Decolonization, the Cold War, and the Foreign Policy of the Peace Corps

Diplomatic History

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 79-105

  Cobbs, Elizabeth A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039350721     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00253.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (102)

1. Quoted in Sargent Shriver, Point of the Lance (New York, 1964).
2. Kennedy quoted in Gerard T. Rice, The Bold Experiment: JFK's Peace Corps (Notre Dame, 1985), 23; Harris Wofford, Oral History Interview, 2, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
3. Kennedy quoted in Gerard T. Rice, The Bold Experiment: JFK's Peace Corps (Notre Dame, 1985), 23; Harris Wofford, Oral History Interview, 2, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
4. See letter of Eugene Harrington, 15 January 1965, Sharry Simerl to her family, 26 December 1963, John C. Schafer to his parents, 25 November 1963, and Susan Stapleton to her parents, undated (c. November 1963), all in Peace Corps Collection (PCC), box 2, Files: "Letters on the Death of John F. Kennedy," files 1 and 2, Kennedy Library.
5. Sargent Shriver to John Kennedy, "Summary of Next Steps," 22 February 1961, Gerald Bush Papers, box 5, file: "Report to the President," Kennedy Library; minutes, Director's Staff Meeting, 5 April 1961, Bush Papers, box 1, file: "Decision Records, 3/9/61-5/26/61."
6. Sargent Shriver to John Kennedy, "Summary of Next Steps," 22 February 1961, Gerald Bush Papers, box 5, file: "Report to the President," Kennedy Library; minutes, Director's Staff Meeting, 5 April 1961, Bush Papers, box 1, file: "Decision Records, 3/9/61-5/26/61."
7. Sargent Shriver, "Summary of Report to the President on the Peace Corps," 4 March 1961, White House Staff Files,
8. Carmine Bellino, box 1, file: "Peace Corps, General, 1961," Kennedy Library.
9. Kennedy quoted in "Some Points for the U.S. Presentation to the U.N. on the Peace Corps," 7 April 1961, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, file: 800.00 PC/4-161, National Archives, Washington, DC (hereafter RG 59, with filing information).
10. Also see Sargent Shriver to John Kennedy, "Summary of Next Steps," 22 February 1961, Bush Papers, box 5, file: "Report to the President."
11. Harlan Cleveland to Secretary of State Dean Rusk through George Ball, 14 April 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/4-161.
12. "Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations on S. 2000," U.S. Senate, 87th Cong, 1st sess., 22-23 June 1961, 115 and 154.
13. Confidential report of the chair of the U.S. delegation to the 32d session of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (5 July-4 August 1961) attached to minutes of Director's Staff Meeting, 22 Aumist 1961, Peace Corps Microfilm Hard Copy, box 1, file: 7/6/61-8/29/61, Kennedy Library.
14. John H. Morrow to the Department of State, 21 August 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/8-161.
15. Dean Rusk circular, 1 March. 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/11-460; Belgrade Embassy/ Rankin to secretary of state, 9 March 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/3-961; Moscow Embassy/ Thompson to secretary of state, 16 March 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/3-961.
16. Research and Reference Service, "Western European Attitudes Toward Economic Aid and the Peace Corps," December 1961, Records of the USIA Office of Research, Record Group 306, Public Opinion Barometer Reports, 195-62, box 5, file: WE-4(II) (hereafter "Western European Attitudes"), National Archives.
17. Research and Reference Service, "Western European Attitudes Toward Economic Aid and the Peace Corps," December 1961, Records of the USIA Office of Research, Record Group 306, Public Opinion Barometer Reports, 195-62, box 5, file: WE-4(II) (hereafter "Western European Attitudes"), National Archives.
18. Ibid.; author's interview with Warren Wiggins, 1 November 1993, Arlington, Virginia.
19. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: 1993), xxi.
