Risk and governance part I: The discourses of climate change

Government and Opposition

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 139-166

  Thompson, Michael ^a   Rayner, Steve ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039398394     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1998.tb00787.x     Document Type: Article

References (94)

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3. For evidence of this switch see Royal Society, 'Symposium on Science, Policy and Risk', reported in the Times Higher Education Supplement, 14 March 1997, pp. 18-21; and P. C. Stern, and H. V. Fineberg (eds), Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society, Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1996. Also The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy, Sustained Risk: A Lasting Phenomenon, Reports to the Government No. 44, The Hague, Scientific Council for Government Policy, 1995.
4. For evidence of this switch see Royal Society, 'Symposium on Science, Policy and Risk', reported in the Times Higher Education Supplement, 14 March 1997, pp. 18-21; and P. C. Stern, and H. V. Fineberg (eds), Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society, Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1996. Also The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy, Sustained Risk: A Lasting Phenomenon, Reports to the Government No. 44, The Hague, Scientific Council for Government Policy, 1995.
5. For evidence of this switch see Royal Society, 'Symposium on Science, Policy and Risk', reported in the Times Higher Education Supplement, 14 March 1997, pp. 18-21; and P. C. Stern, and H. V. Fineberg (eds), Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society, Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1996. Also The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy, Sustained Risk: A Lasting Phenomenon, Reports to the Government No. 44, The Hague, Scientific Council for Government Policy, 1995.
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27. A. V. T. Whyte and M. R. Harrison, Public Perception of Weather and Climate Change: Report on a Pilot Study in Ontario, Ottawa, Atmospheric Environment Service, 1981; J. Doble, A. Richardson and A. Danks, Science and the Public: A Report in Three Volumes, Vol. 3: Global Warming Caused by the Greenhouse Effect, New York, Public Agenda Fund, 1990; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Climate Change Perceptions and Energy Use Decisions in Northern Sweden', Global Environmental Change, 4 (1991), pp. 321-4.
28. A. V. T. Whyte and M. R. Harrison, Public Perception of Weather and Climate Change: Report on a Pilot Study in Ontario, Ottawa, Atmospheric Environment Service, 1981; J. Doble, A. Richardson and A. Danks, Science and the Public: A Report in Three Volumes, Vol. 3: Global Warming Caused by the Greenhouse Effect, New York, Public Agenda Fund, 1990; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Climate Change Perceptions and Energy Use Decisions in Northern Sweden', Global Environmental Change, 4 (1991), pp. 321-4.
29. A. Henderson-Sellers, 'Australian Public Perception of the Greenhouse Issue', Climatic Change: 1 (1990), pp. 69-96; W. Kempton, 'Lay Perspectives on Global Climate Change', Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 1:3 (1991), pp. 183-208; A. Hedges, Attitudes to Energy Conservation in the Home, London, HMSO, 1991; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Lay Perspectives Concerning Global Climate Change in Vienna, Austria', Energy and Environment, 4 (1993), pp. 140-54; A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and D. Read, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 1: Mental Models', Risk Analysis, 14:6 (1994), pp. 959-70; D. Read, A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and T. Smuts, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 2: Survey Studies of Educated Lay People', Risk Analysis, 14 (1994), pp. 971-82; W. Kempton, J. S. Boster and J. A. Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture, Boston, MIT Press, 1995.
30. A. Henderson-Sellers, 'Australian Public Perception of the Greenhouse Issue', Climatic Change: 1 (1990), pp. 69-96; W. Kempton, 'Lay Perspectives on Global Climate Change', Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 1:3 (1991), pp. 183-208; A. Hedges, Attitudes to Energy Conservation in the Home, London, HMSO, 1991; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Lay Perspectives Concerning Global Climate Change in Vienna, Austria', Energy and Environment, 4 (1993), pp. 140-54; A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and D. Read, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 1: Mental Models', Risk Analysis, 14:6 (1994), pp. 959-70; D. Read, A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and T. Smuts, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 2: Survey Studies of Educated Lay People', Risk Analysis, 14 (1994), pp. 971-82; W. Kempton, J. S. Boster and J. A. Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture, Boston, MIT Press, 1995.
