Quantitative assessment of sunscreen application technique by in vivo fluorescence spectroscopy

Journal of Cosmetic Science

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 109-115

  Rhodes, L E ^a,b   Diffey, B L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF NORTH DURHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039468511     PISSN: 15257886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use, Federal Register, 43, 38206-38269 (1978).
2. Sunscreen products - Evaluation and classification, Australian Standard 2604-1986, Standards Association of Australia (1986).
3. Proposal Sunscreen Testing (UVB), Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage, Vienna, Austria (1989).
4. Evaluation of Sunscreen Products; Experimental Dermatological Evaluation of the Protection Against Erythema of External Sunscreen Products for the Human Skin, Deutsches Institut für Normung Normenausschuss Litchttechnik, Berlin (1984).
5. C. Stenberg and O. Larkö, Sunscreen application and its importance for the sun protection factor, Arch. Dermatol., 121, 1400-1402 (1985).
6. A. Gottlieb, T. D. Bourget, and N. J. Lowe, "Sunscreens: Effects of Amounts of Application of Sun Protection Factors," in Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects. N. Lowe and N. A. Shaath, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990), pp. 441-146.
7. N. Bech-Thomsen and H. C. Wulf, Sunbathers' application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 9, 242-244, (1992).
8. H. Loesch and D. L. Kaplan, Pitfalls in sunscreen application, Arch. Dermatol., 130, 665-666 (1994).
9. G. Sauermann and U. Hoppe, A rapid non-injurious method to evaluate the light protective potential of sunscreens, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 36, 125-141 (1985).
10. J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy (Plenum Press, New York, 1983), pp. 1-49.
11. H. Zeng, C. MacAulay, B. Palcic and D. I. McLean, A computerised autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroanalyser for in vivo skin studies, Phys. Med, Biol., 38, 231-240, (1993).
12. A. Bergeron, Y. Douville, and G. Duplain, Complete fluorescence spectrum of a normal and atherosclerotic aorta, Can. J. Phys., 66, 1035-1039 (1988).
13. R. M. Cothren, R. Richards-Kortum, M. V. Sivak, M. Fitzmaurice, R. P. Rava, G. A. Boyce, M. Doxtader, R. Blackman, T. B. Ivanc, G. B. Hayes, M. S. Feld, and R. E. Petras, Gastrointestinal tissue diagnosis by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy at endoscopy, Gastrointest. Enclosc., 36, 105-111 (1990).
14. D. L. Lefell, M. L. Stetz, L. M. Milstone, and L. I. Deckelbaum. In vivo fluorescence of human skin, Arch. Dermatol., 124, 1514-1518 (1988).
15. W. Lohmann and E. Paul, In situ detection of melanomas by fluorescence measurements, Naturwissenschaften, 75, 201-202 (1988).
16. R. M. Sayre, J. Powell, and L. A. Rheins, Product application technique alters the sun protection factor, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 8, 222-224 (1991).
17. P. Autier, J.-F. Doré, E. Schifflers, J.-P. Cesarini, A. Bollaerts, K. F. Koelmel, O. Gefeller, A. Liabeuf, F. Lejeune, D. Lienard, M. Joarlette, P. Chemaly, and U. R. Kleeberg, Melanoma and use of sunscreens: An EORTC case-control study in Germany, Belgium and France, Int. J. Cancer., 61, 1-7 (1995).
18. J. Westerdahl, H. Olsson, A. Masbäck, C. Ingvar, and N. Jonsson, Is the use of sunscreens a risk factor for malignant melanoma? Melanoma Res., 5, 59-65 (1995).
19. R. S. Stern, "Sunscreen Use and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer," in Sunscreens: Development. Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects, N. Lowe and N. A. Shaath, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990), pp. 73-91.
20. S. Brown and B. L. Diffey, The effect of applied thickness on sunscreen protection: In vivo and in vitro studies, Photochem. Photobiol., 44, 509-513 (1986).