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Volumn 30, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 660-667

Liquor and libido: Joint drinking and the politics of sexual control in colonial zimbabwe, 1920s-1950s

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Indexed keywords


EID: 0039415125     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/30.3.645     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (25)

References (149)
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    • It is however mentioned briefly by Teresa Barnes, "Control of African Women's Mobility," 604 and Richard Parry, "The 'Durban System' and the Limits of Colonial Power in Salisbury, 1890-1935," in Jonathan Crush and Charles Ambler (eds.), Liquor and Labor in Southern Africa (Athens, OH, 1992), pp. 133-34.
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    • John Pape, "Black and White: The 'Perils of Sex' in Colonial Zimbabwe," Journal of Southern African Studies 16 (1990): 699-720. On the same phenomenon elsewhere in southern Africa, see Norman Etherington, "Natal's Black Scare of the 1870s," Journal of Southern African Studies 15 (1988): 36-53; Charles van Onselen, Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886-1914: New Ninevah, vol. 2 (London, 1982), pp. 1-73; and Karen Tranberg Hansen, Distant Companions: Servants and Employers in Zambia, 1900-1985 (Ithaca, 1989), passim.
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    • Cambridge
    • Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983). Ranger's chapter on "The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa" is especially relevant here. Ranger has, however, refined his thinking on this matter. See "The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa," in Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honour of A. H. M. Kirk-Greene (London, 1993), pp. 62-111. See also Leroy Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, 1989); Leroy Vail and Landeg White, Power and the Praise Poem: Southern African Voices in History (Charlottesville, 1991).
    • (1983) The Invention of Tradition
    • Hobsbawm, E.1    Ranger, T.2
  • 69
    • 0008111412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983). Ranger's chapter on "The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa" is especially relevant here. Ranger has, however, refined his thinking on this matter. See "The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa," in Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honour of A. H. M. Kirk-Greene (London, 1993), pp. 62-111. See also Leroy Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, 1989); Leroy Vail and Landeg White, Power and the Praise Poem: Southern African Voices in History (Charlottesville, 1991).
    • The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa
    • Ranger's1
  • 70
    • 0002548224 scopus 로고
    • The invention of tradition revisited: The case of Colonial Africa
    • Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), London
    • Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983). Ranger's chapter on "The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa" is especially relevant here. Ranger has, however, refined his thinking on this matter. See "The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa," in Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honour of A. H. M. Kirk-Greene (London, 1993), pp. 62-111. See also Leroy Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, 1989); Leroy Vail and Landeg White, Power and the Praise Poem: Southern African Voices in History (Charlottesville, 1991).
    • (1993) Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honour of A. H. M. Kirk-greene , pp. 62-111
  • 71
    • 0003884109 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983). Ranger's chapter on "The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa" is especially relevant here. Ranger has, however, refined his thinking on this matter. See "The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa," in Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honour of A. H. M. Kirk-Greene (London, 1993), pp. 62-111. See also Leroy Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, 1989); Leroy Vail and Landeg White, Power and the Praise Poem: Southern African Voices in History (Charlottesville, 1991).
    • (1989) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
    • Vail, L.1
  • 72
    • 0003471902 scopus 로고
    • Charlottesville
    • Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983). Ranger's chapter on "The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa" is especially relevant here. Ranger has, however, refined his thinking on this matter. See "The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa," in Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honour of A. H. M. Kirk-Greene (London, 1993), pp. 62-111. See also Leroy Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, 1989); Leroy Vail and Landeg White, Power and the Praise Poem: Southern African Voices in History (Charlottesville, 1991).
    • (1991) Power and the Praise Poem: Southern African Voices in History
    • Vail, L.1    White, L.2
  • 73
    • 0040362043 scopus 로고
    • 10 August
    • NAZ, BE8/10/7: Mnyanda to Superintendent of Natives, 10 August 1934; ibid.: Brief Notes on the Early History of Some of the Native Tribes of Southern Rhodesia, by B. J. Mnyanda.
    • (1934) Mnyanda to Superintendent of Natives
  • 74
    • 0040362043 scopus 로고
    • NAZ, BE8/10/7: Mnyanda to Superintendent of Natives, 10 August 1934; ibid.: Brief Notes on the Early History of Some of the Native Tribes of Southern Rhodesia, by B. J. Mnyanda.