31. A. Henderson-Sellers, 'Australian Public Perception of the Greenhouse Issue', Climatic Change: 1 (1990), pp. 69-96; W. Kempton, 'Lay Perspectives on Global Climate Change', Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 1:3 (1991), pp. 183-208; A. Hedges, Attitudes to Energy Conservation in the Home, London, HMSO, 1991; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Lay Perspectives Concerning Global Climate Change in Vienna, Austria', Energy and Environment, 4 (1993), pp. 140-54; A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and D. Read, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 1: Mental Models', Risk Analysis, 14:6 (1994), pp. 959-70; D. Read, A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and T. Smuts, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 2: Survey Studies of Educated Lay People', Risk Analysis, 14 (1994), pp. 971-82; W. Kempton, J. S. Boster and J. A. Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture, Boston, MIT Press, 1995.
32. A. Henderson-Sellers, 'Australian Public Perception of the Greenhouse Issue', Climatic Change: 1 (1990), pp. 69-96; W. Kempton, 'Lay Perspectives on Global Climate Change', Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 1:3 (1991), pp. 183-208; A. Hedges, Attitudes to Energy Conservation in the Home, London, HMSO, 1991; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Lay Perspectives Concerning Global Climate Change in Vienna, Austria', Energy and Environment, 4 (1993), pp. 140-54; A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and D. Read, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 1: Mental Models', Risk Analysis, 14:6 (1994), pp. 959-70; D. Read, A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and T. Smuts, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 2: Survey Studies of Educated Lay People', Risk Analysis, 14 (1994), pp. 971-82; W. Kempton, J. S. Boster and J. A. Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture, Boston, MIT Press, 1995.
33. A. Henderson-Sellers, 'Australian Public Perception of the Greenhouse Issue', Climatic Change: 1 (1990), pp. 69-96; W. Kempton, 'Lay Perspectives on Global Climate Change', Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 1:3 (1991), pp. 183-208; A. Hedges, Attitudes to Energy Conservation in the Home, London, HMSO, 1991; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Lay Perspectives Concerning Global Climate Change in Vienna, Austria', Energy and Environment, 4 (1993), pp. 140-54; A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and D. Read, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 1: Mental Models', Risk Analysis, 14:6 (1994), pp. 959-70; D. Read, A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and T. Smuts, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 2: Survey Studies of Educated Lay People', Risk Analysis, 14 (1994), pp. 971-82; W. Kempton, J. S. Boster and J. A. Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture, Boston, MIT Press, 1995.
34. A. Henderson-Sellers, 'Australian Public Perception of the Greenhouse Issue', Climatic Change: 1 (1990), pp. 69-96; W. Kempton, 'Lay Perspectives on Global Climate Change', Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 1:3 (1991), pp. 183-208; A. Hedges, Attitudes to Energy Conservation in the Home, London, HMSO, 1991; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Lay Perspectives Concerning Global Climate Change in Vienna, Austria', Energy and Environment, 4 (1993), pp. 140-54; A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and D. Read, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 1: Mental Models', Risk Analysis, 14:6 (1994), pp. 959-70; D. Read, A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and T. Smuts, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 2: Survey Studies of Educated Lay People', Risk Analysis, 14 (1994), pp. 971-82; W. Kempton, J. S. Boster and J. A. Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture, Boston, MIT Press, 1995.
35. A. Henderson-Sellers, 'Australian Public Perception of the Greenhouse Issue', Climatic Change: 1 (1990), pp. 69-96; W. Kempton, 'Lay Perspectives on Global Climate Change', Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 1:3 (1991), pp. 183-208; A. Hedges, Attitudes to Energy Conservation in the Home, London, HMSO, 1991; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Lay Perspectives Concerning Global Climate Change in Vienna, Austria', Energy and Environment, 4 (1993), pp. 140-54; A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and D. Read, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 1: Mental Models', Risk Analysis, 14:6 (1994), pp. 959-70; D. Read, A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff and T. Smuts, 'What Do People Know about Climate Change? Part 2: Survey Studies of Educated Lay People', Risk Analysis, 14 (1994), pp. 971-82; W. Kempton, J. S. Boster and J. A. Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture, Boston, MIT Press, 1995.
