Slavery, possession and history: The construction of the self among slave descendants in the Sudan

Africa

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 159-182

  Makris, G P ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039464191     PISSN: 00019720     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1161315     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Abbas Ibrāhīm Muhammad Alī 1972. The British, the Slave Trade, and Slavery in the Sudan, 1820-81. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press.
2. Abu Lughod, L. 1993. Review of J. Boddy, Wombs and Alien Spirits, American Ethnologist, 29 (2), 425-6.
3. Ahmed al-Safi. 1988. 'The Tumbura Cult'. Unpublished paper presented at the Zar Workship, Institute of African and Asian Studies, Khartoum.
4. Ahmed al-Shahi. 1984. 'Spirit possession and healing', Bulletin, British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, 11 (1).
5. Ali Salih Karrar. 1992. The Sufi Brotherhoods in the Sudan. London: Hurst.
6. Anderson, B. 1992. Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
7. Ardener, E. 1972. 'Belief and the problem of women', in J. S. La Fontaine (ed.), The Interpretation of Ritual. London: Tavistock.
8. Barber, K. 1989. 'Interpreting Orīkì as history and as literature', in K. Barber and P. Farias de Moraes (eds.), Discourse and its Disguises: the interpretation of African oral texts, pp. 13-23. African Studies Series 1, Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
9. Bjørkelo, A. 1989. Prelude to the Mahdiyya: peasants and traders in the Shendi region, 1821-85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Bloch, M. 1989. 'Modes of production and slavery in Madagascar: two case studies', in J. Watson (ed.), Asian and African Studies on Slavery, pp. 100-34. Oxford: Blackwell.
11. _ 1992. 'Internal and external memory: different ways of being in history', Suomen Antropologi 1, 3-15.
12. _ 1994. 'The slaves, the king, and Mary in the slums of Antananarivo', in N. Thomas and C. Humphrey (eds.), Shamanism, History and the State, pp. 132-45. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
13. Boddy, J. 1989. Wombs and Alien Spirits. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
14. _ 1994. 'Spirit possession revisited: beyond instrumentality', Annual Review of Anthropology 23, 407-34.
15. Bourdieu, P. 1992. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Bourguignon, E. 1976. Possession. San Francisco: Chandler.
17. Brenner, L. (ed.). 1993. Muslim Identity and Social Change in sub-Saharan Africa. London: Hurst.
18. Brown, K. 1991. Mama Lola: a Vodou priestess in Brooklyn. Berkeley: University of California Press.
19. Caplan, A. P. 1975. Choice and Constraint in a Swahili Community. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
20. Comaroff, J. L., and Comaroff, J. 1992. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Boulder: Westview Press.
21. Constantinides, P. 1972. 'Sickness and the Spirits: a study of the Zar spirit possession cult in the northern Sudan'. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
22. _ 1977. 'Ill at ease and sick at heart: symbolic behaviour in a Sudanese healing cult', in I. M. Lewis (ed.), Symbols and Sentiment, pp. 63-84. London: Academic Press.
23. _ 1979. 'Women's spirit possession and urban adaptation in the Muslim northern Sudan', in A. P. Caplan and J. Bujra (eds.), Women United Women Divided, pp. 185-205. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
24. _ 1991. 'The history of Zar in the Sudan: theories of origin, recorded observation and oral tradition', in I. M. Lewis, Ahmed al-Safi and Sayyid Hurreiz (eds.), Women's Medicine: the zar-bori cult in Africa and beyond, pp. 83-99. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, for the International African Institute.
25. Cooper, F. 1981. 'Islam and cultural hegemony: the ideology of slave owners on the East African coast', in P. E. Lovejoy (ed.), The Ideology of Slavery in Africa, pp. 271-307. London: Sage.
26. Crapanzano, V. 1973. The Hamadsha. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27. _ 1977. 'Introduction', in V. Crapanzano and V. Garrison (eds.), Case Studies in Spirit Possession, pp. 1-40. New York: Wiley.