    • (1934) Mnyanda to Superintendent of Natives
  • 77
    • 0040956203 scopus 로고
    • Native Welfare Society of Matabeleland 14 April
    • NAZ, S482/709A/39: Native Welfare Society of Matabeleland, Minutes of ... Joint Advisory Board, 14 April 1938, pp. 1-2.
    • (1938) Minutes of ... Joint Advisory Board , pp. 1-2
  • 79
    • 0040956204 scopus 로고
    • The Native Welfare Society of Matabeleland, 18 October
    • NAZ, S482/387/39: The Native Welfare Society of Matabeleland, Minutes of the Executive Meeting ... , 18 October 1938, p. 2.
    • (1938) Minutes of the Executive Meeting , pp. 2
  • 80
    • 0039177437 scopus 로고
    • Rhodes House Library (Oxford), Mss Brit Emp S22, ASAPS, 28 March
    • Rhodes House Library (Oxford), Mss Brit Emp S22, ASAPS, G169: Kumalo to Harris, 28 March 1939. See also ibid.: Kumalo to Harris, 25 August 1939.
    • (1939) G169: Kumalo to Harris
  • 81
    • 0039769915 scopus 로고
    • ibid.: 25 August
    • Rhodes House Library (Oxford), Mss Brit Emp S22, ASAPS, G169: Kumalo to Harris, 28 March 1939. See also ibid.: Kumalo to Harris, 25 August 1939.
    • (1939) Kumalo to Harris
  • 82
    • 0040956204 scopus 로고
    • S482/387/39: The Native Welfare Society of Matabeleland, 18 October
    • NAZ, S482/387/39: The Native Welfare Society of Matabeleland, Minutes of the Executive Meeting ... , 18 October 1938, p. 2.
    • (1938) Minutes of the Executive Meeting , pp. 2
  • 83
    • 0040956198 scopus 로고
    • S1542/S9, 1935-37: Superintendent of Natives, 2 November
    • NAZ, S1542/S9, 1935-37: Superintendent of Natives, Bulawayo to Chief Native Commissioner, 2 November 1936; NAZ, S1542/L14: Superintendent of Natives, Bulawayo to Chief Native Commissioner, 2 July 1937.
    • (1936) Bulawayo to Chief Native Commissioner
  • 84
    • 0039769910 scopus 로고
    • S1542/L14: Superintendent of Natives, 2 July
    • NAZ, S1542/S9, 1935-37: Superintendent of Natives, Bulawayo to Chief Native Commissioner, 2 November 1936; NAZ, S1542/L14: Superintendent of Natives, Bulawayo to Chief Native Commissioner, 2 July 1937.
    • (1937) Bulawayo to Chief Native Commissioner
  • 87
    • 0040956201 scopus 로고
    • 10 June
    • Bantu Mirror, 10 June 1939.
    • (1939) Bantu Mirror
  • 88
    • 0040956201 scopus 로고
    • 1 July
    • Bantu Mirror, 1 July 1939.
    • (1939) Bantu Mirror
  • 89
    • 0040297803 scopus 로고
    • 29 March
    • Indeed, almost two years later Ngcebetsha vigorously attacked drinking, bemoaning the fact that Africans were throwing "away like impure water their hard got earnings on the Bulawayo Municipal beer hall." As was his wont, he accused "African leaders [of] adopt[ing] a laissez-faire policy" with regard to drinking by children, some of them only young teenagers. See Bantu Mirror, 29 March 1941.
    • (1941) Bantu Mirror
  • 90
    • 0040956201 scopus 로고
    • 1 July
    • Bantu Mirror, 1 July 1939. Not one to remain silent in the face of criticism from "natives," especially one as "conceited" as Ngcebetsha, the Rev. Percy Ibbotson, whose report on joint drinking had been so warmly received by the men of the African petty bourgeoisie, also attacked him. See Bantu Mirror, 17 June 1939, 29 July 1939.
    • (1939) Bantu Mirror
  • 91
    • 0040956201 scopus 로고
    • 17 June 1939, 29 July
    • Bantu Mirror, 1 July 1939. Not one to remain silent in the face of criticism from "natives," especially one as "conceited" as Ngcebetsha, the Rev. Percy Ibbotson, whose report on joint drinking had been so warmly received by the men of the African petty bourgeoisie, also attacked him. See Bantu Mirror, 17 June 1939, 29 July 1939.