36. Ibid.
37. M. G. Morgan, B. Fischoff, A. Bostrom, L. Lave and C. J. Atman, 'Communicating Risk to the Public', Environmental Science and Technology, 26 (1992), pp. 2048-56.
38. A. Bostrom, B. Fischoff and M. G. Morgan, 'Characterizing Mental Models of Hazardous Processes: A Methodology and an Application to Radon', Journal of Social Issues, 48 (1992), pp. 85-100.
39. Read et al., op. cit.
40. Kempton, op. cit.
41. Kempton et al., op. cit.
42. T. McDaniels, L. J. Axelrod and P. Slovic, Lay Perceptions of Ecological Risks from Global Climate Change, report, Westwater Research Center, University of British Columbia, 1995.
43. A. M. Weinberg, 'Can Technology Replace Social Engineering?', University of Chicago Magazine, LIX (October 1966), pp. 6-10; P. C. Stern, 'Blind Spots and Policy Analysis: What Economics Doesn't Say about Energy Use', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 5 (1986), pp. 200-27; L. Schipper, S. Bartlett, D. Hawk and E. Vine, 'Linking Lifestyles and Energy Use: A Matter of Time', Annual Review of Energy, 14 (1989), pp. 273-320; W. Kempton, 'Will Public Environmental Concern Lead to Action on Global Warming?', Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 18 (1993), pp. 217-45; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Why are Public Perception Studies of the Environment Ignored?', Global Environmental Change, 5:2 (1995), pp. 83-5; D. M. Ludlum, 'The Climythology of America', Weatherwise, 40 (October 1987), pp. 255-9.
44. A. M. Weinberg, 'Can Technology Replace Social Engineering?', University of Chicago Magazine, LIX (October 1966), pp. 6-10; P. C. Stern, 'Blind Spots and Policy Analysis: What Economics Doesn't Say about Energy Use', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 5 (1986), pp. 200-27; L. Schipper, S. Bartlett, D. Hawk and E. Vine, 'Linking Lifestyles and Energy Use: A Matter of Time', Annual Review of Energy, 14 (1989), pp. 273-320; W. Kempton, 'Will Public Environmental Concern Lead to Action on Global Warming?', Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 18 (1993), pp. 217-45; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Why are Public Perception Studies of the Environment Ignored?', Global Environmental Change, 5:2 (1995), pp. 83-5; D. M. Ludlum, 'The Climythology of America', Weatherwise, 40 (October 1987), pp. 255-9.
45. A. M. Weinberg, 'Can Technology Replace Social Engineering?', University of Chicago Magazine, LIX (October 1966), pp. 6-10; P. C. Stern, 'Blind Spots and Policy Analysis: What Economics Doesn't Say about Energy Use', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 5 (1986), pp. 200-27; L. Schipper, S. Bartlett, D. Hawk and E. Vine, 'Linking Lifestyles and Energy Use: A Matter of Time', Annual Review of Energy, 14 (1989), pp. 273-320; W. Kempton, 'Will Public Environmental Concern Lead to Action on Global Warming?', Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 18 (1993), pp. 217-45; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Why are Public Perception Studies of the Environment Ignored?', Global Environmental Change, 5:2 (1995), pp. 83-5; D. M. Ludlum, 'The Climythology of America', Weatherwise, 40 (October 1987), pp. 255-9.
46. A. M. Weinberg, 'Can Technology Replace Social Engineering?', University of Chicago Magazine, LIX (October 1966), pp. 6-10; P. C. Stern, 'Blind Spots and Policy Analysis: What Economics Doesn't Say about Energy Use', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 5 (1986), pp. 200-27; L. Schipper, S. Bartlett, D. Hawk and E. Vine, 'Linking Lifestyles and Energy Use: A Matter of Time', Annual Review of Energy, 14 (1989), pp. 273-320; W. Kempton, 'Will Public Environmental Concern Lead to Action on Global Warming?', Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 18 (1993), pp. 217-45; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Why are Public Perception Studies of the Environment Ignored?', Global Environmental Change, 5:2 (1995), pp. 83-5; D. M. Ludlum, 'The Climythology of America', Weatherwise, 40 (October 1987), pp. 255-9.
