War and economic development: Export-oriented industrialization in East and Southeast Asia

Comparative Politics

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 337-355

  Stubbs, Richard ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039491122     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422343     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. See, for example, Bruce D. Porter, War and the Rise of the State: The Military Foundations of Modern Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1994), p. 3;
2. and Arthur A. Stein and Bruce M. Russett, "Evaluating War: Outcomes and Consequences," in Ted Robert Gurr, ed., Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research (New York: The Free Press, 1980), p. 399.
3. See, for example, Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992 (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992); and J. M. Winter, ed., War and Economic Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
4. See, for example, Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992 (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992); and J. M. Winter, ed., War and Economic Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
5. See, for example, Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992 (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992); and J. M. Winter, ed., War and Economic Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
6. See, for example, Karen Rasler and William R. Thompson, "War and the Economic Growth of Major Powers," American Journal of Political Science, 29 (August 1985), 513-38.
7. See Bela Balassa, ed., The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); and Vittorio Corbo, Anne O. Krueger, and Fernando Ossa, eds., Export-Oriented Development Strategies: The Success of Five Newly Industrializing Countries (Boulder: Westview, 1985); versus Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991), 109-26; and Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
8. See Bela Balassa, ed., The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); and Vittorio Corbo, Anne O. Krueger, and Fernando Ossa, eds., Export-Oriented Development Strategies: The Success of Five Newly Industrializing Countries (Boulder: Westview, 1985); versus Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991), 109-26; and Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
9. See Bela Balassa, ed., The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); and Vittorio Corbo, Anne O. Krueger, and Fernando Ossa, eds., Export-Oriented Development Strategies: The Success of Five Newly Industrializing Countries (Boulder: Westview, 1985); versus Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991), 109-26; and Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
10. See Bela Balassa, ed., The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); and Vittorio Corbo, Anne O. Krueger, and Fernando Ossa, eds., Export-Oriented Development Strategies: The Success of Five Newly Industrializing Countries (Boulder: Westview, 1985); versus Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991), 109-26; and Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
11. See Bela Balassa, ed., The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); and Vittorio Corbo, Anne O. Krueger, and Fernando Ossa, eds., Export-Oriented Development Strategies: The Success of Five Newly Industrializing Countries (Boulder: Westview, 1985); versus Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991), 109-26; and Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
12. See Bela Balassa, ed., The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); and Vittorio Corbo, Anne O. Krueger, and Fernando Ossa, eds., Export-Oriented Development Strategies: The Success of Five Newly Industrializing Countries (Boulder: Westview, 1985); versus Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991), 109-26; and Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
13. Bruce Cumings, "The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles and Political Consequences," International Organization (Winter 1984), 1-40; Walter Hatch and Kozo Yamamura, Asia in Japan's Embrace: Building a Regional Production Alliance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 27-36; Gary G. Hamilton, "Overseas Chinese Capitalism," in Tu Wei-ming, Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and Four Dragons (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996); G. L. Hicks and S. G. Redding, Industrial East Asia and the Post-Confucian Hypothesis: A Challeng e to Economics (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Centre of Asian Studies, 1983).
14. Bruce Cumings, "The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles and Political Consequences," International Organization (Winter 1984), 1-40; Walter Hatch and Kozo Yamamura, Asia in Japan's Embrace: Building a Regional Production Alliance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 27-36; Gary G. Hamilton, "Overseas Chinese Capitalism," in Tu Wei-ming, Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and Four Dragons (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996); G. L. Hicks and S. G. Redding, Industrial East Asia and the Post-Confucian Hypothesis: A Challeng e to Economics (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Centre of Asian Studies, 1983).
15. Bruce Cumings, "The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles and Political Consequences," International Organization (Winter 1984), 1-40; Walter Hatch and Kozo Yamamura, Asia in Japan's Embrace: Building a Regional Production Alliance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 27-36; Gary G. Hamilton, "Overseas Chinese Capitalism," in Tu Wei-ming, Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and Four Dragons (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996); G. L. Hicks and S. G. Redding, Industrial East Asia and the Post-Confucian Hypothesis: A Challeng e to Economics (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Centre of Asian Studies, 1983).
16. Bruce Cumings, "The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles and Political Consequences," International Organization (Winter 1984), 1-40; Walter Hatch and Kozo Yamamura, Asia in Japan's Embrace: Building a Regional Production Alliance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 27-36; Gary G. Hamilton, "Overseas Chinese Capitalism," in Tu Wei-ming, Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and Four Dragons (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996); G. L. Hicks and S. G. Redding, Industrial East Asia and the Post-Confucian Hypothesis: A Challeng e to Economics (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Centre of Asian Studies, 1983).
