, 1 March 1994; and Bill Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Protection of United Nations Personnel in Bosnia-Herzegovina," Public Papers of the Presidents, 12 April 1994.
51. Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Department of State Publication 10161, "The Clinton Administration's Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations," May 1994.
52. Bill Clinton, "Communication for the President of the United States: H.R. 872," House Document 104-35, 14 February 1995.
53. Bill Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Reform of United Nations Peacekeeping," Public Papers of the Presidents, 13 February 1995.
54. Madeleine Albright, "Advancing American Interests Through the United Nations," Department of State Dispatch, 20 February 1995; Warren Christopher, "Maintaining the Instruments of America's Global Leadership," Department of State Dispatch, 6 March 1995.
55. Madeleine Albright, "Advancing American Interests Through the United Nations," Department of State Dispatch, 20 February 1995; Warren Christopher, "Maintaining the Instruments of America's Global Leadership," Department of State Dispatch, 6 March 1995.
56. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, "Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina," U.S. House of Representatives, 4 April 1995.
57. Carroll J. Doherty, "Bosnia's Weapon in the U.S." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 29 July 1995, 2283.
58. Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives, "Situation in Bosnia," 8 June 1995, 2.
59. Ibid., 22.
60. Ibid.
61. Rick Atkinson, "With Deliberate Force in Bosnia," Washington Post Weekly, 27 November-3 December 1995, 6.
62. Bill Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Bosnia," Public Papers of the Presidents, 1 September 1995.
63. Ibid.
64. Congressman Bill Baker (R-CA) did oppose the bombing, but most members of Congress said very little. Congressional Record, 14 September 1995, H 8913.
65. Carroll J. Doherty, "Clinton Vow to Provide Troops Revives War Powers Conflict," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 14 October 1995, 3158.
66. Quoted in Steve Holland, "Christopher Says Congress Must Sign off on Bosnia," Reuters North American Wire, 27 September 1995.
67. Bill Clinton, "America Must Continue to Bear the Responsibility of World Leadership," Department of State Dispatch, 16 October 1995.
68. Pat Towell, "White House Tries to Head Off Hill Curbs on Peacekeeping," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 11 November 1995, 3467.
69. Pat Towell and Donna Cassata, "House Votes to Block Clinton from Sending Peacekeepers," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 18 November 1995, 3549.
70. Bill Clinton, "Address to the Nation on Implementation of the Peace Agreement in Bosnia-Herzegovina," Public Papers of the Presidents, 27 November 1995.
71. Ibid.
72. Bill Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Bosnia," Public Papers of the Presidents, 6 December 1995.
73. Bill Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Bosnia-Herzegovina," Public Papers of the Presidents, 21 December 1995.
74. Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1995, H-214.
75. The Speaker did not record a vote for the 30 October measure to restrict the president.
76. Quoted in Pat Towell, "House Opposes Peacekeeping Role, Delays Vote on Cutoff of Funds," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 4 November 1995, 3390.
77. Holland, "Christopher Says Congress."
78. Adam Clymer, "Big Risk for GOP," New York Times, 11 November 1995.
79. Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1995, H-234.
80. Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives, "U.S. Policy Towards Bosnia" 30 November 1995, 40.
81. Pat Towell, "Congress Torn Over Response As Deployment Begins," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 9 December 1995, 3750.
82. See, for example, the statements made by Helen Chenoweth (R-ID) and Bob Dornan (R-CA), Congressional Record, 7 December 1995, H 14229.
83. Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1995, H-248.
84. Congressional Record, 26 September 1995, S 14271.
85. Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1995, S-77.
86. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Senate, "The Peace Process on the Former Yugoslavia," 17 October and 1 December 1995, 31.
87. Ibid.
88. Interview conducted by the author, 25 March 1997.
89. Congressional Record, 20 October 1995, S 15399.
90. See Ralph Z. Hallow, "Bosnia Sharpens Choice for GOP," Washington Times, 29 November 1995.
91. Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1995, S-99. Feingold also opposed Bosnia on constitutional grounds until the very end. See his comments in the Congressional Record, 13 December 1995, S 18449.
92. Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1995, S-99. Feingold also opposed Bosnia on constitutional grounds until the very end. See his comments in the Congressional Record, 13 December 1995, S 18449.
93. Richard Benedetto, "Clinton Numbers Looking Up," USA Today, 26 July 1995. See also Public Opinion on Line, "Presidential Approval," 26 July 1995, Lexis Nexus, World Library, AllnwsFile.
94. Richard Benedetto, "Clinton Numbers Looking Up," USA Today, 26 July 1995. See also Public Opinion on Line, "Presidential Approval," 26 July 1995, Lexis Nexus, World Library, AllnwsFile.
95. George Bush, "Statement on Signing the Resolution Authorizing the Use of Military Force Against Iraq," Public Papers of the Presidents, 14 January 1991.
96. See Lee Hamilton, "Congress and Foreign Policy: The Case of Bosnia" and Russ Feingold, "The Role of Congress in Deploying U.S. Troops Abroad" in The Brown Journal of World Affairs 3 (Winter/ Spring, 1996): 299-312. See also Joe Biden, "Use of Force Act," Congressional Record, 15 March 1995, S 3969.
97. See Lee Hamilton, "Congress and Foreign Policy: The Case of Bosnia" and Russ Feingold, "The Role of Congress in Deploying U.S. Troops Abroad" in The Brown Journal of World Affairs 3 (Winter/ Spring, 1996): 299-312. See also Joe Biden, "Use of Force Act," Congressional Record, 15 March 1995, S 3969.
98. See Lee Hamilton, "Congress and Foreign Policy: The Case of Bosnia" and Russ Feingold, "The Role of Congress in Deploying U.S. Troops Abroad" in The Brown Journal of World Affairs 3 (Winter/ Spring, 1996): 299-312. See also Joe Biden, "Use of Force Act," Congressional Record, 15 March 1995, S 3969.