20. W. J. Smith to P. Rogers, 7 February 1962, Records of the Office of Overseas Development, Record Class OD/10/4, Public Record Office, Kew, England; quote from Lewis Perinbam (acting executive secretary of CUSO), "Report of a Tour of Southeast Asian Countries," July-August 1961, Ian Smillie Papers, Ottawa, (Canada (access courtesy of Mr. Smillie); quote from CUSO's first chairman, Francis Leddy, taken from "The Origins of CUSO, Personal Recollections of J. F. Leddy," 16 May 1981, Smillie Papers. The sense of urgency in getting the Canadian program under way, following Kennedy's election, is evidenced in the proposal submitted to the Canadian government by graduate student Keith Spicer, who correctly predicted that the Canadian students would get off the ground first. See Keith Spicer, "Submission to the Government of Canada on a Scheme for Commonwealth Graduate Volunteers," Canadian National Archives, Vol. 92, CUSO Papers, File: "CUSO/SUCO History, 1959-1964 (Includes Government Relations)."
21. W. J. Smith to P. Rogers, 7 February 1962, Records of the Office of Overseas Development, Record Class OD/10/4, Public Record Office, Kew, England; quote from Lewis Perinbam (acting executive secretary of CUSO), "Report of a Tour of Southeast Asian Countries," July-August 1961, Ian Smillie Papers, Ottawa, (Canada (access courtesy of Mr. Smillie); quote from CUSO's first chairman, Francis Leddy, taken from "The Origins of CUSO, Personal Recollections of J. F. Leddy," 16 May 1981, Smillie Papers. The sense of urgency in getting the Canadian program under way, following Kennedy's election, is evidenced in the proposal submitted to the Canadian government by graduate student Keith Spicer, who correctly predicted that the Canadian students would get off the ground first. See Keith Spicer, "Submission to the Government of Canada on a Scheme for Commonwealth Graduate Volunteers," Canadian National Archives, Vol. 92, CUSO Papers, File: "CUSO/SUCO History, 1959-1964 (Includes Government Relations)."
22. W. J. Smith to P. Rogers, 7 February 1962, Records of the Office of Overseas Development, Record Class OD/10/4, Public Record Office, Kew, England; quote from Lewis Perinbam (acting executive secretary of CUSO), "Report of a Tour of Southeast Asian Countries," July-August 1961, Ian Smillie Papers, Ottawa, (Canada (access courtesy of Mr. Smillie); quote from CUSO's first chairman, Francis Leddy, taken from "The Origins of CUSO, Personal Recollections of J. F. Leddy," 16 May 1981, Smillie Papers. The sense of urgency in getting the Canadian program under way, following Kennedy's election, is evidenced in the proposal submitted to the Canadian government by graduate student Keith Spicer, who correctly predicted that the Canadian students would get off the ground first. See Keith Spicer, "Submission to the Government of Canada on a Scheme for Commonwealth Graduate Volunteers," Canadian National Archives, Vol. 92, CUSO Papers, File: "CUSO/SUCO History, 1959-1964 (Includes Government Relations)."
23. W. J. Smith to P. Rogers, 7 February 1962, Records of the Office of Overseas Development, Record Class OD/10/4, Public Record Office, Kew, England; quote from Lewis Perinbam (acting executive secretary of CUSO), "Report of a Tour of Southeast Asian Countries," July-August 1961, Ian Smillie Papers, Ottawa, (Canada (access courtesy of Mr. Smillie); quote from CUSO's first chairman, Francis Leddy, taken from "The Origins of CUSO, Personal Recollections of J. F. Leddy," 16 May 1981, Smillie Papers. The sense of urgency in getting the Canadian program under way, following Kennedy's election, is evidenced in the proposal submitted to the Canadian government by graduate student Keith Spicer, who correctly predicted that the Canadian students would get off the ground first. See Keith Spicer, "Submission to the Government of Canada on a Scheme for Commonwealth Graduate Volunteers," Canadian National Archives, Vol. 92, CUSO Papers, File: "CUSO/SUCO History, 1959-1964 (Includes Government Relations)."
