Power in the global arena

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 230, 1996, Pages 3-26

  Chomsky, Noam ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039401469     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. This is an edited version of the text of the second Barry Amiel and Norman Melburn Trust Memorial Lecture held at the Institute of Education, London on 5th May 1998.
2. Gerald Haines, The Americanization of Brazil, Wilmington 1989.
3. Cited in Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916, Cambridge 1988, pp. 413-14.
4. Cited in Robert Westbrook, John Dewey and American Democracy, Ithaca 1991.
5. Policy Planning Study (PPS), no. 23, 24 February 1948; Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) vol. i, 1948, p. 511.
6. Policy Planning Study (PPS), no. 23, 24 February 1948; Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) vol. i, 1948, p. 511.
7. Michael Hogan, The Marshall Plan, Cambridge 1987, p. 41, citing the Bonesteel Memorandum, 13 May 1947.
8. Minutes summarizing PPS, no. 51, April 1949.
9. Cited in David Green, The Containment of Latin America, Birmingham, AL 1971.
10. National Security Council 5432, 18 August 1954; Kennan cited in Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, New York 1983, p. 16.
11. Memorandum for the Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, 'Study of US Policy Toward Latin American Military Forces', Secretary of Defense, 11 June 1965. Robert McNamara was Secretary of Defense and McGeorge Bundy was Special Assistant.
12. Citations from, FRUS, 1955-57, vol. vii, pp. 88f., National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 82-55; 'Memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence (Smith) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), 12 December, 1952; NIE-84, 19 May 1953; FRUS 1952-54, vol. iv, pp. 1055, 1061ff. For more extensive quotations, see Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions, London 1989, Appendix VI; Deterring Democracy, Verso, London 1991, ch. 8.
13. Citations from, FRUS, 1955-57, vol. vii, pp. 88f., National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 82-55; 'Memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence (Smith) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), 12 December, 1952; NIE-84, 19 May 1953; FRUS 1952-54, vol. iv, pp. 1055, 1061ff. For more extensive quotations, see Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions, London 1989, Appendix VI; Deterring Democracy, Verso, London 1991, ch. 8.
14. Citations from, FRUS, 1955-57, vol. vii, pp. 88f., National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 82-55; 'Memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence (Smith) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), 12 December, 1952; NIE-84, 19 May 1953; FRUS 1952-54, vol. iv, pp. 1055, 1061ff. For more extensive quotations, see Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions, London 1989, Appendix VI; Deterring Democracy, Verso, London 1991, ch. 8.
15. Citations from, FRUS, 1955-57, vol. vii, pp. 88f., National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 82-55; 'Memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence (Smith) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), 12 December, 1952; NIE-84, 19 May 1953; FRUS 1952-54, vol. iv, pp. 1055, 1061ff. For more extensive quotations, see Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions, London 1989, Appendix VI; Deterring Democracy, Verso, London 1991, ch. 8.
16. Citations from, FRUS, 1955-57, vol. vii, pp. 88f., National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 82-55; 'Memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence (Smith) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), 12 December, 1952; NIE-84, 19 May 1953; FRUS 1952-54, vol. iv, pp. 1055, 1061ff. For more extensive quotations, see Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions, London 1989, Appendix VI; Deterring Democracy, Verso, London 1991, ch. 8.
17. Citations from, FRUS, 1955-57, vol. vii, pp. 88f., National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 82-55; 'Memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence (Smith) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), 12 December, 1952; NIE-84, 19 May 1953; FRUS 1952-54, vol. iv, pp. 1055, 1061ff. For more extensive quotations, see Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions, London 1989, Appendix VI; Deterring Democracy, Verso, London 1991, ch. 8.
18. Citations from, FRUS, 1955-57, vol. vii, pp. 88f., National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 82-55; 'Memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence (Smith) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), 12 December, 1952; NIE-84, 19 May 1953; FRUS 1952-54, vol. iv, pp. 1055, 1061ff. For more extensive quotations, see Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions, London 1989, Appendix VI; Deterring Democracy, Verso, London 1991, ch. 8.
19. Cited in Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope, Princeton 1991, p. 365.
20. See Noam Chomsky, 'Democracy Restored', Z Magazine, November 1994.
21. Ernest May and Philip Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, Cambridge, Mass. 1998.
22. FRUS, 1961-63, vol. xii, 'American Republics', pp. 13f, 33.
23. FRUS, 1961-63, vol. xii, 'American Republics', pp. 13f, 33.
24. See Schlesinger's letter, New York Times, 26 February 1997.
25. George Bush, National Security Strategy of the United States, The White House, March 1990. For more extensive quotations, see Chomsky, Deterring Democracy, ch. 1.