47. A. M. Weinberg, 'Can Technology Replace Social Engineering?', University of Chicago Magazine, LIX (October 1966), pp. 6-10; P. C. Stern, 'Blind Spots and Policy Analysis: What Economics Doesn't Say about Energy Use', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 5 (1986), pp. 200-27; L. Schipper, S. Bartlett, D. Hawk and E. Vine, 'Linking Lifestyles and Energy Use: A Matter of Time', Annual Review of Energy, 14 (1989), pp. 273-320; W. Kempton, 'Will Public Environmental Concern Lead to Action on Global Warming?', Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 18 (1993), pp. 217-45; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Why are Public Perception Studies of the Environment Ignored?', Global Environmental Change, 5:2 (1995), pp. 83-5; D. M. Ludlum, 'The Climythology of America', Weatherwise, 40 (October 1987), pp. 255-9.
48. A. M. Weinberg, 'Can Technology Replace Social Engineering?', University of Chicago Magazine, LIX (October 1966), pp. 6-10; P. C. Stern, 'Blind Spots and Policy Analysis: What Economics Doesn't Say about Energy Use', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 5 (1986), pp. 200-27; L. Schipper, S. Bartlett, D. Hawk and E. Vine, 'Linking Lifestyles and Energy Use: A Matter of Time', Annual Review of Energy, 14 (1989), pp. 273-320; W. Kempton, 'Will Public Environmental Concern Lead to Action on Global Warming?', Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 18 (1993), pp. 217-45; R. E. Löfstedt, 'Why are Public Perception Studies of the Environment Ignored?', Global Environmental Change, 5:2 (1995), pp. 83-5; D. M. Ludlum, 'The Climythology of America', Weatherwise, 40 (October 1987), pp. 255-9.
49. Löfstedt, 'Why are Public Perception Studies of the Environment Ignored?'
50. Hedges, op. cit.
51. Kempton, op. cit.
52. Kempton et al., op. cit.
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54. Ludlum, op. cit.
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62. K. D. Van Liere and R. E. Dunlap, 'The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses, Explanations and Empirical Evidence', Public Opinion Quarterly, 2 (1980), pp. 181-97; D. Samdahl and R. Robertson, 'Social Determinants of Environmental Concern: Specification and Test of the Model, Environment and Behavior, 1 (1989), pp. 57-81.
63. C. Jaeger, G. Dürrenger, H. Hastenholz and B. Truffer, 'Determinants of Environmental Action with regard to Climate Change', Climatic Change, 23 (1993), pp. 193-211.
64. M. A. E. Steger and S. L. Witt, 'Gender Differences in Environmental Orientations: A Comparison of Publics and Activists in Canada and the US', Western Political Quarterly, 4 (1989), pp. 627-49.
65. Samdahl and Robertson, op. cit.
66. P. Ester and F. van der Meer, 'Determinants of Individual Environmental Behavior: An Outline of a Behavioral Model and Some Research Findings', The Netherlands Journal of Sociology, 1 (1982), pp. 57-94; D. B. Gray, R. J. Borden and R. H. Weigel, Ecological Beliefs and Behaviors, Assessment and Change, Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1985; A. Diekmann and R. Preisendorfer, 'Persönliches Umweltverhalten: Diskrepanzen zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit', Kölner Zeitschrift für Sociologie und Sozialpsychologie, 44 (1992), pp. 169-93.