24. Figures from Gerard Rice, Twenty Years of Peace Corps (Washington, 1961), 17 (fiscal year 1962); Ian Smillie, The Land of Lost Content: A History of CUSO (Toronto, 1985), 23 (1963 figures, by which time the Peace Corps had tripled to 6,646 volunteers).
25. Figures from Gerard Rice, Twenty Years of Peace Corps (Washington, 1961), 17 (fiscal year 1962); Ian Smillie, The Land of Lost Content: A History of CUSO (Toronto, 1985), 23 (1963 figures, by which time the Peace Corps had tripled to 6,646 volunteers).
26. Addis Ababa Embassy/Richards to secretary of state, 14 January 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/11-460; Hal (last name unidentified, initials HHS) to McGeorge Bundy, 18 January 1963, National Security Files, box 284, file: Peace Corps, 1/63-3/63, Kennedy Library. Also see Foreign Relations of the United States, Vietnam, 1964 (Washington, 1992), 1:261.
27. "Scope Paper," attached to Florence Kirlin memorandum to George McGhee (undersecretary of state for political affairs), 28 May 1962, RG 59, 800.00 PC/1-162.
28. Warren Wiggins interview.
29. French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to American Embassy/Paris, 17 April 1963, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy File, 1961, box 3290, file: AID, 14, Peace Corps, 4/1/63.
30. Sydney Meller (Rome Embassy) to secretary of state, 31 August 1963, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy File, 1963, box 3290, file: AID, 14, Peace Corps, 7/1/63; William Haddad to McGeorge Bundy, 15 November 1962, President's Office File, box 86, file: Peace Corps, 7/62-12/62, Kennedy Library; Tokyo Embassy to secretary of state, 6 December 1963, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy File, 1963, box 3290, file: AID, 14-1, Peace Corps Volunteers; International Volunteer (May-June 1963): 1, copy from the personal collection of Elizabeth Badon Ghijben, Foreign Ministry, The Netherlands. Ghijben was the Dutch staff person appointed to help staff the International Peace Corps Secretariat.
31. Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports (Garden City, 1961), 170.
32. Dean Rusk to Amembassy Bogota, Caracas, La Paz, Tegucigalpa, 2 February 1963, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy File, 1963, box 3290, file: AID, 14, Peace Corps, 2/1/63.
33. Dean Rusk to Amembassy Bogota, Caracas. La Paz, Tegucigalpa, 2 February 1963, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy File, 1963, box 3290, file: AID, 14, Peace Corps, 2/1/63; Khartoum Embassy to secretary of state, 18 August 1963, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy File, 1963, box 3290, rile: AID, 14, Peace Corps, 7/1/63.
34. Author's interview with Ton Nijzink (Dutch SNV), 19 May 1994, The Hague.
35. Harry Truman as quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938, 4th ed. (Middlesex, England, 1987), 115.
36. Creel quoted in David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York, 1980), 62. Creel later wrote about his efforts in How We Advertised America (New York, 1920); M. S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy. 1450-1919 (New York, 1993), 287.
37. Creel quoted in David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York, 1980), 62. Creel later wrote about his efforts in How We Advertised America (New York, 1920); M. S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy. 1450-1919 (New York, 1993), 287.
38. Creel quoted in David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York, 1980), 62. Creel later wrote about his efforts in How We Advertised America (New York, 1920); M. S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy. 1450-1919 (New York, 1993), 287.
39. Nelson Rockefeller to George Marshall, 28 August 1942, National Archives, RG 229, OIAA Department of Information, Content Planning Division, box 1459, file: "Content Liaison." Document obtained by author in the archives of the Centro de Pesquisa e Documentaçâo de História Contemporânea de Brasil (CPDOC), Rio de Janeiro, IAA 42.05.28; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation Act of 1949 (Point Four Program) (Washington, 1950), 84. have written further on this subject in The Rich Neighbor Policy: Rockefeller and Kaiser in Brazil (New Haven, 1992).