28. _ 1980. Tuhami: portrait of a Moroccan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29. Daly, M. 1986. Empire on the Nile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. _ 1991. Imperial Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Deng, F. M. 1987. 'Myth and reality in Sudanese society', in F. M. Deng and P. Gifford (eds.), The Search for Peace and Unity in the Sudan. Washington D.C.: Wilson Center Press.
32. Doornbos, P. 1988. 'Becoming Sudanese,' in T. Barnett and Abbas Abd al-Karim (eds.), Sudan: state, capital, and transformation. New York: Croom Helm.
33. El-Fatih, A. Abdel Salam. 1989. 'Ethnic politics in the Sudan', in Sayyid H. Hurreiz and El-Fatih A. Abdel Salam (eds.), Ethnicity, Conflict and National Integration in the Sudan, pp. 29-68. Khartoum: Institute of African and Asian Studies.
34. Ewald, J. J. 1990. Soldiers, Traders, and Slaves: state formation and economic transformation in the greater Nile valley, 1700-1885. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
35. Farias, P. F. de M. 1989. 'Pilgrimages to "pagan" Mecca in Mandinka stories of origin reported from Mali and Guinea-Conakry', in K. Barber and P. F. de M. Farias (eds.), Discourse and its Disguises: the interpretation of African oral texts, pp. 152-70. Birmingham: Birmingham University African Studies Series 1.
36. Ferchiou, S. 1991. 'The possession cults of Tunisia: a religious system functioning as a system of reference and a social field for performing actions', in I. M. Lewis, Ahmed al-Safi and Sayyid Hurreiz (eds.), Women's Medicine: the zar-bori cult in Africa and beyond, pp. 209-18. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, for the International African Institute.
37. Fouad N. Ibrahim and Rupert, H. (eds.). 1988. Rural-Urban Migration and Identity Change: case studies from the Sudan. Bayreuth: Druckhaus Bayreuth.
38. Friedman, J. 1992. 'Myth, history and political identity', Cultural Anthropology 1 (2), 194-210.
39. Gellner, D. N. 1994. 'Priests, healers, mediums and witches: the context of possession in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal', Man (n.s.) 29 (1), 27-48.
40. Giles, L. L. 1987. 'Possession cults on the Swahili coast: a re-examination of theories of marginality', Africa 57 (2), 234-57.
41. Glassman, J. 1991. 'The bondsman's new clothes: the contradictory consciousness of slave resistance on the Swahili coast', Journal of African History 32.
42. Gow, P. 1994. 'River people: shamanism and history in western Amazonia', in N. Thomas and C. Humphrey (eds.), Shamanism, History and the State, pp. 90-113. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
43. Hargey, T. 1981. 'The Suppression of Slavery in the Sudan, 1898-1939'. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, St Antony's College, Oxford.
44. Hayder Ibrāhim. 1979. The Shaiqiya: the cultural and social change of a northern riverain people. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
45. Hill, R. 1959. Egypt in the Sudan, 1820-21. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46. Hill, R., and Hogg, P. 1995. A Black Corps d'Élite: an Egyptian Sudanese conscript battalion with the French army in Mexico, 1863-67, and its survivors in subsequent African history. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
47. Holt, P. M. 1970. The Mahdist State in the Sudan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Holt, P. M., and Daly, M. W. 1988. A History of the Sudan. London: Longman.
49. Holy, L. 1974. Neighbours and Kinsmen. London: Hurst.
50. _ 1991. Religion and Custom in a Muslim Society. Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Jackson, H. C. 1955. Behind the Modern Sudan. London: Macmillan.
52. James, W. 1971. 'Social assimilation and changing identity in the southern Funj', in Yūsuf Fadl Kasan (ed.), Sudan in Africa, pp. 197-211. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press.
53. _ 1988. 'Perceptions from an African slaving frontier', in L. Archer (ed.), Slavery and other Forms of Unfree Labour, pp. 130-41. London: Routledge.
54. Kapferer, B. 1983. A Celebration of Demons: exorcism and the aesthetics of healing in Sri Lanka. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
55. Kehoe, A., and Giletti, D. 1981. 'Women's preponderance in possession cults: the calcium deficiency hypothesis extended', American Anthropologist 83 (3), 549-61.