    • (1939) Bantu Mirror
  • 92
    • 0040956201 scopus 로고
    • 1 July
    • Bantu Mirror, 1 July 1939.
    • (1939) Bantu Mirror
  • 94
    • 33748438480 scopus 로고
    • The political economy of tribal animosity: A case study of the 1929 Bulawayo location 'faction fight'
    • Ian Phimister and Charles van Onselen, "The Political Economy of Tribal Animosity: A Case Study of the 1929 Bulawayo Location 'Faction Fight,'" Journal of Southern African Studies 6, 1 (1979): 1-43.
    • (1979) Journal of Southern African Studies , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-43
    • Phimister, I.1    Van Onselen, C.2
  • 96
    • 0040362040 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • Though much talked about during this period, no compelling evidence was ever presented to show that drinking among Africans had increased markedly. The exponents of this view simply pointed out that beerhall receipts had gone up, ignoring the fact that the urban population also increased during the war. In fact, the white settlers consumed far stronger drink than Africans, not least because of their much greater purchasing power and legal access to the full range of liquor available. By contrast, the beer sold at the beerhall had an alcoholic content of between three and four percent. The British colonial elite, both settlers and officials, generally had a reputation as hard drinkers. See Ronald Hyam, Britain's Imperial Century, 1815-1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion, 2nd. ed. (New York, 1993), pp. 290-91.
    • (1993) Britain's Imperial Century, 1815-1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion, 2nd. Ed. , pp. 290-291
    • Hyam, R.1
  • 97
    • 0039769912 scopus 로고
    • 21 February
    • Bantu Mirror, 21 February 1942.
    • (1942) Bantu Mirror
  • 98
    • 0039177419 scopus 로고
    • 28 March 1942, 11 December
    • Bantu Mirror, 28 March 1942, 11 December 1943.
    • (1943) Bantu Mirror
  • 99
    • 0039769912 scopus 로고
    • 28 March
    • Bantu Mirror, 28 March 1942.
    • (1942) Bantu Mirror
  • 100
    • 0040956195 scopus 로고
    • Part VIII of Census of the Population of Southern Rhodesia
    • Natives in Employment (Part VIII of Census of the Population of Southern Rhodesia, 1941), p. 3; Census of the Population of Southern Rhodesia, 1946, p. 324.
    • (1941) Natives in Employment , pp. 3
  • 101
    • 0039177431 scopus 로고
    • Natives in Employment (Part VIII of Census of the Population of Southern Rhodesia, 1941), p. 3; Census of the Population of Southern Rhodesia, 1946, p. 324.
    • (1946) Census of the Population of Southern Rhodesia , pp. 324
  • 102
    • 0040956199 scopus 로고
    • Unlike the white, Asian and colored groups, no general census of Africans was undertaken before the
    • Unlike the white, Asian and colored groups, no general census of Africans was undertaken before the 1950s.
    • (1950)
  • 106
    • 0039769902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the impact of the war on Southern Rhodesia, see Phimister, An Economic and Social History, pp. 219-95; Vickery, "Revival of Forced Labor"; Bessant, "Coercive Development"; Johnson, "Settler Farmers and Coerced African Labour." See also David Killingray and Richard Rathbone (eds.), Africa and the Second World War (London, 1986).
    • An Economic and Social History , pp. 219-295
    • Phimister1
  • 107
    • 0040956187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the impact of the war on Southern Rhodesia, see Phimister, An Economic and Social History, pp. 219-95; Vickery, "Revival of Forced Labor"; Bessant, "Coercive Development"; Johnson, "Settler Farmers and Coerced African Labour." See also David Killingray and Richard Rathbone (eds.), Africa and the Second World War (London, 1986).
    • Revival of Forced Labor
    • Vickery1
  • 108
    • 0039769903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the impact of the war on Southern Rhodesia, see Phimister, An Economic and Social History, pp. 219-95; Vickery, "Revival of Forced Labor"; Bessant, "Coercive Development"; Johnson, "Settler Farmers and Coerced African Labour." See also David Killingray and Richard Rathbone (eds.), Africa and the Second World War (London, 1986).