40. Nelson Rockefeller to George Marshall, 28 August 1942, National Archives, RG 229, OIAA Department of Information, Content Planning Division, box 1459, file: "Content Liaison." Document obtained by author in the archives of the Centro de Pesquisa e Documentaçâo de História Contemporânea de Brasil (CPDOC), Rio de Janeiro, IAA 42.05.28; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation Act of 1949 (Point Four Program) (Washington, 1950), 84. have written further on this subject in The Rich Neighbor Policy: Rockefeller and Kaiser in Brazil (New Haven, 1992).
41. Nelson Rockefeller to George Marshall, 28 August 1942, National Archives, RG 229, OIAA Department of Information, Content Planning Division, box 1459, file: "Content Liaison." Document obtained by author in the archives of the Centro de Pesquisa e Documentaçâo de História Contemporânea de Brasil (CPDOC), Rio de Janeiro, IAA 42.05.28; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation Act of 1949 (Point Four Program) (Washington, 1950), 84. have written further on this subject in The Rich Neighbor Policy: Rockefeller and Kaiser in Brazil (New Haven, 1992).
42. Mora Dickson interview. Also see Dickson. A Chance to Serve, 27-28.
43. Steven E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938, 3rd ed. (New York, 1983), 97; Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 491; Truman quoted in Allan A. Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon': Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State," Diplomatic History 17 (Summer 1993): 404.
44. Steven E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938, 3rd ed. (New York, 1983), 97; Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 491; Truman quoted in Allan A. Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon': Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State," Diplomatic History 17 (Summer 1993): 404.
45. Steven E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938, 3rd ed. (New York, 1983), 97; Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 491; Truman quoted in Allan A. Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon': Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State," Diplomatic History 17 (Summer 1993): 404.
46. Morison quoted in Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon,'" 412.
47. Mary Brown Bullock, An American Transplant: The Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College (Berkeley, 1980).
48. Cobbs, The Rich Neighbor Policy, 245, 248-49; Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New York, 1976), 329. See also Joe Alex Morris, Nelson Rockefeller: A Biography (New York, 1960), 292.
49. Cobbs, The Rich Neighbor Policy, 245, 248-49; Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New York, 1976), 329. See also Joe Alex Morris, Nelson Rockefeller: A Biography (New York, 1960), 292.
50. Cobbs, The Rich Neighbor Policy, 245, 248-49; Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New York, 1976), 329. See also Joe Alex Morris, Nelson Rockefeller: A Biography (New York, 1960), 292.
51. Edward G. Miller, "United States Relations with Latin America," May 1952, RG 59, lot 53 D26, Office Files of the Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America, 1949-1953, file: Business Advisory Council"; Stephen G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism (Chapel Hill, 1988), 90.
52. Edward G. Miller, "United States Relations with Latin America," May 1952, RG 59, lot 53 D26, Office Files of the Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America, 1949-1953, file: Business Advisory Council"; Stephen G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism (Chapel Hill, 1988), 90.
53. Kennedy quoted in Rice, The Bold Experiment, 15; William Lederer, A Nation of Sheep (New York, 1961), 154.
54. Kennedy quoted in Rice, The Bold Experiment, 15; William Lederer, A Nation of Sheep (New York, 1961), 154.
55. Keith Spicer interview, 18 May 1993, Hull, Quebec, Canada.
56. McMichael quoted in Betty Feith, "An Episode in Education for International Understanding: The Volunteer Graduate Scheme in Indonesia, 1950-1963" (M.A. thesis, Monash University, 1984), 5-6, 50.
57. David Hapgood and Meridan Bennett, Agents of Change: A Close Look at the Peace Corps (Boston, 1968), 6-7. See also Geir Lundestad, "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952," SHAFR Newsletter 15 (September 1984): 1-21; Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); and Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: The Origins and Prospects of Our International Economic Order, 2d ed. (New York, 1969).