67. P. Ester and F. van der Meer, 'Determinants of Individual Environmental Behavior: An Outline of a Behavioral Model and Some Research Findings', The Netherlands Journal of Sociology, 1 (1982), pp. 57-94; D. B. Gray, R. J. Borden and R. H. Weigel, Ecological Beliefs and Behaviors, Assessment and Change, Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1985; A. Diekmann and R. Preisendorfer, 'Persönliches Umweltverhalten: Diskrepanzen zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit', Kölner Zeitschrift für Sociologie und Sozialpsychologie, 44 (1992), pp. 169-93.
68. P. Ester and F. van der Meer, 'Determinants of Individual Environmental Behavior: An Outline of a Behavioral Model and Some Research Findings', The Netherlands Journal of Sociology, 1 (1982), pp. 57-94; D. B. Gray, R. J. Borden and R. H. Weigel, Ecological Beliefs and Behaviors, Assessment and Change, Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1985; A. Diekmann and R. Preisendorfer, 'Persönliches Umweltverhalten: Diskrepanzen zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit', Kölner Zeitschrift für Sociologie und Sozialpsychologie, 44 (1992), pp. 169-93.
69. S. Cotgrove, Catastrophe or Cornucopia: The Environment, Politics and the Future, Chichester, John Wiley, 1982; Van Liere et al., op. cit.; R. E. Dunlap, 'Commitment to the Dominant Social Paradigm and Concern for Environmental Quality', Social Science Quarterly, 4 (1994), pp. 1013-28.
70. S. Cotgrove, Catastrophe or Cornucopia: The Environment, Politics and the Future, Chichester, John Wiley, 1982; Van Liere et al., op. cit.; R. E. Dunlap, 'Commitment to the Dominant Social Paradigm and Concern for Environmental Quality', Social Science Quarterly, 4 (1994), pp. 1013-28.
71. S. Cotgrove, Catastrophe or Cornucopia: The Environment, Politics and the Future, Chichester, John Wiley, 1982; Van Liere et al., op. cit.; R. E. Dunlap, 'Commitment to the Dominant Social Paradigm and Concern for Environmental Quality', Social Science Quarterly, 4 (1994), pp. 1013-28.
72. Jaeger et al., op. cit.
73. Van Liere and Dunlop, op. cit.
74. Samdahl and Robertson, op. cit.
75. Jaeger et al., op. cit.
76. R. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1967.
77. D. L. Meadows, J. Randers and W. W. Behrens III, The Limits to Growth, New York, Universe, 1972; Cotgrove, op. cit.; B. P. Bloomfield, Modelling the World: The Social Constructions of Systems Analysts, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986.
78. D. L. Meadows, J. Randers and W. W. Behrens III, The Limits to Growth, New York, Universe, 1972; Cotgrove, op. cit.; B. P. Bloomfield, Modelling the World: The Social Constructions of Systems Analysts, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986.
79. D. L. Meadows, J. Randers and W. W. Behrens III, The Limits to Growth, New York, Universe, 1972; Cotgrove, op. cit.; B. P. Bloomfield, Modelling the World: The Social Constructions of Systems Analysts, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986.
80. Cotgrove, op. cit.
81. Ibid.
82. O. Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, New York, Free Press, 1975; C. Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political and Economic Systems, New York, Basic Books, 1977.
83. O. Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, New York, Free Press, 1975; C. Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political and Economic Systems, New York, Basic Books, 1977.
84. Kempton et al., op. cit.
85. Ibid.
86. C. S. Holling, 'The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems', in W. C. Clark and R. Munn (eds), Sustainable Development of the Biosphere, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 292-388.
87. W. Cronon, 'A Place for Stories: Nature, History and Narrative', Journal of American History, 78 (1992), pp. 1347-76.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. F. Linderman, Plenty Coups: Chief of the Crows, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1930 (reprinted 1962).
91. M. Thompson, 'Welche Gesellschaftsklassen sind potent genug, anderen ihre Zukunft aufzuoktroyieren?, in L. Burchardt (ed.), Design der Zukunft, Cologne, Dumont 1987, pp. 58-87.
92. P. Timmerman, 'Myths and Paradigms of Interactions between Development and Environment', in Clark and Munn, 1986, pp. 435-52.
93. Holling, op. cit.
94. Ibid.