    • Coercive Development
    • Bessant1
  • 109
    • 0039177421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the impact of the war on Southern Rhodesia, see Phimister, An Economic and Social History, pp. 219-95; Vickery, "Revival of Forced Labor"; Bessant, "Coercive Development"; Johnson, "Settler Farmers and Coerced African Labour." See also David Killingray and Richard Rathbone (eds.), Africa and the Second World War (London, 1986).
    • Settler Farmers and Coerced African Labour
    • Johnson1
  • 110
    • 0003483426 scopus 로고
    • London
    • On the impact of the war on Southern Rhodesia, see Phimister, An Economic and Social History, pp. 219-95; Vickery, "Revival of Forced Labor"; Bessant, "Coercive Development"; Johnson, "Settler Farmers and Coerced African Labour." See also David Killingray and Richard Rathbone (eds.), Africa and the Second World War (London, 1986).
    • (1986) Africa and the Second World War
    • Killingray, D.1    Rathbone, R.2
  • 112
    • 0039177419 scopus 로고
    • 11 December
    • Bantu Mirror, 11 December 1943.
    • (1943) Bantu Mirror
  • 116
    • 0039769902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phimister, An Economic and Social History; Ranger, Are We Not Also Men?; Barnes, "'So That a Labourer Could Live with his Family'"; Ngwabi Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo: African Politics in Zimbabwe, 1947-1958 (Harare, 1989).
    • An Economic and Social History
    • Phimister1
  • 117
    • 0003559903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phimister, An Economic and Social History; Ranger, Are We Not Also Men?; Barnes, "'So That a Labourer Could Live with his Family'"; Ngwabi Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo: African Politics in Zimbabwe, 1947-1958 (Harare, 1989).
    • Are We Not Also Men?
    • Ranger1
  • 118
    • 0040362014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phimister, An Economic and Social History; Ranger, Are We Not Also Men?; Barnes, "'So That a Labourer Could Live with his Family'"; Ngwabi Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo: African Politics in Zimbabwe, 1947-1958 (Harare, 1989).
    • So That a Labourer Could Live with His Family
    • Barnes1
  • 121
    • 0004075319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The wives of elite men" is preferable to "elite women" because, as a number of scholars have noted, the class position of women in Southern Rhodesia did not necessarily mirror that of their husbands. See Schmidt, Peasants, Traders and Wives; Barnes, "Control of African Women's Mobility"; Moss, "Holding Body and Soul Together."
    • Peasants, Traders and Wives
    • Schmidt1
  • 122
    • 0040362096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The wives of elite men" is preferable to "elite women" because, as a number of scholars have noted, the class position of women in Southern Rhodesia did not necessarily mirror that of their husbands. See Schmidt, Peasants, Traders and Wives; Barnes, "Control of African Women's Mobility"; Moss, "Holding Body and Soul Together."
    • Control of African Women's Mobility
    • Barnes1
  • 123
    • 0040956247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The wives of elite men" is preferable to "elite women" because, as a number of scholars have noted, the class position of women in Southern Rhodesia did not necessarily mirror that of their husbands. See Schmidt, Peasants, Traders and Wives; Barnes, "Control of African Women's Mobility"; Moss, "Holding Body and Soul Together."
    • Holding Body and Soul Together
    • Moss1
  • 124
    • 0040362027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • However, many of the new "suburbanites," unable to make ends meet, were forced to take in individual male lodgers. These men were often accused of various transgressions, including making sexual advances to their putative landladies.
  • 125
    • 0039177418 scopus 로고
    • 27 September 1958, 30 May
    • Bantu Mirror, 27 September 1958, 30 May 1959.
    • (1959) Bantu Mirror
  • 126
    • 0028700836 scopus 로고
    • Nationalism, race and gender: The politics of family planning in Zimbabwe, 1957-1990
    • Michael O. West, "Nationalism, Race and Gender: The Politics of Family Planning in Zimbabwe, 1957-1990," Social History of Medicine 7, 3 (1994): 447-471.