58. David Hapgood and Meridan Bennett, Agents of Change: A Close Look at the Peace Corps (Boston, 1968), 6-7. See also Geir Lundestad, "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952," SHAFR Newsletter 15 (September 1984): 1-21; Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); and Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: The Origins and Prospects of Our International Economic Order, 2d ed. (New York, 1969).
59. David Hapgood and Meridan Bennett, Agents of Change: A Close Look at the Peace Corps (Boston, 1968), 6-7. See also Geir Lundestad, "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952," SHAFR Newsletter 15 (September 1984): 1-21; Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); and Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: The Origins and Prospects of Our International Economic Order, 2d ed. (New York, 1969).
60. David Hapgood and Meridan Bennett, Agents of Change: A Close Look at the Peace Corps (Boston, 1968), 6-7. See also Geir Lundestad, "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952," SHAFR Newsletter 15 (September 1984): 1-21; Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); and Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: The Origins and Prospects of Our International Economic Order, 2d ed. (New York, 1969).
61. Ton Nijzink interview; Amembassy Stockholm/Bonbright to secretary of state, 17 March 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/3-961; Parliamentary Debate on Voluntary Service, 12 December 1962, OD 10/35; W. J. Smith, "Service Overseas by Volunteers," 2 March 1962, OD/10/ 36.
62. Gandhi quoted in James Morris, Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat (London, 1978), 495; Allard Lowenstein, Brutal Mandate: A Journey to Southwest Africa (New York, 1962), 28.
63. Gandhi quoted in James Morris, Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat (London, 1978), 495; Allard Lowenstein, Brutal Mandate: A Journey to Southwest Africa (New York, 1962), 28.
64. For an account of how Brazil took advantage of great-power rivalries to increase its freedom of action see Stanley Hilton, Brazil and the Great Powers, 1930-1939: The Politics of Trade Rivalry (Austin, 1973). See also Bernard Porter, The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialism, 1850-1970 (London, 1975), 309.
65. For an account of how Brazil took advantage of great-power rivalries to increase its freedom of action see Stanley Hilton, Brazil and the Great Powers, 1930-1939: The Politics of Trade Rivalry (Austin, 1973). See also Bernard Porter, The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialism, 1850-1970 (London, 1975), 309.
66. Abraham Lowenthal and Albert Fishlow, Latin America's Emergence: Toward a U.S. Response (New York, 1979), 32; Stimson quoted in David Green, The Containment of Latin America: A History of the Myths and Realities of the Good Neighbor Policy (Chicago, 1971), 230.
67. Abraham Lowenthal and Albert Fishlow, Latin America's Emergence: Toward a U.S. Response (New York, 1979), 32; Stimson quoted in David Green, The Containment of Latin America: A History of the Myths and Realities of the Good Neighbor Policy (Chicago, 1971), 230.
68. Roosevelt quoted in Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York, 1981), 360; Walter LaFeber, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750 (New York, 1989), 415, 494. An important distinction should be made between the significant risks the United States was willing to take from the outset to push the British to end the system of imperial trading preferences and U.S. unwillingness to force the issue of political independence for the colonies. The first was an economic question of great interest to post-Depression America; the second was a matter of abstract political principle, more easily shelved.
69. Roosevelt quoted in Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York, 1981), 360; Walter LaFeber, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750 (New York, 1989), 415, 494. An important distinction should be made between the significant risks the United States was willing to take from the outset to push the British to end the system of imperial trading preferences and U.S. unwillingness to force the issue of political independence for the colonies. The first was an economic question of great interest to post-Depression America; the second was a matter of abstract political principle, more easily shelved.
70. LaFeber, American Age, 531-32.
71. Yaw Agyeman-Badu, "The Attitude of African Nations toward American Aid: The Case of Ghana and Nigeria" (Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina, 1980), 72.
72. Ibid., 107, 112. This reality was perceived in capitals as remote as Rio de Janeiro. Maurício Nabuco, Brazilian ambassador to the United States, wrote to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that the primary motivation for U.S. support for African colonial development was to provide resources to the imperialist nations as a complement to "European economic stabilization" under the Marshall Plan. Nabuco to Itamaraty, 3 March 1950, Missōes, Março 1950, Archives of Itamaraty, Rio de Janeiro.