17. Paul Krugman, "The Myth of Asia's Miracle," Foreign Affairs, 73 (November-December 1994), 62-78. For a critique see Stephan Haggard and Euysung Kim, "The Sources of East Asia's Economic Growth," Access Asia Review, 1 (Summer 1997), 31-63.
18. Paul Krugman, "The Myth of Asia's Miracle," Foreign Affairs, 73 (November-December 1994), 62-78. For a critique see Stephan Haggard and Euysung Kim, "The Sources of East Asia's Economic Growth," Access Asia Review, 1 (Summer 1997), 31-63.
19. For exceptions, see, Cumings; and Jung-En Woo, Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). However, most otherwise insightful analyses of the economic success of the region either downplay or ignore the role of war, especially the Vietnam war. See, for example, Amsden; and Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).
20. For exceptions, see, Cumings; and Jung-En Woo, Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). However, most otherwise insightful analyses of the economic success of the region either downplay or ignore the role of war, especially the Vietnam war. See, for example, Amsden; and Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).
21. Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States.
22. See Paul B. Rich and Richard Stubbs, eds., The Counter-Insurgent State: Guerrilla Warfare and State Building in the Twentieth Century (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997).
23. World Bank, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). The World Bank includes Indonesia as a "miracle economy." However, Indonesia is excluded from this analysis because its per capita income is much lower than Thailand's and Malaysia's and its manufacturing sector is less important to its overall economy than the other countries'.
24. World Bank, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). The World Bank includes Indonesia as a "miracle economy." However, Indonesia is excluded from this analysis because its per capita income is much lower than Thailand's and Malaysia's and its manufacturing sector is less important to its overall economy than the other countries'.
25. These categories expand upon those outlined by Porter, pp. 11-19, by incorporating points made by Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation," Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 203-21; Brian Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983); François Crouzet, "Wars, Blockade and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815," Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 567-88; Phyllis Deane, "War and Industrialisation," in Winter, ed., pp. 91-102; Hugh G. Wheeler, "Effects of War on Industrial Growth," Society, 12 (1975), 48-52; Stein and Russett, pp. 400-2; and Michael C. Desch, "War and Strong States, Peace and Weak States?," International Organization, 50 (Spring 1996), 237-68.
26. These categories expand upon those outlined by Porter, pp. 11-19, by incorporating points made by Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation," Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 203-21; Brian Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983); François Crouzet, "Wars, Blockade and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815," Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 567-88; Phyllis Deane, "War and Industrialisation," in Winter, ed., pp. 91-102; Hugh G. Wheeler, "Effects of War on Industrial Growth," Society, 12 (1975), 48-52; Stein and Russett, pp. 400-2; and Michael C. Desch, "War and Strong States, Peace and Weak States?," International Organization, 50 (Spring 1996), 237-68.
27. These categories expand upon those outlined by Porter, pp. 11-19, by incorporating points made by Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation," Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 203-21; Brian Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983); François Crouzet, "Wars, Blockade and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815," Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 567-88; Phyllis Deane, "War and Industrialisation," in Winter, ed., pp. 91-102; Hugh G. Wheeler, "Effects of War on Industrial Growth," Society, 12 (1975), 48-52; Stein and Russett, pp. 400-2; and Michael C. Desch, "War and Strong States, Peace and Weak States?," International Organization, 50 (Spring 1996), 237-68.
28. These categories expand upon those outlined by Porter, pp. 11-19, by incorporating points made by Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation," Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 203-21; Brian Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983); François Crouzet, "Wars, Blockade and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815," Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 567-88; Phyllis Deane, "War and Industrialisation," in Winter, ed., pp. 91-102; Hugh G. Wheeler, "Effects of War on Industrial Growth," Society, 12 (1975), 48-52; Stein and Russett, pp. 400-2; and Michael C. Desch, "War and Strong States, Peace and Weak States?," International Organization, 50 (Spring 1996), 237-68.
29. These categories expand upon those outlined by Porter, pp. 11-19, by incorporating points made by Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation," Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 203-21; Brian Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983); François Crouzet, "Wars, Blockade and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815," Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 567-88; Phyllis Deane, "War and Industrialisation," in Winter, ed., pp. 91-102; Hugh G. Wheeler, "Effects of War on Industrial Growth," Society, 12 (1975), 48-52; Stein and Russett, pp. 400-2; and Michael C. Desch, "War and Strong States, Peace and Weak States?," International Organization, 50 (Spring 1996), 237-68.
30. These categories expand upon those outlined by Porter, pp. 11-19, by incorporating points made by Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation," Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 203-21; Brian Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983); François Crouzet, "Wars, Blockade and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815," Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 567-88; Phyllis Deane, "War and Industrialisation," in Winter, ed., pp. 91-102; Hugh G. Wheeler, "Effects of War on Industrial Growth," Society, 12 (1975), 48-52; Stein and Russett, pp. 400-2; and Michael C. Desch, "War and Strong States, Peace and Weak States?," International Organization, 50 (Spring 1996), 237-68.