56. Kelly, J. D. 1988. 'From Holi to Diwali in Fiji: an essay on ritual and history', Man (n.s.) 23, 40-55.
57. Kennedy, J. G. 1967. 'Nubian Zar ceremonies as psychotherapy', Human Organisation 26 (4), 186-94.
58. Kenyon, S. 1991a. Five Women of Sennar; Oxford: Clarendon Press.
59. _ 1991b. 'The story of a tin box: Zar in the Sudanese town of Sennar', in I. M. Lewis, Ahmed al-Safi and Sayyid Hurreiz (eds.), Women's Medicine: the zar-bori cult in Africa and beyond, pp. 100-17. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, for the International African Institute.
60. Kramer, F. 1993. The Red Fez: art and spirit possession in Africa. London: Verso.
61. Kriss, R., and Kriss-Heinrich, H. 1960, 1962. Volksglaube im Bereich des Islam. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
62. Kurita, Y. (1995) 'The Language of Class and the Language of Race in the modern Sudanese politics: the case of Alī Abd al-Latīf and the Revolution of 1924'. Unpublished paper presented at the Symposium on Cultural Diversity and Nation Building in the Sudan, University of Cairo.
63. Lambek, M. 1981. Human Spirits: a cultural account of trance in Mayotte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. _ 1985. 'Ecstasy and agony in Sri Lanka: a review article', Comparative Studies in Society and History 27 (2), 291-303.
65. Levtzion, N. 1985. 'Slavery and Islamisation in Africa: a comparative study', in J. R. Willis (ed.), Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa I, pp. 182-98. London: Cass.
66. Lewis, I. M. 1966. 'Spirit possession and deprivation cults', Man 1, 307-29.
67. _ 1971. Ecstatic Religion. Second edition 1989, London: Routledge.
68. _ (ed.). 1977. Symbols and Sentiments: cross-cultural studies in symbolism. London: Academic Press.
69. _ 1986. Religion in Context: cults and charisma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. _ 1990. 'Spirits at the house of childbirth', Times Literary Supplement, 1-7 June, p. 590.
71. Lewis, I. M., Ahmed al-Safi and Sayyid Hurreiz (eds.). 1991. Women's Medicine: the zar-bori cult in Africa and beyond. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, for the International African Institute.
72. Mahasin Abdelgadir Hag al-Safi. 1989. The Nationalist Movement in the Sudan. Khartoum: Institute of African and Asian Studies.
73. Makris, G. 1994a. 'Creating history: a case from the Sudan', Sudanic Africa 5, 111-48.
74. _ 1994b. 'Creating Ethnicity: the case of the Sūdānī people.' Unpublished paper presented at the conference on Ideologies of Race, Origins and Descent in the History of the Nile Valley and North East Africa, St Antony's College, Oxford.
75. _ 1995. 'The Construction of Categories: from the era of colonialism to the days of militant Islam'. Unpublished paper presented at the symposium on Cultural Diversity and Nation-building in the Sudan, University of Cairo.
76. Manger, L. 1994. From the Mountains to the Plains: the integration of the Lafofa Nuba into Sudanese society. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
77. McLoughlin, P. F. M. 1962. 'Economic development and the heritage of slavery in the Sudan republic', Africa 32, 355-91.
78. _ 1970. 'Labor market conditions and wages in the Three Towns, 1900-50', Sudan Notes & Records LI, 105-18.
79. Messing, S. 1958. 'Group therapy and social status in the Zar cult of Ethiopia', American Anthropologist 60 (6), 1120-6.
80. Mohamed Orner Bashir. 1968. The Southern Sudan: background to conflict. London: Hurst.
81. Morsy, S. 1978. 'Sex roles, power and illness in an Egyptian village', American Ethnologist 5, 137-50.
82. _ 1991. 'Spirit possession in Egyptian ethnomedicine', in I. M. Lewis, Ahmed al-Safi and Sayyid Hurreiz (eds.), Women's Medicine: the zar-bori cult in Africa and beyond, pp. 189-208. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute.