73. Ibid., 107, 112. This reality was perceived in capitals as remote as Rio de Janeiro. Maurício Nabuco, Brazilian ambassador to the United States, wrote to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that the primary motivation for U.S. support for African colonial development was to provide resources to the imperialist nations as a complement to "European economic stabilization" under the Marshall Plan. Nabuco to Itamaraty, 3 March 1950, Missōes, Março 1950, Archives of Itamaraty, Rio de Janeiro.
74. Miles Kahler, Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations (Princeton, 1984), 134-36, 141.
75. Author's interview with Benôit Chadanet, French Committee for International Solidarity, French Senate, 16 May 1994, Paris. Chadanet further noted that France's possession of the atomic bomb, along with the African alliances, were what distinguished it from countries "like Italy."
76. International Volunteer 2 (March 1964): 2, copy from the personal collection of Elizabeth Badon Ghijben, Foreign Ministry, The Hague; author's interview with Catherine de Loeper (Association Française des Volontaires du Progrés), 17 May 1994, Paris.
77. Porter, The Lion's Share, 187; Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, 507-8.
78. Porter, The Lion's Share, 187; Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, 507-8.
79. Only one-quarter the size of the Marshall Plan, the Colombo Plan proposal to spread resources (1.8 billion pounds sterling) over a broader area and transform countries at a much more rudimentary stage of economic development than had the Marshall Plan. Nonetheless, the British were piqued to action in their sphere of influence by the "immense scale of American generosity," according to historian Trevor Lloyd. The Marshall Plan's success in reviving Europe "encouraged everyone to believe that a few years of intense commitment to foreign aid would enable the less prosperous parts of the world to do equally well." T. O. Lloyd, The British Empire: 1558-1983 (Oxford, 1984), 332-33; Kahler, Decolonization in Britain and France, 130, 134-36, 144.
80. Only one-quarter the size of the Marshall Plan, the Colombo Plan proposal to spread resources (1.8 billion pounds sterling) over a broader area and transform countries at a much more rudimentary stage of economic development than had the Marshall Plan. Nonetheless, the British were piqued to action in their sphere of influence by the "immense scale of American generosity," according to historian Trevor Lloyd. The Marshall Plan's success in reviving Europe "encouraged everyone to believe that a few years of intense commitment to foreign aid would enable the less prosperous parts of the world to do equally well." T. O. Lloyd, The British Empire: 1558-1983 (Oxford, 1984), 332-33; Kahler, Decolonization in Britain and France, 130, 134-36, 144.
81. Commonwealth Relations Office to secretary of state, 14 September 1961, OD/10/3.
82. Mora Dickson interview; ARC to secretary, 10 May 1963, OD 10/5. See also The Times, 23 March 1958; Birmingham Post and Birmingham Gazette, 12 May 1959; Scottish Educational Journal, 5 June 1959; The Times, 11 September 1959 and 2 November 1960; The Scotsman, 12 November 1960; and The Daily Express, 15 April 1961.
83. Mora Dickson interview; ARC to secretary, 10 May 1963, OD 10/5. See also The Times, 23 March 1958; Birmingham Post and Birmingham Gazette, 12 May 1959; Scottish Educational Journal, 5 June 1959; The Times, 11 September 1959 and 2 November 1960; The Scotsman, 12 November 1960; and The Daily Express, 15 April 1961.
84. Mora Dickson interview; ARC to secretary, 10 May 1963, OD 10/5. See also The Times, 23 March 1958; Birmingham Post and Birmingham Gazette, 12 May 1959; Scottish Educational Journal, 5 June 1959; The Times, 11 September 1959 and 2 November 1960; The Scotsman, 12 November 1960; and The Daily Express, 15 April 1961.