31. See Paul B. Rich and Richard Stubbs, "Introduction: The Counter-Insurgent State," in Rich and Stubbs, eds., pp.1-25.
32. Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, p. 197.
33. Ibid. pp. 29-31; Charles Tilly, "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime," in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 186; and A. C. Pigou, The Political Economy of War (London: Macmillan, 1940), pp. 29-46.
34. Ibid. pp. 29-31; Charles Tilly, "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime," in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 186; and A. C. Pigou, The Political Economy of War (London: Macmillan, 1940), pp. 29-46.
35. Ibid. pp. 29-31; Charles Tilly, "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime," in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 186; and A. C. Pigou, The Political Economy of War (London: Macmillan, 1940), pp. 29-46.
36. Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987). pp. 31-34: and Porter, pp. 109, 167-69.
37. Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987). pp. 31-34: and Porter, pp. 109, 167-69.
38. Deane, pp. 100-1.
39. See Amsden; Haggard; and Wade.
40. Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
41. Robert C. Christopher, The Japanese Mind: The Goliath Explained (New York: Linden Press/Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 17; Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948-1960 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 21.
42. Robert C. Christopher, The Japanese Mind: The Goliath Explained (New York: Linden Press/Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 17; Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948-1960 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 21.
43. Stubbs, pp. 107-14, 156-59.
44. See Bruce D. Porter, "Parkinson's Law Revisited: War and the Growth of American Government," Public Interest, 60 (1980), 58.
45. Note, for example, that in Japan the U.S. occupying forces were relatively small and were thus forced to leave in place the civilian bureaucracy, most significantly that part of the bureaucracy which had run the wartime economy. See William Chapman, Inventing Japan: An Unconventional Account of the Postwar Years (New York: Prentice Hall, 1991), pp. 98-107. Taiwan, of course, inherited its bureaucracy from the Kuomintang government on the mainland. In Malaya the bureaucracy was given a major role in the successful counterinsurgency campaign and as a result grew from 48,000 federal, state, and municipal employees in 1949 to 140,000 employees in 1959. See Stubbs, p. 263.
46. Ryutaro Komiya and Motoshige Itoh, "Japan's International Trade and Trade Policy, 1955-1984," in Takashi Inoguchi and Daniel I. Okimoto, eds., The Political Economy of Japan: The Changing International Context, vol. 2 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), pp. 173-76; and Haggard, p. 25.
47. Ryutaro Komiya and Motoshige Itoh, "Japan's International Trade and Trade Policy, 1955-1984," in Takashi Inoguchi and Daniel I. Okimoto, eds., The Political Economy of Japan: The Changing International Context, vol. 2 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), pp. 173-76; and Haggard, p. 25.
48. See Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, Thailand: Economy and Politics (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 287-88; J. Alexander Caldwell, American Aid to Thailand (Lexington: D. C. Heath, 1974); and Robert J. Muscat, Thailand and the United States: Development, Security and Foreign Aid (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
49. See Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, Thailand: Economy and Politics (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 287-88; J. Alexander Caldwell, American Aid to Thailand (Lexington: D. C. Heath, 1974); and Robert J. Muscat, Thailand and the United States: Development, Security and Foreign Aid (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
50. See Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, Thailand: Economy and Politics (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 287-88; J. Alexander Caldwell, American Aid to Thailand (Lexington: D. C. Heath, 1974); and Robert J. Muscat, Thailand and the United States: Development, Security and Foreign Aid (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
51. For a detailed review of the shift from an import-substitution to an export-led approach see Haggard, pp. 51-125.
52. Gary Hawes, The Philippine State and the Marcos Regime: The Politics of Export (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), p. 32.
53. See Patricio N. Abinales, "State Building, Communist Insurgency and Cacique Politics in the Philippines," in Rich and Stubbs, eds., pp. 26-49.
54. Thomas R. H. Havens, Fire across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan 1965-1975 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), p. 93.
55. Laura E. Hein, "Growth versus Success: Japan's Economic Policy in Historical Perspective," in Andrew Gordon, ed., Postwar Japan as History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 110.
56. Havens, p. 93.
57. John W. Dower, Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878-1954 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1979), p. 316, quoted in Bruce Cumings, "Japan's Position in the World System," in Gordon, ed., p. 50.
58. John W. Dower, Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878-1954 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1979), p. 316, quoted in Bruce Cumings, "Japan's Position in the World System," in Gordon, ed., p. 50.
