Religion and Politics in Postcommunist Russia

Religion, State & Society

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 1994, Pages 73-88

  White, Stephen ^a   McAllister, Ian ^a   Kryshtanovskaya, Ol'ga ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039455697     PISSN: 09637494     EISSN: 14653974     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09637499408431625     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. For a recent and comprehensive survey see Sabrina Petra Ramet (ed.), Religious Policy in the Soviet Union (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993).
2. For Gorbachev's baptism see Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8, 1989, p. 66; for his mother's church attendance see, for instance, Michael Bourdeaux, Gorbachev, Glasnost and the Gospel (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1990), p. 24.
3. Izvestiya, 9 April 1988, p. 3.
4. Pravda, 30 April 1988, pp. 1–2.
5. ibid, 16 March 1990, p. 6.
6. See Vedomosti S″ezda narodnykh deputatov SSSR i Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, no. 11, 1990, art. 164.
7. For the text see ibid., no. 41, 1990, art. 813; for a discussion and translation see Giovanni Codevilla, ‘Commentary on the new Soviet law on freedom of conscience and religious organisations’, Religion in Communist Lands, vol. 19, nos. 1–2 (Summer 1991), pp. 119–45.
8. See Vedomosti…, no. 37, 1991, art. 1083.
9. Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 4, 1992, pp. 4–8, and (for the constitutional amendments) Vedomosti S″ezda narodnykh deputatov Rossiiskoi Federatsii i Verkhovnogo Soveta Rossiiskoi Federatsii, no. 20, 1992, art. 1084.
10. Izvestiya, 10 July 1991, p. 1.
11. For a discussion of the establishment and objectives of these parties see V. N. Berezovsky et al. (eds.), Rossiya: partii, assotsiatsii, soyuzy, kluby, vol. 1, part 1 (RAU Press, Moscow, 1991), pp. 22–3. On the Russian Christian Democratic Movement more particularly see Richard Sakwa, ‘Christian democracy in Russia’, Religion, State and Society, vol. 20, no. 2 (1992), pp. 135–68, and the ‘Documentary appendix’, ibid., pp. 169–200.
12. Pravda, 4 February 1991, p. 6.
13. For a more general discussion of the survey see Irina Boeva and Viacheslav Shironin, Russians between State and Market: the Generations Compared (Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 1992).
14. S. B. Filatov and D. E. Furman, ‘Religiya i politika v massovom soznanii’, Sotsiologicheskiye issledovaniya, no. 7, 1992, pp. 3–12.
15. ibid., p. 3.
16. ibid., pp. 3–4.
17. Mir mnenii i mneniya o mire, no. 1, 1992, p. 7; for the 1989 results see Obshchestvennoye mneniye v tsifrakh, no. 5 (October 1989), p. 11.
18. Mir mnenii i mneniya o mire, no. 1, 1992, p. 7.
19. RFE/RL Research Report, vol. 1, no. 41 (16 October 1992), p. 65.
20. Obshchestvennoye mneniye v tsifrakh, no. 5 (October 1989), pp. 12–13.
21. ibid., no. 12(19) (April 1990), pp. 7–9.
22. ibid., no. 2(9) (January 1990), p. 12.
23. Filatov and Furman, ‘Religiya i politika…’, pp. 4–5.
24. Obshchestvennoye mneniye v tsifrakh, no. 12(19) (April 1990), pp. 6–7.
25. Mir mnenii i mneyiya o mire, no. 12, 1992, p. 8.
26. Izvestiya, 19 October 1992, p. 3.
27. Filatov and Furman, ‘Religiya i politika…’, p. 5.
28. See The Pulse of Europe, Los Angeles Times-Mirror (Washington DC, mimeo, 1991).
29. Filatov and Furman, ‘Religiya i politika…’, pp. 5–6.
30. See Oxana Antic, ‘The spread of modern cults in the USSR’, in Ramet (ed.)., Religious Policy…, pp. 252–70.
31. Filatov and Furman, ‘Religiya i politika …’, pp. 5–12.
32. Obshchestvennoye mneniye v tsifrakh, no. 10, 1990, pp. 6–7.
33. For a discussion of state religious policies in the USSR and elsewhere in the communist world see, for instance, Patrick Michel, Politics and Religion in Eastern Europe (Polity, Cambridge, 1991); Robert F. Millar and T. H. Rigby (eds.), Religion and Politics in Communist States (Australian National University, Canberra, 1986); and Ramet (ed.), Religious Policy…
34. See for instance Eileen Barker, New Religious Movements: a Practical Introduction (HMSO, London, 1989).
35. For reviews, see: Gerhard Lenski, The Religious Factor (Doubleday, New York: 1961), pp. 17–23; N. J. Demerath, Social Class and American Protestantism (Rand McNally, Chicago, 1965), pp. 10–14; Charles Y. Glock and Rodney Stark, American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1968), pp. 16–18; and Michael Argyle and Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, The Social Psychology of Religion (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1975).
36. See, for example, Ian McAllister, ‘Religious change and secularization: the transmission of religious values in Australia’, Sociological Analysis, vol. 49 (1988), pp. 249–63.
37. See Michael Hogan, ‘Australian secularists: the disavowal of religious allegiance’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 18 (1979), pp. 390–404; and McAllister, ‘Religious change and secularization …’.
38. See Mark Rhodes, ‘Religious believers in Russia’, RFE/RL Research Report, vol. 1, no. 14 (3 April 1992), pp. 60–4.
39. See, for instance, Glock and Stark, American Piety …
40. A third possible explanation might be that respondents were afraid to give a definitive response to the affiliation question in the interview. However, this would appear unlikely, since the respondents had exhibited no similar qualms on other or more sensitive questions, such as past voting behaviour, past and present CPSU membership, and income and foreign currency dealings.
41. For reviews of these social factors see Lenski, The Religious Factor; Argyle and Beit-Hallahmi, The Social Psychology of Religion; Michael Hill, A Sociology of Religion (Heinemann, London, 1973); and Barbara Hargrove, The Sociology of Religion (AHM Publishing, Arlington IL, 1979), pp. 135ff.
42. For comparative data and explanations, see David de Vaus and Ian McAllister, ‘Gender differences in religion: a review of the structural location theory’, American Sociological Review, vol. 52 (1987), pp. 472–81. An assessment of the Russian evidence is provided in John Anderson, ‘Out of the kitchen, out of the temple: religion, atheism and women in the Soviet Union’, in Ramet, Religious Policy …, pp. 206–28.
43. See, for instance, Dan Blazer and Erdman Palmore, ‘Religion and ageing in a longitudinal panel’, Gerontologist, vol. 16 (1976), p. 84; C. Ray Wingrove and Jon Alston, ‘A cohort analysis of church attendance, 1939–69’, Social Forces, vol. 53 (1974), p. 330.
44. For example, a 1991 survey of residents in major cities found that 36 per cent of those aged 18–20 believed in God, compared with 39 per cent of those aged 60 or over. The range of difference was only 15 points. See Filatov and Furman, ‘Religiya i politika …’, p. 4, Rhodes, ‘Religious believers …’, shows a large age variation, although it is still only in the region of 20 percentage points (p. 62).
45. See Michael Parenti, ‘Political values and religious culture: Jews, Catholics and Protestants’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 6 (1967), pp. 259–69; Guy Michelate andMichael Simon, ‘Religion, class and politics’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 10 (1977), pp. 159–86.
46. See Raymond E. Wolfinger and Steven J. Rosenstone, Who Votes? (Yale University Press, New Haven CT, 1980).
47. See Rhodes, ‘Religious believers in Russia’.