85. Mora Dickson interview; ARC to secretary, 10 May 1963, OD 10/5. See also The Times, 23 March 1958; Birmingham Post and Birmingham Gazette, 12 May 1959; Scottish Educational Journal, 5 June 1959; The Times, 11 September 1959 and 2 November 1960; The Scotsman, 12 November 1960; and The Daily Express, 15 April 1961.
86. Mora Dickson interview; ARC to secretary, 10 May 1963, OD 10/5. See also The Times, 23 March 1958; Birmingham Post and Birmingham Gazette, 12 May 1959; Scottish Educational Journal, 5 June 1959; The Times, 11 September 1959 and 2 November 1960; The Scotsman, 12 November 1960; and The Daily Express, 15 April 1961.
87. Mora Dickson interview; ARC to secretary, 10 May 1963, OD 10/5. See also The Times, 23 March 1958; Birmingham Post and Birmingham Gazette, 12 May 1959; Scottish Educational Journal, 5 June 1959; The Times, 11 September 1959 and 2 November 1960; The Scotsman, 12 November 1960; and The Daily Express, 15 April 1961.
88. Keith Spicer, "Canada: Values in Search of A Vision," in Identities in North America: The Search for Community, ed. Robert L. Earle and John D. Wirth (Stanford, 1995), 13, 17, 21.
89. Author's interview with Bert Barten, 20 May 1994, Zuid-Scharwoude, Netherlands; author's interview with P. B. M. Knoope, 19 May 1994, The Hague; cartoon reprinted in Ton Nijzink. Dag Vrijwilliger: Twintig Jaar SNV (The Hague, 1985), 11.
90. Seymour Martin Lipset, Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada (New York, 1990); Rice, The Bold Experiment, 16-17.
91. Seymour Martin Lipset, Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada (New York, 1990); Rice, The Bold Experiment, 16-17.
92. Grant McConnel, "The Public Values of the Private Association," in Voluntary Associations, Nomos XI, ed. J. Roland Pennock (New York, 1969), 147.
93. De Toqueville quoted in Benjamin DeMott, "Objective: Local Democratic Action," reprinted from Harper's Magazine (September 1961) in The Peace Corps, ed. Pauline Madow (New York, 1964), 125; Sargent Shriver, Point of the Lance, 45; Lawrence H. Fuchs, "Those Peculiar Americans": The Peace Corps and American National Character (New York, 1967), 171. Corporate giving, especially, came into its own in the 1950s both because of high taxes on corporate profits and because businessmen insisted that private philanthropy was the only way "to defend and preserve" the role of the private sector in educational, scientific, and welfare activities against the encroachments of big government. See Richard Eells, Corporation Giving in a Free Society (New York, 1956); and Beardsley Ruml and Theodore Geiger, eds., The Manual of Corporate Giving (Washington, 1952).
94. De Toqueville quoted in Benjamin DeMott, "Objective: Local Democratic Action," reprinted from Harper's Magazine (September 1961) in The Peace Corps, ed. Pauline Madow (New York, 1964), 125; Sargent Shriver, Point of the Lance, 45; Lawrence H. Fuchs, "Those Peculiar Americans": The Peace Corps and American National Character (New York, 1967), 171. Corporate giving, especially, came into its own in the 1950s both because of high taxes on corporate profits and because businessmen insisted that private philanthropy was the only way "to defend and preserve" the role of the private sector in educational, scientific, and welfare activities against the encroachments of big government. See Richard Eells, Corporation Giving in a Free Society (New York, 1956); and Beardsley Ruml and Theodore Geiger, eds., The Manual of Corporate Giving (Washington, 1952).