26. George Bush, National Security Strategy of the United States, The White House, March 1990. For more extensive quotations, see Chomsky, Deterring Democracy, ch. 1.
27. Anthony Lake, New York Times, 26 September 1993; New York Times, 23 September 1994.
28. Anthony Lake, New York Times, 26 September 1993; New York Times, 23 September 1994.
29. Sebastian Mallaby, 'Uneasy Partners', New York Times Book Review, 21 September 1997.
30. Senior Administration policy-maker cited by Thomas Friedman, New York Times, 12 January 1992.
31. David Sanger, 'America is Prosperous and Smug, Like Japan Was', New York Times Week in Review, 12 April 1998; Gerald Baker, 'Is This Great, Or What?', Financial Times, 31 March 1998.
32. David Sanger, 'America is Prosperous and Smug, Like Japan Was', New York Times Week in Review, 12 April 1998; Gerald Baker, 'Is This Great, Or What?', Financial Times, 31 March 1998.
33. Sylvia Nasar, 'Unlearning rhe Lessons of Econ 101', New York Times Week in Review, 3 May 1998.
34. 'The Problem Now: What To Do With All That Cash', Business Week, 12 December 1994; 'An Enormous Temptation to Waste', Business Week, 10 February 1997.
35. 'The Problem Now: What To Do With All That Cash', Business Week, 12 December 1994; 'An Enormous Temptation to Waste', Business Week, 10 February 1997.
36. Business Week, 23 March 1994.
37. Louis Uchitelle, 'America's Treadmill Economy: Going Nowhere Fast', New York Times Money and Business, 8 March 1998.
38. Alan Greenspan, testimony before the Senate Banking Committee, February 1997.
39. Economic Report of the President, February 1997. Both this and the foregoing Greenspan quotation are cited in 'Editorial', The Multinational Monitor, March 1997.
40. Kate Bronfenbrenner, 'We'll Close', The Multinational Monitor, March 1997, based on the study she directed, 'Final Report: The Effects of Plant Closing or Threat of Plant Closing on the Right of Workers to Organize'.
41. Remarks by Alan Greenspan, Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, at the Annual Convention of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington DC, 2 April 1998.
42. Cited in 'Microsoft Researches Its Future', Science, 27 February 1998.
43. Thomas Misa, 'The Development of the Transistor', in Merritt Roe Smith, ed., Military Enterprise and Technological Change, Cambridge, Mass. 1985.
44. See Chomsky, Powers and Prospects, London 1996.
45. See William Hartung and Jennifer Washburn, 'Lockheed Martin: From Warfare to Welfare', The Nation, 2 March 1998.
46. Gerard Baker, Financial Times, 11 March 1998.
47. Timothy Egan, 'As Idaho Prospers, Prisons Fill Up While Spending on the Poor Lags', New York Times, 16 April 1998.
48. Inside INEEL (Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory), September 1997.
49. Bob Davis, 'In Effect, ITC's Steep Tariffs on Japan Protect US Makers of Super-computers', Wall Street Journal, 29 September 1997; David Sanger, New York Times, 12 October 1996.
50. Bob Davis, 'In Effect, ITC's Steep Tariffs on Japan Protect US Makers of Super-computers', Wall Street Journal, 29 September 1997; David Sanger, New York Times, 12 October 1996.
51. Cited in Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948, New York 1993. For the business press generally on military versus social spending, see Chomsky, Turning the Tide, London 1995, and Deterring Democracy, p. 49.
52. Cited in Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948, New York 1993. For the business press generally on military versus social spending, see Chomsky, Turning the Tide, London 1995, and Deterring Democracy, p. 49.
53. Cited in Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948, New York 1993. For the business press generally on military versus social spending, see Chomsky, Turning the Tide, London 1995, and Deterring Democracy, p. 49.
54. Tom Schlesinger, 'Labor, Automation, and Regional Development', in John Tirman, ed., The Militarization of High Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 1984; James Cypher, 'Military Spending, Technical Change and Economic Growth: A Disguised Form of Industrial Policy?',Journal of Economic Issues, vol. xxi, no. 1, March 1987.
55. Tom Schlesinger, 'Labor, Automation, and Regional Development', in John Tirman, ed., The Militarization of High Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 1984; James Cypher, 'Military Spending, Technical Change and Economic Growth: A Disguised Form of Industrial Policy?',Journal of Economic Issues, vol. xxi, no. 1, March 1987.
56. See David Noble, Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation, New York 1984.
57. Elizabeth Corcoran, Science, 2 April 1993. For general background, see Chomsky, World Orders, Old and New, New York 1994, 1996, ch. 2.
