Refugees, victims, or killers: The new slave trade?

International Journal

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 677-693

  Bauer, William ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039464172     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/40203248     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. James A. Rawley, The Transatlantic Slave Trade - A History (New York: W.W. Norton 1981).
2. Ivor C. Jackson, 'The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees: a universal basis for protection,' International Journal of Refugee Law 3(no 3, 1991) 403-13.
3. Since the number of illegal aliens smuggled by traffickers cannot be determined with precision, the total revenue must also be an estimate. Chris Sale, acting commissioner of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, used the $5-7 billion figure in a statement before the Congressional Subcommittee on International Law, Immigration, and Refugees of the House Committee on the Judiciary (103d Cong, 1st Sess, 1,60 [1993]). Similar figures were used in 'The new trade in humans,' Economist, 5 August 1995, 45.
4. Gordon Witkin, 'One way, $28,000 - why smuggling aliens into America is a boom business,' U.S. News and World Report,' 14 April 1997.
5. Patricia Nealon, 'Three convicted in immigrant-smuggling case: passengers described squalor, abuse,' Boston Globe, 16 May 1997.
6. Julius Strauss, '18 Tamils found dead in lorry,' Electronic Telegraph, 17 July 1995 (available online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk); 'The new trade in humans,' Economist, 5 August 1995.
7. Julius Strauss, '18 Tamils found dead in lorry,' Electronic Telegraph, 17 July 1995 (available online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk); 'The new trade in humans,' Economist, 5 August 1995.
8. '1,185 illegal immigrants died at U.S. border in 3 years,' Associated Press, 12 August 1997.
9. Jim Bronskill, 'Mafia smugglers "out of control," Mounties warn - trade expands to gems, illegal migrants, confidential report says,' Ottawa Citizen, 21 July 1997.
10. Douglas Martin, 'Smuggled aliens now cross Mohawk land,' New York Times, 14 October 1996.
11. 'New trade in humans,' Economist, 5 August 1995.
12. Blaine Harden, 'N.Y. police find 52 deaf Mexicans in "virtual slavery,"' Washington Post, 20 July 1997.
13. Ko-lin Chin, 'Safe house or hell house?' in Paul J. Smith, ed, Human Smuggling - Chinese Migrant Trafficking and the Challenge to America's Immigration Tradition (Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies 1997), 189.
14. Marco A. Gramegna, at the EU Conference on Trafficking in Women For Sexual Exploitation, Vienna, 10-11 June 1996.
15. Mark Franchetti and Peter Conradi, 'Europe's roaring trade in sex slaves,' 9 June 1996.
16. Henry Hess, 'Toronto sex ring not alone, slavery racket involving Asian females growing in North America, officials say,' Globe and Mail (Toronto), 12 September 1997, A10.
17. Ibid.
18. Fernando del Mundo, 'Trafficking in human lives,' Asylum in Europe, Issue 101(UNHCP 1996).
19. Ibid.
20. John Ibbitson, 'Canada a pipeline for smuggling aliens,' Ottawa Citizen, 7 November 1996.
21. Kenneth Yates, 'Canada's growing role as a human smuggling destination and corridor to the United States,' in Smith, ed, Human Smuggling, 161-2.
22. Reuters (Paris), 9 October 1996, cited in Trafficking in Migrants (quarterly bulletin published by the International Organization for Migration, Geneva), no 13(1996), 2.
23. Estanislao Oziewicz, 'Ring smuggles 5,000 into Canada,' Globe and Mail, 6 December 1996.
24. Sean Fine, 'New war criminals find haven,' Globe and Mail, 4 October 1997.
25. David Vienneau, 'Tighten laws on war crimes: report,' Saturday Star (Toronto), 4 October 1997.
26. UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees 1995 (New York: Oxford University Press 1995), 19.
27. It is perhaps significant that in 1993, when Sergio Marchi, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration in the incoming Liberal government, wanted to find a way of providing an additional level of appeal for rejected refugee claimants, he turned to two prominent immigration lawyers. They consulted immigration lawyers, law academics, and advocacy groups, and, not surprisingly, in their report, The Quality of Mercy, they recommended a series of steps which would make it much easier for claimants who did not meet the definition of refugee to stay in Canada and become citizens. They admitted that some members of Marchi's department did not view their 'voluntarism' as altruistic and asked for a more stringent appointments policy to avoid conflict of interest. Nevertheless, in 1997 one of the authors of the report was again appointed to an advisory group reviewing all immigration legislation.
28. Transcript of CBC'S 'Sunday Morning,' 19 December 1993, 10:19 a.m. (MH Media Monitoring Limited, Ottawa; Reference 38333-10).
29. The total estimated legal aid cost for refugee cases in Ontario between 1988 and 1995 was $1168 million. Report of the Ontario Legal Aid Review - A Blueprint for Publicly Funded Legal Services, vol 1 (Toronto 1997), 26.
30. Canadian Press, 'Immigration lawyers earn bad reputation,' London Free Press, 13 September 1997.
31. Blueprint, vol 1, 208.
32. Audrey Macklin quoted in 'Immigration lawyers earn bad reputation.'
33. Irving Abella, 'Canadian refugee policy to 1980: historical overview,' in Vaughan Robinson, ed, The International Refugee Crisis - British and Canadian Responses (London: Macmillan 1993), 85.
34. Ibid, 86. See also Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-2948 (Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys 1982).
35. Ibid, 86. See also Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-2948 (Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys 1982).
36. A detailed description of these events is contained in Victor Malarek's Haven's Gate - Canada's Immigration Fiasco (Toronto: Macmillan 1987), 150-69.
37. Freda Hawkins, Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared, (2nd ed; Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press 1991), xvii.
38. Stanley Knight, 'The international refugee crisis: the Canadian response,' in Robinson, ed, The International Refugee Crisis, 20.
39. IRB, Country of Persecution Analysis Report, 1 January-31 December 1996.
40. The greatest ambiguity is in the definition of membership in a particular social group,' which has been widened by the IRB and the courts to an extent which goes far beyond the intent of the original drafters. The most egregious recent case was that of a teenager, allegedly abused some years ago by his natural father (now dead) in Britain, who was granted refugee status by the IRB in 1997, along with his American mother and British stepfather (who could not live in the United States because of a previous drug-related conviction in Britain), on the grounds that he could not obtain protection in Britain. This decision, which was not untypical, was handed down at a time when there was widespread concern about the prevalence of child abuse in Canada and acknowledgment of the inability of government and childcare agencies to prevent the abuse of children by their parents or others.