95. De Toqueville quoted in Benjamin DeMott, "Objective: Local Democratic Action," reprinted from Harper's Magazine (September 1961) in The Peace Corps, ed. Pauline Madow (New York, 1964), 125; Sargent Shriver, Point of the Lance, 45; Lawrence H. Fuchs, "Those Peculiar Americans": The Peace Corps and American National Character (New York, 1967), 171. Corporate giving, especially, came into its own in the 1950s both because of high taxes on corporate profits and because businessmen insisted that private philanthropy was the only way "to defend and preserve" the role of the private sector in educational, scientific, and welfare activities against the encroachments of big government. See Richard Eells, Corporation Giving in a Free Society (New York, 1956); and Beardsley Ruml and Theodore Geiger, eds., The Manual of Corporate Giving (Washington, 1952).
96. De Toqueville quoted in Benjamin DeMott, "Objective: Local Democratic Action," reprinted from Harper's Magazine (September 1961) in The Peace Corps, ed. Pauline Madow (New York, 1964), 125; Sargent Shriver, Point of the Lance, 45; Lawrence H. Fuchs, "Those Peculiar Americans": The Peace Corps and American National Character (New York, 1967), 171. Corporate giving, especially, came into its own in the 1950s both because of high taxes on corporate profits and because businessmen insisted that private philanthropy was the only way "to defend and preserve" the role of the private sector in educational, scientific, and welfare activities against the encroachments of big government. See Richard Eells, Corporation Giving in a Free Society (New York, 1956); and Beardsley Ruml and Theodore Geiger, eds., The Manual of Corporate Giving (Washington, 1952).
97. De Toqueville quoted in Benjamin DeMott, "Objective: Local Democratic Action," reprinted from Harper's Magazine (September 1961) in The Peace Corps, ed. Pauline Madow (New York, 1964), 125; Sargent Shriver, Point of the Lance, 45; Lawrence H. Fuchs, "Those Peculiar Americans": The Peace Corps and American National Character (New York, 1967), 171. Corporate giving, especially, came into its own in the 1950s both because of high taxes on corporate profits and because businessmen insisted that private philanthropy was the only way "to defend and preserve" the role of the private sector in educational, scientific, and welfare activities against the encroachments of big government. See Richard Eells, Corporation Giving in a Free Society (New York, 1956); and Beardsley Ruml and Theodore Geiger, eds., The Manual of Corporate Giving (Washington, 1952).
98. De Toqueville quoted in Benjamin DeMott, "Objective: Local Democratic Action," reprinted from Harper's Magazine (September 1961) in The Peace Corps, ed. Pauline Madow (New York, 1964), 125; Sargent Shriver, Point of the Lance, 45; Lawrence H. Fuchs, "Those Peculiar Americans": The Peace Corps and American National Character (New York, 1967), 171. Corporate giving, especially, came into its own in the 1950s both because of high taxes on corporate profits and because businessmen insisted that private philanthropy was the only way "to defend and preserve" the role of the private sector in educational, scientific, and welfare activities against the encroachments of big government. See Richard Eells, Corporation Giving in a Free Society (New York, 1956); and Beardsley Ruml and Theodore Geiger, eds., The Manual of Corporate Giving (Washington, 1952).
99. Amembassy The Hague/Service to secretary of state, 15 March 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/3-961. Figures derived from Bill McWhinney and Dave Godfrey, eds., Man Deserves Man: CUSO in Developing Countries (Toronto, 1968), 449, appendix 2; and Rice, Twenty Years of Peace Corps, 4, 5, 7.
100. Amembassy The Hague/Service to secretary of state, 15 March 1961, RG 59, 800.00 PC/3-961. Figures derived from Bill McWhinney and Dave Godfrey, eds., Man Deserves Man: CUSO in Developing Countries (Toronto, 1968), 449, appendix 2; and Rice, Twenty Years of Peace Corps, 4, 5, 7.
101. Quote from Sargent Shriver in Point of the Lance, 8-9; Susan Stapleton to parents, undated (c. November 1963), Peace Corps Collection, box 2, file 1: "Letters on the Death of John F. Kennedy."
102. Quote from Sargent Shriver in Point of the Lance, 8-9; Susan Stapleton to parents, undated (c. November 1963), Peace Corps Collection, box 2, file 1: "Letters on the Death of John F. Kennedy."