59. William S. Borden, The Pacific Alliance: United States Foreign Economic Policy and Japanese Trade Recovery, 1947-1955 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), p. 146.
60. Havens, p. 96; John W. Dower, "Peace and Democracy in Two Systems: External Policy and Internal Conflict," in Gordon, ed., p. 13.
61. John P. Burns, "Hong Kong," in Steven M. Goldstein, ed., Minidragons: Fragile Economic Miracles in the Pacific (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), p. 108; and The South China Morning Post, Sept. 6, 1953.
62. John P. Burns, "Hong Kong," in Steven M. Goldstein, ed., Minidragons: Fragile Economic Miracles in the Pacific (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), p. 108; and The South China Morning Post, Sept. 6, 1953.
63. Samuel Ho, Economic Development of Taiwan, 1960-1970 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), pp. 110-17. U.S. military assistance from 1949 to 1967 amounted to $2.4 billion.
64. Wade, pp. 84-85.
65. Edward S. Mason, Mahn Je Kim, Dwight H. Perkins, Kwang Suk Kim, and David Cole, The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1980), p. 182-85. Over the same period South Korea received $4.1 billion in U.S. military assistance.
66. Republic of Korea, Summary of the First Five-Year Economic Development Plan, 1962-1966 (Seoul: Government Printing Co., 1962), p. 28, cited in Whang In-Young, "The Role of Government in Economic Development: The Korean Experience," Asian Development Review, 5 (1987), 75.
67. Republic of Korea, Summary of the First Five-Year Economic Development Plan, 1962-1966 (Seoul: Government Printing Co., 1962), p. 28, cited in Whang In-Young, "The Role of Government in Economic Development: The Korean Experience," Asian Development Review, 5 (1987), 75.
68. Ibid., p. 76.
69. See Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economic Effects of the Vietnamese War in East and Southeast Asia, (London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, November 1968), p. 15. Also, Hong Kong gained about U.S.$80 million from U.S. personnel on leave in 1967.
70. Interview with Goh Keng Swee, cited in W. G. Huff, The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 320.
71. John L. S. Girling, Thailand: Society and Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 235-36.
72. Government of Japan, Annual Report of Japan's ODA 1987 (Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1988).
73. James V. Jesudason, Ethnicity and the Economy: The State, Chinese Business, and Multinationals in Malaysia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 173.
74. ASEAN Centre, ASEAN-Japan Statistical Pocketbook (Tokyo: ASEAN Promotion Centre on Trade, Investment and Tourism, 1991, 1994, 1997), Table IV-1.
75. Seiji Naya, "The Vietnam War and Some Aspects of Its Economic Impact on Asian Countries," The Developing Economies, 9 (March 1971), 37.
76. See Havens, p. 94.
77. See Jung-en Woo, "East Asia's America Problem," World Policy Journal, 8 (Summer 1991), 462-63.
78. Economist Intelligence Unit, Economic Effects of the Vietnamese War, p. 3.
79. Havens, p. 95.
80. Naya, p. 45.
81. Ibid., p. 41; Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economic Effects of the Vietnamese War, pp. 21-24.
82. Ibid., p. 41; Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economic Effects of the Vietnamese War, pp. 21-24.
83. Woo, Race to the Swift, p. 96.
84. Huff, p. 309.
85. Ibid., Table A6, on total merchandise trade Table A1.
86. Koh Cher Siang, The Impact of the War in Vietnam on the Economy of Singapore (1965-1969) (Singapore: Economic Section, Economic Development Division, Ministry of Finance, June 1970), p. 5
87. Tilak Doshi, Houston of Asia: The Singapore Petroleum Industry (Singapore: 1989); and Kieran Cooke, "Singapore Refines Its Status as an Oil Centre," Financial Times, Feb. 18, 1993, p. 5.
88. Tilak Doshi, Houston of Asia: The Singapore Petroleum Industry (Singapore: 1989); and Kieran Cooke, "Singapore Refines Its Status as an Oil Centre," Financial Times, Feb. 18, 1993, p. 5.
89. 58. Koh, p. 11.
90. Foreign Trade Statistics of Asia and the Pacific (New York: United Nations, various issues).
91. ASEAN Centre, ASEAN Japan Statistical Pocketbook, various years.
92. Tilly, "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime," p. 170.
93. See B. J. Barry Jones, Conflict and Control in the World Economy: Contemporary Economic Realism and Neo-Mercantilism (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1986), pp. 146-50.
94. Haggard and Kim, pp. 33, 48.
95. Krugman.
96. Pasuk Phongpaichit, Decision-Making on Overseas Direct Investment by Japanese Small and Medium Industries (Bangkok: Economics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, February 1987), pp. 15-19.