    • (1994) Social History of Medicine , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 447-471
    • West, M.O.1
  • 127
    • 0039177410 scopus 로고
    • Evanston
    • See, for example, T. O. Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Evanston, 1970); Larry W. Bowman, Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in an African State (Cambridge, MA, 1973); Eshmael Mlambo, Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright (Maryknoll, NY, 1974); David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War (New York, 1981); Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo. But also see Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? (esp. pp. 32-62), which moves in the direction of such a reassessment.
    • (1970) The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930
    • Ranger, T.O.1
  • 128
    • 34248164608 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA
    • See, for example, T. O. Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Evanston, 1970); Larry W. Bowman, Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in an African State (Cambridge, MA, 1973); Eshmael Mlambo, Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright (Maryknoll, NY, 1974); David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War (New York, 1981); Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo. But also see Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? (esp. pp. 32-62), which moves in the direction of such a reassessment.
    • (1973) Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in An African State
    • Bowman, L.W.1
  • 129
    • 34248161534 scopus 로고
    • Maryknoll, NY
    • See, for example, T. O. Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Evanston, 1970); Larry W. Bowman, Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in an African State (Cambridge, MA, 1973); Eshmael Mlambo, Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright (Maryknoll, NY, 1974); David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War (New York, 1981); Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo. But also see Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? (esp. pp. 32-62), which moves in the direction of such a reassessment.
    • (1974) Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright
    • Mlambo, E.1
  • 130
    • 0008779538 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • See, for example, T. O. Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Evanston, 1970); Larry W. Bowman, Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in an African State (Cambridge, MA, 1973); Eshmael Mlambo, Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright (Maryknoll, NY, 1974); David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War (New York, 1981); Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo. But also see Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? (esp. pp. 32-62), which moves in the direction of such a reassessment.
    • (1981) The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War
    • Martin, D.1    Johnson, P.2
  • 131
    • 0040362022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, T. O. Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Evanston, 1970); Larry W. Bowman, Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in an African State (Cambridge, MA, 1973); Eshmael Mlambo, Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright (Maryknoll, NY, 1974); David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War (New York, 1981); Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo. But also see Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? (esp. pp. 32-62), which moves in the direction of such a reassessment.
    • Benjamin Burombo
    • Bhebe1
  • 132
    • 0003559903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • which moves in the direction of such a reassessment
    • See, for example, T. O. Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Evanston, 1970); Larry W. Bowman, Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in an African State (Cambridge, MA, 1973); Eshmael Mlambo, Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright (Maryknoll, NY, 1974); David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War (New York, 1981); Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo. But also see Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? (esp. pp. 32-62), which moves in the direction of such a reassessment.
    • Are We Not Also Men? , pp. 32-62
    • Ranger1
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    • The contradictions of community politics: The African petty bourgeoisie and the new Brighton advisory board, c. 1937-1952
    • A notable exception is Gary Baines, "The Contradictions of Community Politics: The African Petty Bourgeoisie and the New Brighton Advisory Board, c. 1937-1952," Journal of African History 35 (1994): 79-97.
    • (1994) Journal of African History , vol.35 , pp. 79-97
    • Baines, G.1
  • 138
    • 0040362010 scopus 로고
    • Records of the SAIRR, AD8431/ab 5.1 (file 2) Mnyanda to Jones, 17 September
    • The University of the Witwatersrand Archives, Historical and Literary Papers, Records of the SAIRR, AD8431/Ab 5.1 (file 2): Mnyanda to Jones, 17 September 1934.
    • (1934) Historical and Literary Papers
  • 139
    • 0040956133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shamuyarira, Crisis in Rhodesia , pp. 39-44; Raftopoulos, "Nationalism and Labour," pp. 86,89; Michael O. West, "Pan-Africanism, Capitalism and Racial Uplift: The Rhetoric of African Business Formation in Colonial Zimbabwe," African Affairs 92 (1993): 277-79.
    • Crisis in Rhodesia , pp. 39-44
    • Shamuyarira1
  • 140
    • 0040956133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shamuyarira, Crisis in Rhodesia , pp. 39-44; Raftopoulos, "Nationalism and Labour," pp. 86,89; Michael O. West, "Pan-Africanism, Capitalism and Racial Uplift: The Rhetoric of African Business Formation in Colonial Zimbabwe," African Affairs 92 (1993): 277-79.