58. Elizabeth Corcoran, Science, 2 April 1993. For general background, see Chomsky, World Orders, Old and New, New York 1994, 1996, ch. 2.
59. James Mahon, Mobile Capital and Latin American Development, Pennsylvania 1996.
60. Patrick Low, Trading Free, Washington, DC 1993, pp. 70ff, 271.
61. All figures on these matters are very speculative, because we are talking about tyrannical systems that are unaccountable. They don't tell you what they're doing, so these are guesses by international economists.
62. OECD, Twenty-Five Years of Development Cooperation, Paris 1985, cited by Cheryl Payer, Lent and Lost, London 1991, p. 62. On commodity prices, see my 'American Foreign Policy in the Middle East', Le Monde Diplomatique, April 1977, reprinted in Towards a New Cold War, New York 1982.
63. OECD, Twenty-Five Years of Development Cooperation, Paris 1985, cited by Cheryl Payer, Lent and Lost, London 1991, p. 62. On commodity prices, see my 'American Foreign Policy in the Middle East', Le Monde Diplomatique, April 1977, reprinted in Towards a New Cold War, New York 1982.
64. OECD, Twenty-Five Years of Development Cooperation, Paris 1985, cited by Cheryl Payer, Lent and Lost, London 1991, p. 62. On commodity prices, see my 'American Foreign Policy in the Middle East', Le Monde Diplomatique, April 1977, reprinted in Towards a New Cold War, New York 1982.
65. OECD, Twenty-Five Years of Development Cooperation, Paris 1985, cited by Cheryl Payer, Lent and Lost, London 1991, p. 62. On commodity prices, see my 'American Foreign Policy in the Middle East', Le Monde Diplomatique, April 1977, reprinted in Towards a New Cold War, New York 1982.
66. World Bank, World Development Report 1978, cited by John Mihevc, The Market Tells Them So, London 1995, p. 55.
67. World Bank, World Development Report 1978, cited by John Mihevc, The Market Tells Them So, London 1995, p. 55.
68. Cited by Payer, Lent and Lost, p. 88.
69. On the Sicartsa fiasco, see Philip Wellons, Passing the Buck: Banks, Governments and Third World Debt, Cambridge, Mass. 1987.
70. Gerry van Klinken, ed., Inside Indonesia (Australia), April-June 1998.
71. Eric Helleiner, States and the Reemergence of Global Finance, Ithaca 1994, pp. 58-92, quoting Ragnar Nurske.
72. Patricia Adams, Odious Debts, London 1991, ch. 17.
73. Karin Lissakers, Banks, Borrowers, and the Establishment, New York 1991, pp. 164-5.
74. Latin American Strategic Development Workshop, 26-27 September 1990, minutes, p. 3. For general background on NAFTA and citations, see World Orders, Old and New, pp. 163ff.
75. Latin American Strategic Development Workshop, 26-27 September 1990, minutes, p. 3. For general background on NAFTA and citations, see World Orders, Old and New, pp. 163ff.
76. I happen to be quoting Anthony Lewis, who is at the far left of the corporate media.
77. Glenn Burkins, 'Labor Fights Against Fast-Track Trade Measure', Wall Street Journal, 16 September 1997.
78. On the fast track affair generally, see Chomsky, 'Domestic Constituencies', Z Magazine, May 1998.
79. US Council for International Business, A Guide to the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), January 1996.
80. Jane Bussey, 'New Rules Could Guide International Investment', Miami Herald, 20 July 1997.
81. Sir Anthony Mason, 'Are our Sovereign Rights at Risk?', The Age (Melbourne), 4 March 1998.
82. See 'Domestic Constituencies'.
83. Business Week, 9 February 1998.
84. Ron Klink, Cliff Stearns, and eighteen other congressional representatives, letter to President Clinton, 5 November 1997.
85. 'The Multilateral Agreement on Investment', Statement by Under Secretary of State, Stuart Eizenstat, and Deputy US Trade Representative, Jeffrey Lang, 17 February 1998.
86. US Council for International Business, Multilateral Agreement on Investment.
87. Guy de Jonquières, 'Network Guerrillas', Financial Times, 30 April 1998.
88. David Forman, The Australian, 14 January 1998.
89. Peter Beinart, New Republic, 15 December 1997.
90. For the draft version of the MAI, see OECD, Multilateral Agreement on Investment: Consolidated Texts and Commentary, (OLIS, 9 January 1997; DAFFE/MAUI/97; Confidential). For a revised version see, www.monde-diplomatique.fr/md/dossiers/ami/.
91. Alan Greenspan, testimony before the Senate Banking Committee, February 1997, see above fn. 27.