83. Muddathir Abd al-Rahīm. 1986. Imperialism and Nationalism in the Sudan. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press.
84. Obeyesekere, G. 1984. Medusa's Hair: an essay on personal symbols and religious experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
85. O'Fahey, R. S. 1979. 'Islam, state and society in Dār Fūr', in N. Levtzion (ed.), Conversion to Islam, pp. 189-206. New York: Holmes & Meier.
86. _ 1982. 'Fūr and Fartīt: the history of a frontier', in J. Mack and P. Robertshaw (eds.), Culture History in the Southern Sudan, pp. 75-87. Memoir No. 8 of the British Institute in Eastern Africa, London: Thames & Hudson.
87. _ 1983. 'The question of slavery in the Sudan', in Slaveri af avvikling i komparativt perspectiv, pp. 235-49. Trondheim.
88. Rasmussen, S. J. 1995. Spirit Possession and Personhood among the Kel Ewey Tuareg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. Salah El-Zein. 1995. 'Articulation of Cultural Discourse and Political Dominance in Sudan', Sudanese Alternative Discourses (SAD) 2, fatihservtech.com.
90. Samia al-Hadi al-Nagar. 1975. 'Spirit Possession and Social Change in Omdurman'. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Khartoum.
91. _ 1980. 'Zaar practitioners and their assistants and followers in Omdurman', in V. Pons (ed.), Urbanization and Urban Life in the Sudan, pp. 672-88. Khartoum: Development Studies and Research Centre, University of Khartoum, and Hull: Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Hull.
92. _ 1987. 'Women and spirit possession in Omdurman', in S. Kenyon (ed.), The Sudanese Woman, pp. 92-115. Graduate College Publications, No. 19, University of Khartoum, London: Ithaca Press.
93. Saunders, L. W. 1977. 'Variants in Zar experience in an Egyptian village', in V. Crapanzano and V. Garrison (eds.), Case Studies in Spirit Possession. New York: Wiley.
94. Scott, J. C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
95. Seligman, B. Z. 1914. 'On the origins of the Egyptian Zar', Folklore 25, 300-23.
96. _ Seligman Collection of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Box II, A. 4.
97. Stiansen, E. 1993. 'Overture to Imperialism'. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bergen.
98. Stoller, P. 1989. Fusion of the Worlds: an ethnography of possession among the Songhay of Niger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
99. Thorburn, D. H. 1925. 'Sudanese soldiers' songs', Journal of the African Society 23, 314-21.
100. Tonkin, E. 1992. Narrating our Pasts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
101. Trimingham, J. S. 1983. Islam in the Sudan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
102. Tully, D. 1988. Culture and Context in the Sudan: the process of market incorporation in Dar Masalit. New York: State University of New York Press.
103. Twaddle, M. (ed.). 1993. The Wages of Slavery, a Special issue of the journal Slavery and Abolition.
104. Warburg, G. R. 1978. 'Slavery and labour in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan', Asian and African Studies 12, 221-45.
105. _ 1992. Historical Discord in the Nile Valley. London: Hurst.
106. Ward, C. 1989. 'Possession and exorcism: psychopathology and psychotherapy in a magico-religious context', in C. Ward, Altered States of Consciousness and Mental Health: a cross-cultural perspective, pp. 125-44. Newbury Park: Sage.
107. Willis, J. R. 1985. 'The ideology of enslavement in Islam', in J. R, Willis (ed.), Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa I, pp. 1-15. London: Cass.
108. Wilson, P. J. 1967. 'Status ambiguity and spirit possession', Man (n.s.) 2 (3), 366-78.
109. Yamba, C. Bawa. 1995. Permanent Pilgrims: the role of pilgrimage in the lives of West African Muslims in Sudan. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, for the International African Institute, and Washington, DC.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
110. Yūsuf Fadl Hasan. 1967. The Arabs and the Sudan from the Seventh to the Early Sixteenth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
111. Zenkovsky, S. 1950. 'Zar and Tambura as practised by the women of Omdurman', Sudan Notes and Records 31 (1), 65-81.