    • Nationalism and Labour , pp. 86
    • Raftopoulos1
  • 141
    • 0040956133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pan-africanism, capitalism and racial uplift: The rhetoric of African business formation in colonial Zimbabwe
    • Shamuyarira, Crisis in Rhodesia , pp. 39-44; Raftopoulos, "Nationalism and Labour," pp. 86,89; Michael O. West, "Pan-Africanism, Capitalism and Racial Uplift: The Rhetoric of African Business Formation in Colonial Zimbabwe," African Affairs 92 (1993): 277-79.
    • (1993) African Affairs , vol.92 , pp. 277-279
    • West, M.O.1
  • 142
  • 143
    • 0040362022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phimister, An Economic and Social History, pp. 262-75; Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo, pp. 56-72; Ranger, Are We Not Also Men?, pp. 108-119.
    • Benjamin Burombo , pp. 56-72
    • Bhebe1
  • 144
    • 0003559903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phimister, An Economic and Social History, pp. 262-75; Bhebe, Benjamin Burombo, pp. 56-72; Ranger, Are We Not Also Men?, pp. 108-119.
    • Are We Not Also Men? , pp. 108-119
    • Ranger1
  • 145
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    • Pan-africanism, capitalism and racial uplift"; volker wild, "black competition or white resentment?: African retailers in Salisbury, 1935-1953
    • West, "Pan-Africanism, Capitalism and Racial Uplift"; Volker Wild, "Black Competition or White Resentment?: African Retailers in Salisbury, 1935-1953," Journal of Southern African Studies 17 (1991): 177-90; Leslie Bessant and Elvis Muringai, "Peasants, Businessmen, and Moral Economy in the Chiweshe Reserve, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1930-1968," Journal of Southern African Studies 18 (1993): 551-92. On the racial uplift theme in neighboring South Africa, see Joyce F. Kirk, "Black Americans, Pan Africanism and Economic Uplift in South Africa in the Nineteenth Century," in Robert Harms et. al. (eds.), Paths to the Past: African Historical Essays in Honor of Jan Vansina (Atlanta, 1994), pp. 325-44.
    • (1991) Journal of Southern African Studies , vol.17 , pp. 177-190
    • West1
  • 146
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    • Peasants, businessmen, and moral economy in the Chiweshe reserve, colonial Zimbabwe, 1930-1968
    • West, "Pan-Africanism, Capitalism and Racial Uplift"; Volker Wild, "Black Competition or White Resentment?: African Retailers in Salisbury, 1935-1953," Journal of Southern African Studies 17 (1991): 177-90; Leslie Bessant and Elvis Muringai, "Peasants, Businessmen, and Moral Economy in the Chiweshe Reserve, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1930-1968," Journal of Southern African Studies 18 (1993): 551-92. On the racial uplift theme in neighboring South Africa, see Joyce F. Kirk, "Black Americans, Pan Africanism and Economic Uplift in South Africa in the Nineteenth Century," in Robert Harms et. al. (eds.), Paths to the Past: African Historical Essays in Honor of Jan Vansina (Atlanta, 1994), pp. 325-44.
    • (1993) Journal of Southern African Studies , vol.18 , pp. 551-592
    • Bessant, L.1    Muringai, E.2
  • 147
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    • Black americans, pan Africanism and economic uplift in South Africa in the Nineteenth Century
    • Robert Harms et. al. (eds.), Atlanta
    • West, "Pan-Africanism, Capitalism and Racial Uplift"; Volker Wild, "Black Competition or White Resentment?: African Retailers in Salisbury, 1935-1953," Journal of Southern African Studies 17 (1991): 177-90; Leslie Bessant and Elvis Muringai, "Peasants, Businessmen, and Moral Economy in the Chiweshe Reserve, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1930-1968," Journal of Southern African Studies 18 (1993): 551-92. On the racial uplift theme in neighboring South Africa, see Joyce F. Kirk, "Black Americans, Pan Africanism and Economic Uplift in South Africa in the Nineteenth Century," in Robert Harms et. al. (eds.), Paths to the Past: African Historical Essays in Honor of Jan Vansina (Atlanta, 1994), pp. 325-44.
    • (1994) Paths to the Past: African Historical Essays in Honor of Jan Vansina , pp. 325-344
    • Kirk, J.F.1


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